Daniel L Young - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Daniel L Young

Research paper thumbnail of Knee extension isometric torque production differences based on verbal motivation given to introverted and extroverted female children

Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of A Pilot Study Providing Evidence for the Validity of a New Tool to Improve Assignment of National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Stage to Pressure Ulcers

Advances in Skin & Wound Care, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of A Modified Friedman Test for Randomized Complete Block Designs

Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation, 2015

ABSTRACT The Friedman test is often used for a randomized complete block design when the normalit... more ABSTRACT The Friedman test is often used for a randomized complete block design when the normality assumption is not satisfied or the data is ordinal. The Friedman test can be viewed as an extension of the sign test for multiple measurements within each subject or block. We propose a modified Friedman test based on the Wilcoxon sign rank approach. Coincidentally, Tukey proposed a test statistic similar to our proposed test, but blocks are ranked by the minimum difference within each block. In the proposed test, we use the variance of block to rank the blocks, with the least variance being ranked the smallest. In both Tukey test and the modified Friedman test, linear ranks are used for blocks and treatments. The Tukey test belongs to the family of weighted-ranking test from Quade (1979). The power of the modified Friedman test and those of the Friedman test and the Tukey test are compared under various conditions and the results indicate that the proposed test is generally more powerful than the Friedman test and the Tukey test when the number of groups is small.

Research paper thumbnail of A New Powerful Nonparametric Rank Test for Ordered Alternative Problem

PLoS ONE, 2014

We propose a new nonparametric test for ordered alternative problem based on the rank difference ... more We propose a new nonparametric test for ordered alternative problem based on the rank difference between two observations from different groups. These groups are assumed to be independent from each other. The exact mean and variance of the test statistic under the null distribution are derived, and its asymptotic distribution is proven to be normal. Furthermore, an extensive power comparison between the new test and other commonly used tests shows that the new test is generally more powerful than others under various conditions, including the same type of distribution, and mixed distributions. A real example from an anti-hypertensive drug trial is provided to illustrate the application of the tests. The new test is therefore recommended for use in practice due to easy calculation and substantial power gain.

Research paper thumbnail of Immediate Effects of Lumbar Spine Manipulation on the Resting and Contraction Thickness of Transversus Abdominis in Asymptomatic Individuals

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 2011

T here is considerable evidence to support that the transversus abdominis muscle (TrA) has a role... more T here is considerable evidence to support that the transversus abdominis muscle (TrA) has a role to play in spinal control. Laboratory studies using fine-wire electromyography (EMG) have demonstrated that this muscle activates in advance of limb movement and is independent of movement direction 28-29 in asymptomatic individuals. It has been speculated that this preparatory muscle activity is necessary for spinal control, as it has been observed prior to both anticipated and unexpected spinal perturbations.

Research paper thumbnail of Financial Impact of Improved Pressure Ulcer Staging in the Acute Hospital with Use of a New Tool, the NE1 Wound Assessment Tool

Advances in Skin & Wound Care, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Development of a Scale to Assess Avoidance Behavior Due to a Fear of Falling: The Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire

Research paper thumbnail of Knee extension isometric torque production differences based on verbal motivation given to introverted and extroverted female children

Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2011

To date, little research has been conducted to test the efficacy of different forms of motivation... more To date, little research has been conducted to test the efficacy of different forms of motivation based on a female child's personality type. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of female children to perform a maximal knee extension isometric torque test with varying forms of motivation, based on the child's personality type (introvert vs. extrovert). The subjects were asked to perform a maximal isometric knee extension test under three different conditions: 1) with no verbal motivation, 2) with verbal motivation from the evaluator only, and 3) with verbal motivation from a group of their peers and the evaluator combined. A 233 mixed ANOVA was significant for an interaction (F 2,62517.530; p,0.0005). Post hoc testing for the introverted group showed that scores without verbal motivation were significantly higher than with verbal motivation from the evaluator or the evaluator plus the peers. The extroverted group revealed that scores with verbal motivation from the evaluator or the evaluator plus the peers were significantly higher than without verbal motivation. Results suggest that verbal motivation has a varying effect on isometric knee extension torque production in female children with different personality types. Extroverted girls perform better with motivation, whereas introverted girls perform better without motivation from others.

Research paper thumbnail of Employer funding and time off for physical therapists toward formal continuing education in states with and without a mandate for continuing education

Study Design: Descriptive. Objectives: Investigate physical therapy practice related to employer ... more Study Design: Descriptive. Objectives: Investigate physical therapy practice related to employer funding and time-off for continuing education (CE) Background: While formal CE in physical therapy is an important part of professional development, little is known about employer support for CE and its relationships with licensure mandates for CE and other factors. Methods: A survey was sent to 3,000 randomly selected physical therapists from seven western states. A total of 1,145 (38.2%) were returned and analyzed. Results: There was no difference between the amount of funding provided to therapists in states with and without a CE mandate (p=.314). However, the highest funded therapists obtained more formal CE than those funded at lower levels regardless of state mandate (ps<.05). There was no difference in time off for therapists in states with (yes=73.3%) and without (yes=68.0%) a mandate (p=.053). Differences in CE practices were seen across practice specialty and APTA membership was associated with higher funding and more time off (ps<.05). Conclusions. The majority of therapists received funding and time off from their employers for CE. The funding, however, tended to be low, regardless of state mandate. Mandatory CE was related to how many CE hours one obtained based on funding level. HPA Resource/HPA Journal 2010; 10(1): J1 -J8.]

Research paper thumbnail of Efficient Noninferiority Testing Procedures for Simultaneously Assessing Sensitivity and Specificity of Two Diagnostic Tests

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2015

Sensitivity and specificity are often used to assess the performance of a diagnostic test with bi... more Sensitivity and specificity are often used to assess the performance of a diagnostic test with binary outcomes. Wald-type test statistics have been proposed for testing sensitivity and specificity individually. In the presence of a gold standard, simultaneous comparison between two diagnostic tests for noninferiority of sensitivity and specificity based on an asymptotic approach has been studied by Chen et al. (2003). However, the asymptotic approach may suffer from unsatisfactory type I error control as observed from many studies, especially in small to medium sample settings. In this paper, we compare three unconditional approaches for simultaneously testing sensitivity and specificity. They are approaches based on estimation, maximization, and a combination of estimation and maximization. Although the estimation approach does not guarantee type I error, it has satisfactory performance with regard to type I error control. The other two unconditional approaches are exact. The approach based on estimation and maximization is generally more powerful than the approach based on maximization.

Research paper thumbnail of Knee extension isometric torque production differences based on verbal motivation given to introverted and extroverted female children

Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of A Pilot Study Providing Evidence for the Validity of a New Tool to Improve Assignment of National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Stage to Pressure Ulcers

Advances in Skin & Wound Care, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of A Modified Friedman Test for Randomized Complete Block Designs

Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation, 2015

ABSTRACT The Friedman test is often used for a randomized complete block design when the normalit... more ABSTRACT The Friedman test is often used for a randomized complete block design when the normality assumption is not satisfied or the data is ordinal. The Friedman test can be viewed as an extension of the sign test for multiple measurements within each subject or block. We propose a modified Friedman test based on the Wilcoxon sign rank approach. Coincidentally, Tukey proposed a test statistic similar to our proposed test, but blocks are ranked by the minimum difference within each block. In the proposed test, we use the variance of block to rank the blocks, with the least variance being ranked the smallest. In both Tukey test and the modified Friedman test, linear ranks are used for blocks and treatments. The Tukey test belongs to the family of weighted-ranking test from Quade (1979). The power of the modified Friedman test and those of the Friedman test and the Tukey test are compared under various conditions and the results indicate that the proposed test is generally more powerful than the Friedman test and the Tukey test when the number of groups is small.

Research paper thumbnail of A New Powerful Nonparametric Rank Test for Ordered Alternative Problem

PLoS ONE, 2014

We propose a new nonparametric test for ordered alternative problem based on the rank difference ... more We propose a new nonparametric test for ordered alternative problem based on the rank difference between two observations from different groups. These groups are assumed to be independent from each other. The exact mean and variance of the test statistic under the null distribution are derived, and its asymptotic distribution is proven to be normal. Furthermore, an extensive power comparison between the new test and other commonly used tests shows that the new test is generally more powerful than others under various conditions, including the same type of distribution, and mixed distributions. A real example from an anti-hypertensive drug trial is provided to illustrate the application of the tests. The new test is therefore recommended for use in practice due to easy calculation and substantial power gain.

Research paper thumbnail of Immediate Effects of Lumbar Spine Manipulation on the Resting and Contraction Thickness of Transversus Abdominis in Asymptomatic Individuals

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 2011

T here is considerable evidence to support that the transversus abdominis muscle (TrA) has a role... more T here is considerable evidence to support that the transversus abdominis muscle (TrA) has a role to play in spinal control. Laboratory studies using fine-wire electromyography (EMG) have demonstrated that this muscle activates in advance of limb movement and is independent of movement direction 28-29 in asymptomatic individuals. It has been speculated that this preparatory muscle activity is necessary for spinal control, as it has been observed prior to both anticipated and unexpected spinal perturbations.

Research paper thumbnail of Financial Impact of Improved Pressure Ulcer Staging in the Acute Hospital with Use of a New Tool, the NE1 Wound Assessment Tool

Advances in Skin & Wound Care, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Development of a Scale to Assess Avoidance Behavior Due to a Fear of Falling: The Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire

Research paper thumbnail of Knee extension isometric torque production differences based on verbal motivation given to introverted and extroverted female children

Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2011

To date, little research has been conducted to test the efficacy of different forms of motivation... more To date, little research has been conducted to test the efficacy of different forms of motivation based on a female child's personality type. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of female children to perform a maximal knee extension isometric torque test with varying forms of motivation, based on the child's personality type (introvert vs. extrovert). The subjects were asked to perform a maximal isometric knee extension test under three different conditions: 1) with no verbal motivation, 2) with verbal motivation from the evaluator only, and 3) with verbal motivation from a group of their peers and the evaluator combined. A 233 mixed ANOVA was significant for an interaction (F 2,62517.530; p,0.0005). Post hoc testing for the introverted group showed that scores without verbal motivation were significantly higher than with verbal motivation from the evaluator or the evaluator plus the peers. The extroverted group revealed that scores with verbal motivation from the evaluator or the evaluator plus the peers were significantly higher than without verbal motivation. Results suggest that verbal motivation has a varying effect on isometric knee extension torque production in female children with different personality types. Extroverted girls perform better with motivation, whereas introverted girls perform better without motivation from others.

Research paper thumbnail of Employer funding and time off for physical therapists toward formal continuing education in states with and without a mandate for continuing education

Study Design: Descriptive. Objectives: Investigate physical therapy practice related to employer ... more Study Design: Descriptive. Objectives: Investigate physical therapy practice related to employer funding and time-off for continuing education (CE) Background: While formal CE in physical therapy is an important part of professional development, little is known about employer support for CE and its relationships with licensure mandates for CE and other factors. Methods: A survey was sent to 3,000 randomly selected physical therapists from seven western states. A total of 1,145 (38.2%) were returned and analyzed. Results: There was no difference between the amount of funding provided to therapists in states with and without a CE mandate (p=.314). However, the highest funded therapists obtained more formal CE than those funded at lower levels regardless of state mandate (ps<.05). There was no difference in time off for therapists in states with (yes=73.3%) and without (yes=68.0%) a mandate (p=.053). Differences in CE practices were seen across practice specialty and APTA membership was associated with higher funding and more time off (ps<.05). Conclusions. The majority of therapists received funding and time off from their employers for CE. The funding, however, tended to be low, regardless of state mandate. Mandatory CE was related to how many CE hours one obtained based on funding level. HPA Resource/HPA Journal 2010; 10(1): J1 -J8.]

Research paper thumbnail of Efficient Noninferiority Testing Procedures for Simultaneously Assessing Sensitivity and Specificity of Two Diagnostic Tests

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2015

Sensitivity and specificity are often used to assess the performance of a diagnostic test with bi... more Sensitivity and specificity are often used to assess the performance of a diagnostic test with binary outcomes. Wald-type test statistics have been proposed for testing sensitivity and specificity individually. In the presence of a gold standard, simultaneous comparison between two diagnostic tests for noninferiority of sensitivity and specificity based on an asymptotic approach has been studied by Chen et al. (2003). However, the asymptotic approach may suffer from unsatisfactory type I error control as observed from many studies, especially in small to medium sample settings. In this paper, we compare three unconditional approaches for simultaneously testing sensitivity and specificity. They are approaches based on estimation, maximization, and a combination of estimation and maximization. Although the estimation approach does not guarantee type I error, it has satisfactory performance with regard to type I error control. The other two unconditional approaches are exact. The approach based on estimation and maximization is generally more powerful than the approach based on maximization.