Darlington Richards - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Darlington Richards
African Journal of Business Management, 2020
The history and development of Enterprise Zones, as both a deliberate government policy of integr... more The history and development of Enterprise Zones, as both a deliberate government policy of integrating the economies of Sub-Saharan African into the global stream and as a trade policy instrument of readjustments and limited resource acquisition option, have different and varied intendments for the countries that implemented them. However, what seems evident from their current, and rather rapid proliferation, is that they soon became a preferred policy option, with significantly little evidence of improvements or changes in sub-regional market developments, employment, GDP or FDI. The objective of this paper is an attempt to answer some questions occasioned by the apparent failure of these initiatives: the reasons for the proliferate establishment; reasons or factors that explain the seeming disparate applications and outcome. This will be achieved through an evaluation of selected countries' data and determining the success factors and failures of the Enterprise Zones' experiment. The evaluation of data and case review indicate an inconclusive, mixed bag of outcomes that could be explained by disparate sub-regional processes' application, national infrastructural disparities and policies' inconsistencies. Finally, it is hoped that this exercise offers fresh insights into the dynamics of implementation, as well as identify a policy or implementation lapses, make recommendations, and possible new areas of research.
Through a study of the history and performance of successive military regimes, this thesis examin... more Through a study of the history and performance of successive military regimes, this thesis examines the role of military governments in economic development, particularly the creation of a market-enabling environment in Nigeria. The key question underlying this research is: did the policies formulated and implemented by the different military governments accelerate or decelerate economic, and concomitantly markets developments in Nigeria?. Essentially, an evaluation of the military governments (1966-1999), is undertaken to determine the nature of the linkage, if any, between regimes and economic and market development policies. Also evaluated are two civilian governments within the relevant period, and only as a reference point to more effectively identify the military's role in economic development. Regime profile outlines the scope and economic effects of policies; case studies of the individual regimes illustrate the underlying reasons for economic underperformance. Measured in real terms and relative to its contribution to the welfare of the average citizen, the study shows that successive military governments' relative economic development achievements are not commensurate with the magnitude of resources expended. Indeed that the decades of military regimes have not seen, in real terms, any significant improvements in the distribution of national income and wealth. Indications also are that the military structure and its paternalistic policy accommodation account for much of the pervasive corruption found all through the regimes. Also identified is the role of the institutional civil service in policy formulation and implementation.
International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development
Entrepreneurship Marketing
World Review of Entrepreneurship Management and Sustainable Development, Feb 1, 2008
... Corresponding author Sonny Nwankwo East London ... Halmstad, Sweden. SonnyNwankwo is a Profes... more ... Corresponding author Sonny Nwankwo East London ... Halmstad, Sweden. SonnyNwankwo is a Professor of Marketing and Director for Research and Enterprise at East London Business School, University of East London, UK. He is ...
International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 2010
The contextual framework or policy orthodoxy persuading the implementation of privatization was t... more The contextual framework or policy orthodoxy persuading the implementation of privatization was the prevalent thinking that economic systems functioned best in a “free market”, with little or no government intervention. In the same vein was the belief that a more productive allocation and rationalization of factors of production will dictate a wholesale transfer from public to private sector of the ownership and control of productive assets, their allocation and pricing, including the residual profits flowing from them. The most effective vehicle for such implementation of free market privatization was adjudged to be unfettered deregulation. To the extent that it enabled the untangling of bureaucratic impediments to the inflow and retention of capital to the countries by way of foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio investment (PI), including the repatriation of resultant profits, it was a welcome outcome. Unfettered deregulation, as clearly manifested in recent years, partic...
International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 2010
Contextually, fashion involves any product characterized as complementary apparel or wearable acc... more Contextually, fashion involves any product characterized as complementary apparel or wearable accessories, and its export market entails the shipping of the apparels or other wearable accessories that may perennially evolve and change from one country to another. The objective of this research is to determine the impact that fashion exporting has on the US economy, as well as explore the changing trends in the economy and the overall contribution of the fashion export to the economy. The research designs applied to this study are executive interviews and surveys, which provided the authors with the primary data; this research also benefited from some secondary data. Apart from appropriate and relevant literature review, there is also an evaluation of these research findings. The preliminary findings would seem to suggest that the impact of fashion products being exported to foreign countries and the imports into the US have both negative and positive consequences on the American ec...
American Journal of Business Education (AJBE), 2010
The role and impact of taxes in the lives of Americans makes basic tax education an imperative fo... more The role and impact of taxes in the lives of Americans makes basic tax education an imperative for all Americans. Not only will that knowledge be valuable to the taxpayer, it will also be valuable to the Government that imposes a variety of taxes. Specifically, it is our position that the lack of basic understanding of taxes is unwarranted, long overdue and importantly could be costing the taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars. In this paper, we focus on the personal income tax because it is one of the most recognizable of the taxes and because it does account for a significant amount paid by Americans. While we wholeheartedly agree that basic knowledge of all other types of taxes will equally be valuable, the income tax, we believe, is a good starting point in light of its unique effect on the majority of Americans.
Études caribéennes, 2012
ABSTRACT
International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 2010
This paper discusses the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as a concept founded... more This paper discusses the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as a concept founded and deeply rooted in the market and economic integration of the participating countries, as well as a model frame for the larger, if more ambitious, integration of the entire continent. It contends that if effectively implemented, sub-Saharan Africa would experience a huge transition that would tremendously transform its participation in globalization so significantly than is otherwise the case today. In this paper, we outline the contending dynamics and constraints in the sub-region. From this premise, it focuses on the market integration challenges facing ECOWAS as it identifies the institutional, structural and infrastructural constraints, with their backgrounds and origins in the colonial antecedents of the member countries. It is our contention that effective economic integration (substantially lacking at present) requires the development of core human “facilitators”, as well as in...
International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 2010
This paper discusses the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as a concept founded... more This paper discusses the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as a concept founded and deeply rooted in the market and economic integration of the participating countries, as well as a model frame for the larger, if more ambitious, integration of the entire continent. It contends that if effectively implemented, sub-Saharan Africa would experience a huge transition that would tremendously transform its participation in globalization so significantly than is otherwise the case today. In this paper, we outline the contending dynamics and constraints in the sub-region. From this premise, it focuses on the market integration challenges facing ECOWAS as it identifies the institutional, structural and infrastructural constraints, with their backgrounds and origins in the colonial antecedents of the member countries. It is our contention that effective economic integration (substantially lacking at present) requires the development of core human “facilitators”, as well as in...
Management Decision, 2003
World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 2005
World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2005 ... The role... more World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2005 ... The role of the university sector in achieving the millennium development goals in Africa ... East London Business School, University of East London, Longbridge Road, Dagenham, RM8 ...
International Journal of Social Economics, 2004
One of the overarching goals of many African countries since the past two decades has been the ra... more One of the overarching goals of many African countries since the past two decades has been the rapid move towards integration with the global economy. This is evident through far-reaching macroeconomic and political reforms now taking place in these countries. However, ...
World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 2008
... Corresponding author Sonny Nwankwo East London ... Halmstad, Sweden. SonnyNwankwo is a Profes... more ... Corresponding author Sonny Nwankwo East London ... Halmstad, Sweden. SonnyNwankwo is a Professor of Marketing and Director for Research and Enterprise at East London Business School, University of East London, UK. He is ...
International Journal of Public Sector Management, 2001
ABSTRACT The phenomenal spread of privatization initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa since the 1980s... more ABSTRACT The phenomenal spread of privatization initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa since the 1980s created the impression that public infrastructure divestiture is a shortcut to economic growth and development. This has proven not to be the case due to the lack of enabling institutional prerequisites. It appears the case that while much faith is put in the potency of the free market, little thought is generally given to the institutions required for markets to perform their function. Accordingly, this paper discusses some of the embedded institutional failures that have made free-market development policies a mirage in many sub-Saharan African countries. Principally among these are corruption and government failures. To check these, it makes more sense to re-direct attention to the sources of failure rather than the free market ideological thrust.
Managerial Law, 2005
Pur pose: This pa per dis cusses some of the con tend ing is sues in the le gal en vi ron ment of... more Pur pose: This pa per dis cusses some of the con tend ing is sues in the le gal en vi ron ment of busi ness in Sub-Sa ha ran Af rica (SSA) as they re late to For eign Di rect In vest ment (FDI). Given that 'fear of na - tional laws' has been con sis tently cited as a ma jor fac tor in ...
Managerial Law, 2005
Pur pose: This pa per dis cusses some of the con tend ing is sues in the le gal en vi ron ment of... more Pur pose: This pa per dis cusses some of the con tend ing is sues in the le gal en vi ron ment of busi ness in Sub-Sa ha ran Af rica (SSA) as they re late to For eign Di rect In vest ment (FDI). Given that 'fear of na - tional laws' has been con sis tently cited as a ma jor fac tor in ...
African Journal of Business Management, 2020
The history and development of Enterprise Zones, as both a deliberate government policy of integr... more The history and development of Enterprise Zones, as both a deliberate government policy of integrating the economies of Sub-Saharan African into the global stream and as a trade policy instrument of readjustments and limited resource acquisition option, have different and varied intendments for the countries that implemented them. However, what seems evident from their current, and rather rapid proliferation, is that they soon became a preferred policy option, with significantly little evidence of improvements or changes in sub-regional market developments, employment, GDP or FDI. The objective of this paper is an attempt to answer some questions occasioned by the apparent failure of these initiatives: the reasons for the proliferate establishment; reasons or factors that explain the seeming disparate applications and outcome. This will be achieved through an evaluation of selected countries' data and determining the success factors and failures of the Enterprise Zones' experiment. The evaluation of data and case review indicate an inconclusive, mixed bag of outcomes that could be explained by disparate sub-regional processes' application, national infrastructural disparities and policies' inconsistencies. Finally, it is hoped that this exercise offers fresh insights into the dynamics of implementation, as well as identify a policy or implementation lapses, make recommendations, and possible new areas of research.
Through a study of the history and performance of successive military regimes, this thesis examin... more Through a study of the history and performance of successive military regimes, this thesis examines the role of military governments in economic development, particularly the creation of a market-enabling environment in Nigeria. The key question underlying this research is: did the policies formulated and implemented by the different military governments accelerate or decelerate economic, and concomitantly markets developments in Nigeria?. Essentially, an evaluation of the military governments (1966-1999), is undertaken to determine the nature of the linkage, if any, between regimes and economic and market development policies. Also evaluated are two civilian governments within the relevant period, and only as a reference point to more effectively identify the military's role in economic development. Regime profile outlines the scope and economic effects of policies; case studies of the individual regimes illustrate the underlying reasons for economic underperformance. Measured in real terms and relative to its contribution to the welfare of the average citizen, the study shows that successive military governments' relative economic development achievements are not commensurate with the magnitude of resources expended. Indeed that the decades of military regimes have not seen, in real terms, any significant improvements in the distribution of national income and wealth. Indications also are that the military structure and its paternalistic policy accommodation account for much of the pervasive corruption found all through the regimes. Also identified is the role of the institutional civil service in policy formulation and implementation.
International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development
Entrepreneurship Marketing
World Review of Entrepreneurship Management and Sustainable Development, Feb 1, 2008
... Corresponding author Sonny Nwankwo East London ... Halmstad, Sweden. SonnyNwankwo is a Profes... more ... Corresponding author Sonny Nwankwo East London ... Halmstad, Sweden. SonnyNwankwo is a Professor of Marketing and Director for Research and Enterprise at East London Business School, University of East London, UK. He is ...
International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 2010
The contextual framework or policy orthodoxy persuading the implementation of privatization was t... more The contextual framework or policy orthodoxy persuading the implementation of privatization was the prevalent thinking that economic systems functioned best in a “free market”, with little or no government intervention. In the same vein was the belief that a more productive allocation and rationalization of factors of production will dictate a wholesale transfer from public to private sector of the ownership and control of productive assets, their allocation and pricing, including the residual profits flowing from them. The most effective vehicle for such implementation of free market privatization was adjudged to be unfettered deregulation. To the extent that it enabled the untangling of bureaucratic impediments to the inflow and retention of capital to the countries by way of foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio investment (PI), including the repatriation of resultant profits, it was a welcome outcome. Unfettered deregulation, as clearly manifested in recent years, partic...
International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 2010
Contextually, fashion involves any product characterized as complementary apparel or wearable acc... more Contextually, fashion involves any product characterized as complementary apparel or wearable accessories, and its export market entails the shipping of the apparels or other wearable accessories that may perennially evolve and change from one country to another. The objective of this research is to determine the impact that fashion exporting has on the US economy, as well as explore the changing trends in the economy and the overall contribution of the fashion export to the economy. The research designs applied to this study are executive interviews and surveys, which provided the authors with the primary data; this research also benefited from some secondary data. Apart from appropriate and relevant literature review, there is also an evaluation of these research findings. The preliminary findings would seem to suggest that the impact of fashion products being exported to foreign countries and the imports into the US have both negative and positive consequences on the American ec...
American Journal of Business Education (AJBE), 2010
The role and impact of taxes in the lives of Americans makes basic tax education an imperative fo... more The role and impact of taxes in the lives of Americans makes basic tax education an imperative for all Americans. Not only will that knowledge be valuable to the taxpayer, it will also be valuable to the Government that imposes a variety of taxes. Specifically, it is our position that the lack of basic understanding of taxes is unwarranted, long overdue and importantly could be costing the taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars. In this paper, we focus on the personal income tax because it is one of the most recognizable of the taxes and because it does account for a significant amount paid by Americans. While we wholeheartedly agree that basic knowledge of all other types of taxes will equally be valuable, the income tax, we believe, is a good starting point in light of its unique effect on the majority of Americans.
Études caribéennes, 2012
ABSTRACT
International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 2010
This paper discusses the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as a concept founded... more This paper discusses the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as a concept founded and deeply rooted in the market and economic integration of the participating countries, as well as a model frame for the larger, if more ambitious, integration of the entire continent. It contends that if effectively implemented, sub-Saharan Africa would experience a huge transition that would tremendously transform its participation in globalization so significantly than is otherwise the case today. In this paper, we outline the contending dynamics and constraints in the sub-region. From this premise, it focuses on the market integration challenges facing ECOWAS as it identifies the institutional, structural and infrastructural constraints, with their backgrounds and origins in the colonial antecedents of the member countries. It is our contention that effective economic integration (substantially lacking at present) requires the development of core human “facilitators”, as well as in...
International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 2010
This paper discusses the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as a concept founded... more This paper discusses the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as a concept founded and deeply rooted in the market and economic integration of the participating countries, as well as a model frame for the larger, if more ambitious, integration of the entire continent. It contends that if effectively implemented, sub-Saharan Africa would experience a huge transition that would tremendously transform its participation in globalization so significantly than is otherwise the case today. In this paper, we outline the contending dynamics and constraints in the sub-region. From this premise, it focuses on the market integration challenges facing ECOWAS as it identifies the institutional, structural and infrastructural constraints, with their backgrounds and origins in the colonial antecedents of the member countries. It is our contention that effective economic integration (substantially lacking at present) requires the development of core human “facilitators”, as well as in...
Management Decision, 2003
World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 2005
World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2005 ... The role... more World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2005 ... The role of the university sector in achieving the millennium development goals in Africa ... East London Business School, University of East London, Longbridge Road, Dagenham, RM8 ...
International Journal of Social Economics, 2004
One of the overarching goals of many African countries since the past two decades has been the ra... more One of the overarching goals of many African countries since the past two decades has been the rapid move towards integration with the global economy. This is evident through far-reaching macroeconomic and political reforms now taking place in these countries. However, ...
World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 2008
... Corresponding author Sonny Nwankwo East London ... Halmstad, Sweden. SonnyNwankwo is a Profes... more ... Corresponding author Sonny Nwankwo East London ... Halmstad, Sweden. SonnyNwankwo is a Professor of Marketing and Director for Research and Enterprise at East London Business School, University of East London, UK. He is ...
International Journal of Public Sector Management, 2001
ABSTRACT The phenomenal spread of privatization initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa since the 1980s... more ABSTRACT The phenomenal spread of privatization initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa since the 1980s created the impression that public infrastructure divestiture is a shortcut to economic growth and development. This has proven not to be the case due to the lack of enabling institutional prerequisites. It appears the case that while much faith is put in the potency of the free market, little thought is generally given to the institutions required for markets to perform their function. Accordingly, this paper discusses some of the embedded institutional failures that have made free-market development policies a mirage in many sub-Saharan African countries. Principally among these are corruption and government failures. To check these, it makes more sense to re-direct attention to the sources of failure rather than the free market ideological thrust.
Managerial Law, 2005
Pur pose: This pa per dis cusses some of the con tend ing is sues in the le gal en vi ron ment of... more Pur pose: This pa per dis cusses some of the con tend ing is sues in the le gal en vi ron ment of busi ness in Sub-Sa ha ran Af rica (SSA) as they re late to For eign Di rect In vest ment (FDI). Given that 'fear of na - tional laws' has been con sis tently cited as a ma jor fac tor in ...
Managerial Law, 2005
Pur pose: This pa per dis cusses some of the con tend ing is sues in the le gal en vi ron ment of... more Pur pose: This pa per dis cusses some of the con tend ing is sues in the le gal en vi ron ment of busi ness in Sub-Sa ha ran Af rica (SSA) as they re late to For eign Di rect In vest ment (FDI). Given that 'fear of na - tional laws' has been con sis tently cited as a ma jor fac tor in ...