Dauda Bwala - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Dauda Bwala

Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences

To maintain excellent production on a farm, biosecurity is critical. Smallholder livestock produc... more To maintain excellent production on a farm, biosecurity is critical. Smallholder livestock producers and their animal health management practices are often perceived to increase the risk for disease incursion and spread within farms. This pilot study is aimed at assessing rural farmers’ practices and knowledge of preventive and biosecurity measures against major diseases of livestock and determining the socioeconomic impact of these diseases in these communities within Nigeria. This is a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey in five Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Plateau State, Nigeria. 3 major communities that rear poultry, small and large ruminants within these 5 LGAs were identified as the Berom, Tarok, and Fulani communities; from where 50 farmers were randomly selected from the list of willing farmers to participate in the present study. The farmers identified Contagious Bovine Pleuron Pneumonia and Foot and Mouth Disease as the major disease of cattle while Peste des Pe...

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

The COVID-19 disease has infected many countries, causing generalized impacts on different income... more The COVID-19 disease has infected many countries, causing generalized impacts on different income categories. We carried out a survey among households (n = 412) representing different income groups in Nigeria. We used validated food insecurity experience and socio-psychologic tools. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The earning capacities of the respondents ranged from 145 USD/month for low-income earners to 1945 USD/month for high-income earners. A total of 173 households (42%) ran out of food during the COVID-19 pandemic. All categories of households experienced increasing dependency on the general public and a perception of increasing insecurity, with the high-income earners experiencing the greatest shift. In addition, increasing levels of anger and irritation were experienced among all categories. Of the socio-demographic variables, only gender, educational level of the household head, work hours per day, and family income based on societ...

Tracing the Domestic Pig [Working Title]

Pigs are vital to the economy and critical in meeting the ever increasing demand for livestock an... more Pigs are vital to the economy and critical in meeting the ever increasing demand for livestock and livestock products in most parts of the world. Pig is one of the oldest domesticated animals, though their ancestory is still shrouded in controversy due to lack of sufficient archaeological and genetic information. However, most of the breeds are thought to have descended from the Eurasian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa). This chapter will therefore look at the African pig under the following headings: Introduction, origin of pigs – genetic and historical/archaeological evidences, pig breeds in Africa, economic importance of pig production in Africa, marketing of pigs in Africa, herd health management of pigs in Africa, and challenges affecting pig production in Africa.

African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2017

Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2010

India is endemic for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), and goats constitute the second largest suscep... more India is endemic for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), and goats constitute the second largest susceptible population of domestic livestock. FMD surveillance and control strategies in the country largely ignore small ruminants, known to be critical in the epidemiology of the disease. Here, serological investigations were carried out to generate estimates of antibody prevalence in goats of Orissa state to both non-structural (NSP-Ab) and structural proteins (SP-Ab) of FMD. The apparent overall NSP-Ab and SP-Ab seroprevalences were 38% and 20.7%, respectively, which signifies a very high level of FMD virus circulation in the goat population despite the lack of clinical signs in this species. The apparent prevalence of NSP-Ab and SP-Ab was positively correlated in the sampling areas. Interestingly, the values found for NSP-Ab prevalence were almost consistently higher than those found for SP-Ab prevalence. This could have been attributable to either issues related to sensitivity and specif...

Social Science Research Network, 2022

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is the primary cause of chronic respiratory dise... more Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is the primary cause of chronic respiratory disease in poultry. We investigated the protective efficacy of the live-attenuated ts-11 and 6/85 MG vaccines against a local MG strain and, in order to enhance signs and mimic a typical field situation, we co-infected birds with a virulent strain of QX-like infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Both vaccines showed similar ability to protect infected chickens from clinical signs, although ts-11 performed slightly better. Despite the lower protection against clinical disease, 6/85-vaccinated birds had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower tracheal lesion scores and mucosal thickness at day 28 post-vaccination (7 days post-challenge [dpc] with MG, 2 dpc IBV) and day 31 post-vaccination (10 dpc MG challenge, 5 dpc IBV) compared to ts-11 vaccinated birds, but these difference was not significant at day 33 (12 dpc MG, 7 dpc IBV). Pathogen infection and replication was assessed by qPCR, and the 6/85 vaccine produced a more significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in MG replication in the lungs, kidneys and livers but enhanced late replication in bursae and caecal tonsils. In contrast, the ts-11 vaccine had a more pronounced reductive effect on replication in tracheas, air sacs, bursae and heart at days 28 and 31, yet increased replication in lungs. Interestingly, both vaccines provided non-specific protection against IBV challenge. The co-challenge model provided useful data on vaccine efficacy, especially on days 31 and 33, and tracheas, lungs, air sacs, kidneys, liver and caecal tonsils were the best organs to assess.

Journal of infection in developing countries, Jan 30, 2015

Since the first case of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Guinea in 2013, major outbreaks have been re... more Since the first case of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Guinea in 2013, major outbreaks have been reported in West Africa. Cases and fatalities of EVD caused by Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV) were evaluated, and the risks of dying in the general population and in healthcare workers were assessed. The case fatality rate estimated for EVD was 76.4% in 20 studies. Cumulative proportion of fatal cases in West Africa was 42.9%, 30.1%, and 64.2% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea, respectively. The proportion of total deaths in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea was 42.5%, 35.8%, and 21.6%, respectively. Healthcare workers were at higher risk of dying compared with the general public, and the same applied to intense transmission countries and to countries with sufficient bed capacities. The declaration of a health emergency "out-of-control" situation by the World Health Organization on 8 August 2014 reduced the risk of death among patients. Factors including deplorable healthcare deliv...

Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, Oct 31, 2017

Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2021

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a viral pneumonia-like disease caused by novel Severe Acut... more Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a viral pneumonia-like disease caused by novel
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in Wuhan,
Hubei Province of China on December 31st 2019, and assumed a pandemic status;
infecting about 30 million people, with a mortality in excess of 957,000 as at 20st
September, 2020. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices concerning
COVID-19 among veterinarians with a view to detecting variables that may hinder their
effective contributions towards the management and control of COVID-19 outbreak in
Nigeria.The study found that male veterinarians had significantly good knowledge
(p=0.012, OR=0.157, CI=0.03-0.66) and attitude (OR=18.415, CI=1.45-5.16, P=0.011)
towards COVID-19 than female counterparts. Similar results were also recorded regarding
practices (OR=2.941, CI=1.03-8.36, P=0.043). Educational qualification was found to be
significantly associated with attitude of veterinarians in respect of COVID-19 prevention
(OR=0.473, CI=0.073-0.011, P=0.006). Thus, gender (male) was found to be independent
predictors of good knowledge, attitude and practices regarding COVID-19. In addition,
educational qualification was also found to be an independent predictor of attitude of
veterinarians regarding COVID-19 control. Veterinarians generally had good knowledge
about the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of COVID-19. However,
despite their knowledge, the level of willingness of veterinarians to support national
response activities was still poor.
This study advocated for a collaborative efforts (one-health) between medics and vets in
tackling future pandemics/infectious diseases like COVID-19. In addition, since most vet
knows the basics of infectious diseases like COVID-19, they can be deployed for national
response activities.

Applied and environmental microbiology, 2018

One hundred seventy-eight mycoplasma strains isolated from South African poultry flocks between 2... more One hundred seventy-eight mycoplasma strains isolated from South African poultry flocks between 2003 and 2015 were identified by full-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and were classified as follows: (25%), (25%), , (23%), (14%), (10%), and (3%), as well as one strain (1%). MIC testing was performed on the axenic samples, and numerous strains of each species were resistant to either chlortetracycline or tylosin or both, with variable sensitivity to enrofloxacin. The strains of all species tested remained sensitive to tiamulin, except for one sample that demonstrated intermediate sensitivity. The mutation of A to G at position 2059 (A2059G) in the 23S rRNA gene, which is associated with macrolide resistance, was found in the South African and strains, as well as a clear correlation between macrolide resistance in and and mutations G354A and G748A in the L4 ribosomal protein and 23S rRNA gene, respectively. No correlation between resistance and point mut...

Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A, 2018

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is the primary cause of chronic respiratory disease in poultry. We ... more Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is the primary cause of chronic respiratory disease in poultry. We investigated the protective efficacy of the live-attenuated ts-11 and 6/85 MG vaccines against a local MG strain and, in order to enhance signs and mimic a typical field situation, we co-infected birds with a virulent strain of QX-like infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Both vaccines showed similar ability to protect infected chickens from clinical signs, although ts-11 performed slightly better. Despite the lower protection against clinical disease, 6/85-vaccinated birds had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower tracheal lesion scores and mucosal thickness at day 28 post-vaccination (7 days post-challenge [dpc] with MG, 2 dpc IBV) and day 31 post-vaccination (10 dpc MG challenge, 5 dpc IBV) compared to ts-11 vaccinated birds, but these difference was not significant at day 33 (12 dpc MG, 7 dpc IBV). Pathogen infection and replication was assessed by qPCR, and the 6/85 vaccine produced a more s...

Avian diseases, 2018

Mycoplasma gallinaceum is not among the most pathogenic mycoplasmas affecting poultry, but its co... more Mycoplasma gallinaceum is not among the most pathogenic mycoplasmas affecting poultry, but its continuous re-isolation from flocks in South Africa displaying typical signs of mycoplasmosis prompted us to revisit its role in respiratory disease. Specific-pathogen-free white leghorn chickens were co-challenged with either M. gallinaceum (MGC) and QX-like infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), or the more virulent Mycoplasm gallisepticum (MG) and IBV. No clinical signs were observed apart from sneezing in chickens challenged with IBV, MGC + IBV, and MG + IBV. On postmortem examination, one bird each in the MGC + IBV and IBV groups developed peritonitis or airsacculitis, respectively. In the tracheas, the MG + IBV group showed the most severe ciliary damage with a mean ciliostatic score of 32.40 compared to scores of 26.83 and 20.4 for the MGC + IBV and IBV groups, respectively. Corresponding tracheal lesions were recorded. Quantitation of the challenge pathogens by quantitative real-time P...

The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research, Jan 11, 2016

Peste des petits ruminants, caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), is a highly co... more Peste des petits ruminants, caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), is a highly contagious and economically important transboundary viral disease of domestic and wild small ruminants and a major hindrance to small-ruminant production in Nigeria. The seroprevalence and distribution of PPRV antibodies in small ruminants in rural households, farms, live animal markets and slaughter slabs across the six different agro-ecological zones of Nigeria were determined. A total of 4548 serum samples from 3489 goats and 1059 sheep were collected in 12 states. A PPRV competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to test the samples and the data analysed with R statistical software version 3.0.1. The study animals included all ages and both sexes. The overall prevalence estimate of sera positive for PPRV antibodies was 23.16% (n = 1018 positive samples per 4548 total samples, 95% confidence interval: 21.79% - 24.57%). There were significant differences in the seroprevalence...

Introduction: Since the first case of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Guinea in 2013, major outbreak... more Introduction: Since the first case of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Guinea in 2013, major outbreaks have been reported in West Africa. Methodology: Cases and fatalities of EVD caused by Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV) were evaluated, and the risks of dying in the general population and in healthcare workers were assessed. Results: The case fatality rate estimated for EVD was 76.4% in 20 studies. Cumulative proportion of fatal cases in West Africa was 42.9%, 30.1%, and 64.2% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea, respectively. The proportion of total deaths in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea was 42.5%, 35.8%, and 21.6%, respectively. Healthcare workers were at higher risk of dying compared with the general public, and the same applied to intense transmission countries and to countries with sufficient bed capacities. The declaration of a health emergency “out-of-control” situation by the World Health Organization on 8 August 2014 reduced the risk of death among patients. Factors including d...

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 2015

Escherichia coli is usually a benign commensal of the gut microflora. However, when E. coli acqui... more Escherichia coli is usually a benign commensal of the gut microflora. However, when E. coli acquires virulence genes it can multiply rapidly and cause disease through colonisation of the intestinal mucosa. Escherichia coli can become a significant pathogen in young pigs. We report an investigation of fatal colisepticaemia in weanling pigs from emerging farms where piglets and weaners were diarrhoeic and the mortality rate ranged between 15% and 70% in each litter. Faecal and tissue samples were processed for histopathology, bacteriology and molecular biology (multiplex and monoplex polymerase chain reaction) and we recovered enteroaggregative multidrug-resistant E. coli producing EAST-1 enterotoxin. An association between poor housing conditions and the observed cases was established and future management programmes were recommended to reduce the impact of such pathogens. Enteroaggregative E. coli is becoming a major problem in the pig industry. It therefore becomes necessary to est...

Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, 2009

Newcastle disease (ND) is a devastating disease of poultry which is reportable to the World Ani... more Newcastle disease (ND) is a devastating disease of poultry
which is reportable to the World Animal Health Organization
(OIE). Since 2002, the South African poultry industry has
experienced outbreaks of ND caused by a recently introduced
NDV strain from the Far East. These viruses belong to lineage
5d/VIId of NDV and are locally known as “goose paramyxovirus”
(GPMV). This strain of virus has proved to be more persistent,
causing disease even in waterfowl which other strains were
not known to do. Control of the disease has proved difficult
with commercially available vaccines appearing not to be
fully effective as declines in egg production are observed in
vaccinated pullets. This has led to concerns being raised about
the efficacy of commercially available ND vaccines against this
strain. This study was conducted to determine the pattern of
NDV viral antigen distribution in the oviduct of laying hens by
immunohistochemistry (IHC). This study also compared the
efficacy of cloacal and ocular routes of vaccination against
challenge, following reports that cloacal vaccination offered a
better protection against egg production losses than the oronasal route of vaccination.