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Papers by David Ayre

Research paper thumbnail of Low Genetic Differentiation despite Fragmentation in an Endangered Fire-Sensitive Shrub

International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2021

Premise of research. Worldwide, fire-sensitive shrubs have an important but underresearched life ... more Premise of research. Worldwide, fire-sensitive shrubs have an important but underresearched life history, and in Australia they are threatened by anthropogenic changes to fire regimes and habitat loss. Typically, adults are killed by fire, but they can also senesce and die if interfire intervals are prolonged. Populations can regenerate from seed banks displaying fire-stimulated germination; however, populations are ephemeral, and true population sizes and connectedness are difficult to estimate. Persoonia hirsuta ssp. evoluta is an endangered, inconspicuous, fire-sensitive shrub with a soil-stored seed bank currently known only from a small number of locations within the fire-prone Sydney Basin. Although it appears highly fragmented and populations are typically small, we predicted that its seed bank would buffer populations against loss of genetic diversity and population differentiation. Methodology. We used microsatellite markers to assess genetic variation within three aboveground populations of P. hirsuta separated by up to 25 km. The largest and most isolated population, at Appin, New South Wales, Australia, occurs on a mine site and may be subject to disturbance. We compared levels of genetic diversity and estimated the mating systems and genetic connectedness of plants within the three sites. Pivotal results. As predicted, all populations displayed similar genetic diversity, as judged by expected heterozygosity and allelic richness, and displayed little differentiation. All populations appear predominantly outcrossed. However, STRUCTURE and principal coordinates analyses showed that Appin individuals were distinct from those at the other locations. Conclusions. Our data imply that even for fire-sensitive species with few aboveground populations, genetic diversity can be maintained by the buffering effect of persistent seed banks with diversity reflecting historically greater interpopulation gene flow. While all P. hirsuta sites support comparable genetic diversity, the preservation of known populations is critical. Conservation efforts should include searches for additional populations, fire-stimulated germination of seed banks, and collection of seed for propagation in a nursery or direct sowing.

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Research paper thumbnail of Habitat fragmentation leads to reduced pollinator visitation, fruit production and recruitment in urban mangrove forests

Oecologia, 2017

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Research paper thumbnail of Modelling the differences between El Niño and La Niña years and planktonic larval duration on dispersal across the southeast Australian biogeographic barrier

Geo: Geography and Environment, 2019

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Research paper thumbnail of Research and conservation initiatives for the vulnerable purple-wood wattle: A model for plant species conservation in Australia?

Research on rare and threatened plants is a major focus of conservation biology. We want to know ... more Research on rare and threatened plants is a major focus of conservation biology. We want to know why species are rare or declining, how best to arrest that decline and what is lost when species become locally extinct. Occasionally, understanding decline is straightforward - e.g. if the species is restricted to fertile soils that are desirable for cultivation. However, managing declining populations is more complex and requires knowledge of genetic diversity and interspecific interactions.

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Research paper thumbnail of Varying levels of clonality and ploidy create barriers to gene flow and challenges for conservation of an Australian arid-zone ecosystem engineer, Acacia loderi

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015

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Research paper thumbnail of Do introduced honeybees affect seed set and seed quality in a plant adapted for bird pollination?

Journal of Plant Ecology, 2016

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Research paper thumbnail of Self-recognition in sponges and corals?

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Research paper thumbnail of Pollinator behaviour, mate choice and the realised mating systems of Grevillea mucronulata and Grevillea sphacelata

Australian Journal of Botany

Successful long-term conservation and management of populations of plants requires successful man... more Successful long-term conservation and management of populations of plants requires successful management of the suite of factors that determine their ‘realised’ mating systems. Within the genus Grevillea, mating systems are potentially complex. They may vary among species and among populations within a species, reflecting variation in pollinator behaviour and diversity (‘potential’ mating systems) and in breeding system (the ‘preferred’ mating system). We used a combination of pollinator observations, pollination experiments and electrophoretic analysis of seed from open pollinations, to examine variation in potential and preferred mating systems in two populations of each of two ‘spider-flowered’ Grevillea species: G. mucronulata (visited by honeyeaters and honeybees, although only birds effected pollen removal and transfer) and G. sphacelata (visited only by honeybees, which made frequent contact with pollen and stigmas). Almost all observed bird and insect foraging bouts on eithe...

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Research paper thumbnail of Genetic tests of the isolation of rare coastal dwarf populations of Banksia spinulosa

Australian Journal of Botany

In southern New South Wales, a suite of widespread plant species exhibit short-statured ‘dwarf’ g... more In southern New South Wales, a suite of widespread plant species exhibit short-statured ‘dwarf’ growth forms on coastal headlands. It is unclear whether such populations are genetically distinct or whether dwarfism is a plastic response to the environment. We used four microsatellite markers to assess genetic differentiation among populations from coastal and inland sites for Banksia spinulosa var. spinulosa. We sampled plants from six locations, including from three ‘dwarf’ and three ‘normal’ populations. Mean levels of genetic diversity were slightly higher in the forest (Na = 7.07 ± 0.25; He = 0.80 ± 0.09) than on the coast (Na = 5.92 ± 0.70; He = 0.72 ± 0.10). In general, populations displayed genotypic diversity expected for outcrossed sexual reproduction, with 161 of 172 individuals displaying unique genotypes and mean values of FIS close to zero. However, we found evidence of at least limited clonal replication in each of four populations and, within one coastal population, 1...

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Research paper thumbnail of Anthropogenic fragmentation may not alter pre-existing patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation in perennial shrubs

Molecular ecology, 2018

Many plant species have pollination and seed dispersal systems and evolutionary histories that ha... more Many plant species have pollination and seed dispersal systems and evolutionary histories that have produced strong genetic structuring. These genetic patterns may be consistent with expectations following recent anthropogenic fragmentation, making it difficult to detect fragmentation effects if no prefragmentation genetic data are available. We used microsatellite markers to investigate whether severe habitat fragmentation may have affected the structure and diversity of populations of the endangered Australian bird-pollinated shrub Grevillea caleyi R.Br., by comparing current patterns of genetic structure and diversity with those of the closely related G. longifolia R.Br. that has a similar life history but has not experienced anthropogenic fragmentation. Grevillea caleyi and G. longifolia showed similar and substantial population subdivision at all spatial levels (global F' = 0.615 and 0.454; S = 0.039 and 0.066), marked isolation by distance and large heterozygous deficien...

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Research paper thumbnail of Clonality disguises the vulnerability of a threatened arid zone Acacia

Ecology and evolution, Nov 1, 2017

Long-lived, widespread plant species are expected to be genetically diverse, reflecting the inter... more Long-lived, widespread plant species are expected to be genetically diverse, reflecting the interaction between large population sizes, overlapping generations, and gene flow. Such species are thought to be resilient to disturbance, but may carry an extinction debt due to reproductive failure. Genetic studies of Australian arid zone plant species suggest an unusually high frequency of asexuality, polyploidy, or both. A preliminary AFLP genetic study implied that the naturally fragmented arid zone tree, Acacia carneorum, is almost entirely dependent on asexual reproduction through suckering, and stands may have lacked genetic diversity and interconnection even prior to the onset of European pastoralism. Here we surveyed microsatellite genetic variation in 20 stands to test for variation in life histories and further assessed the conservation status of the species by comparing genetic diversity within protected stands in National Parks and disturbed range lands. Using herbarium record...

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Research paper thumbnail of Microsatellites for eastern Australian Banksia species

Molecular Ecology Notes

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Research paper thumbnail of Effects of stand size on pollination in temperate populations of the mangrove Avicennia marina

Plant Ecology

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Research paper thumbnail of Seedling performance covaries with dormancy thresholds: maintaining cryptic seed heteromorphism in a fire-prone system

Ecology, 2016

The production of morphologically different seeds or fruits by the same individual plant is known... more The production of morphologically different seeds or fruits by the same individual plant is known as seed heteromorphism. Such variation is expected to be selected for in disturbance-prone environments to allow germination into inherently variable regeneration niches. However, there are few demonstrations that heteromorphic seed characteristics should be favored by selection or how they may be maintained. In fire-prone ecosystems, seed heteromorphism is found in the temperatures needed to break physical dormancy, with seeds responding to high or low temperatures, ensuring emergence under variable fire-regime-related soil heating. Because of the relationship between dormancy-breaking temperature thresholds and fire severity, we hypothesize that different post-fire resource conditions have selected for covarying seedling traits, which contribute to maintenance of such heteromorphism. Seeds with low thresholds emerge into competitive conditions, either after low-severity fire or in vegetation gaps, and are therefore likely to experience selection for seedling characteristics that make them good competitors. On the other hand, high-temperature-threshold seeds would emerge into less competitive environments, indicative of stand-clearing high-severity fires, and would not experience the same selective forces. We identified high and low-threshold seed morphs via dormancy-breaking heat treatments and germination trials for two study species and compared seed mass and other morphological characteristics between morphs. We then grew seedlings from the two different morphs, with and without competition, and measured growth and biomass allocation as indicators of seedling performance. Seedlings from low-threshold seeds of both species performed better than their high-threshold counterparts, growing more quickly under competitive conditions, confirming that different performance can result from this seed characteristic. Seed mass or appearance did not differ between morphs, indicating that dormancy-breaking temperature threshold variation is a form of cryptic heteromorphism. The potential shown for the selective influence of different post-fire environmental conditions on seedling performance provides evidence of a mechanism for the maintenance of heteromorphic variation in dormancy-breaking temperature thresholds.

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Research paper thumbnail of Genotypic Diversity and Gene Flow in Brooding and Spawning Corals Along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Evolution International Journal of Organic Evolution, Sep 30, 2000

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Research paper thumbnail of Panmixia in Pocillopora verrucosa from South Africa

Marine Biology, Jul 1, 2001

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Research paper thumbnail of Genetic differentiation, reproductive mode, and gene flow in the brooding coral Pocillopora damicornis along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1997

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Research paper thumbnail of Research and conservation initiatives for the vulnerable purple-wood wattle: A model for plant species conservation in Australia?

Research on rare and threatened plants is a major focus of conservation biology. We want to know ... more Research on rare and threatened plants is a major focus of conservation biology. We want to know why species are rare or declining, how best to arrest that decline and what is lost when species become locally extinct. Occasionally, understanding decline is straightforward-eg if the species is restricted to fertile soils that are desirable for cultivation. However, managing declining populations is more complex and requires knowledge of genetic diversity and interspecific interactions.

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Research paper thumbnail of Ideas of the University. Higher Education Colloquium 78/79

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Research paper thumbnail of Effects of environment and population density on the sea anemone Actinia tenebrosa

Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 1984

Within each of four Western Australian colonies of A. tenebrosa, adults developed gonads and broo... more Within each of four Western Australian colonies of A. tenebrosa, adults developed gonads and brooded asexually produced juveniles during the summer months. The brooded juveniles were released throughout the year but most settlement occurred in autumn and winter. Dispersal of brooded juveniles was highly localized and they typically settled within 2 m of adults. Adults were sedentary and long- lived and recruitment rates were extremely low (about 1% per annum during the study period). Adult size and asexual fecundity differed markedly between colonies over three breeding seasons, but between-colony comparisons revealed no simple relationship between those characteristics. The mean number of juveniles per adult varied up to ninefold between colonies. Sex ratios deviated significantly from a ratio of 1 : 1 in samples from three colonies, and males predominated in two of these. Density-manipulation experiments revealed that intraspecific competition affected adult size, sexual maturity, asexual fecundity and rates of settlement and recruitment.

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Research paper thumbnail of Low Genetic Differentiation despite Fragmentation in an Endangered Fire-Sensitive Shrub

International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2021

Premise of research. Worldwide, fire-sensitive shrubs have an important but underresearched life ... more Premise of research. Worldwide, fire-sensitive shrubs have an important but underresearched life history, and in Australia they are threatened by anthropogenic changes to fire regimes and habitat loss. Typically, adults are killed by fire, but they can also senesce and die if interfire intervals are prolonged. Populations can regenerate from seed banks displaying fire-stimulated germination; however, populations are ephemeral, and true population sizes and connectedness are difficult to estimate. Persoonia hirsuta ssp. evoluta is an endangered, inconspicuous, fire-sensitive shrub with a soil-stored seed bank currently known only from a small number of locations within the fire-prone Sydney Basin. Although it appears highly fragmented and populations are typically small, we predicted that its seed bank would buffer populations against loss of genetic diversity and population differentiation. Methodology. We used microsatellite markers to assess genetic variation within three aboveground populations of P. hirsuta separated by up to 25 km. The largest and most isolated population, at Appin, New South Wales, Australia, occurs on a mine site and may be subject to disturbance. We compared levels of genetic diversity and estimated the mating systems and genetic connectedness of plants within the three sites. Pivotal results. As predicted, all populations displayed similar genetic diversity, as judged by expected heterozygosity and allelic richness, and displayed little differentiation. All populations appear predominantly outcrossed. However, STRUCTURE and principal coordinates analyses showed that Appin individuals were distinct from those at the other locations. Conclusions. Our data imply that even for fire-sensitive species with few aboveground populations, genetic diversity can be maintained by the buffering effect of persistent seed banks with diversity reflecting historically greater interpopulation gene flow. While all P. hirsuta sites support comparable genetic diversity, the preservation of known populations is critical. Conservation efforts should include searches for additional populations, fire-stimulated germination of seed banks, and collection of seed for propagation in a nursery or direct sowing.

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Research paper thumbnail of Habitat fragmentation leads to reduced pollinator visitation, fruit production and recruitment in urban mangrove forests

Oecologia, 2017

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Modelling the differences between El Niño and La Niña years and planktonic larval duration on dispersal across the southeast Australian biogeographic barrier

Geo: Geography and Environment, 2019

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Research and conservation initiatives for the vulnerable purple-wood wattle: A model for plant species conservation in Australia?

Research on rare and threatened plants is a major focus of conservation biology. We want to know ... more Research on rare and threatened plants is a major focus of conservation biology. We want to know why species are rare or declining, how best to arrest that decline and what is lost when species become locally extinct. Occasionally, understanding decline is straightforward - e.g. if the species is restricted to fertile soils that are desirable for cultivation. However, managing declining populations is more complex and requires knowledge of genetic diversity and interspecific interactions.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Varying levels of clonality and ploidy create barriers to gene flow and challenges for conservation of an Australian arid-zone ecosystem engineer, Acacia loderi

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Do introduced honeybees affect seed set and seed quality in a plant adapted for bird pollination?

Journal of Plant Ecology, 2016

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Research paper thumbnail of Self-recognition in sponges and corals?

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Pollinator behaviour, mate choice and the realised mating systems of Grevillea mucronulata and Grevillea sphacelata

Australian Journal of Botany

Successful long-term conservation and management of populations of plants requires successful man... more Successful long-term conservation and management of populations of plants requires successful management of the suite of factors that determine their ‘realised’ mating systems. Within the genus Grevillea, mating systems are potentially complex. They may vary among species and among populations within a species, reflecting variation in pollinator behaviour and diversity (‘potential’ mating systems) and in breeding system (the ‘preferred’ mating system). We used a combination of pollinator observations, pollination experiments and electrophoretic analysis of seed from open pollinations, to examine variation in potential and preferred mating systems in two populations of each of two ‘spider-flowered’ Grevillea species: G. mucronulata (visited by honeyeaters and honeybees, although only birds effected pollen removal and transfer) and G. sphacelata (visited only by honeybees, which made frequent contact with pollen and stigmas). Almost all observed bird and insect foraging bouts on eithe...

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Research paper thumbnail of Genetic tests of the isolation of rare coastal dwarf populations of Banksia spinulosa

Australian Journal of Botany

In southern New South Wales, a suite of widespread plant species exhibit short-statured ‘dwarf’ g... more In southern New South Wales, a suite of widespread plant species exhibit short-statured ‘dwarf’ growth forms on coastal headlands. It is unclear whether such populations are genetically distinct or whether dwarfism is a plastic response to the environment. We used four microsatellite markers to assess genetic differentiation among populations from coastal and inland sites for Banksia spinulosa var. spinulosa. We sampled plants from six locations, including from three ‘dwarf’ and three ‘normal’ populations. Mean levels of genetic diversity were slightly higher in the forest (Na = 7.07 ± 0.25; He = 0.80 ± 0.09) than on the coast (Na = 5.92 ± 0.70; He = 0.72 ± 0.10). In general, populations displayed genotypic diversity expected for outcrossed sexual reproduction, with 161 of 172 individuals displaying unique genotypes and mean values of FIS close to zero. However, we found evidence of at least limited clonal replication in each of four populations and, within one coastal population, 1...

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Anthropogenic fragmentation may not alter pre-existing patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation in perennial shrubs

Molecular ecology, 2018

Many plant species have pollination and seed dispersal systems and evolutionary histories that ha... more Many plant species have pollination and seed dispersal systems and evolutionary histories that have produced strong genetic structuring. These genetic patterns may be consistent with expectations following recent anthropogenic fragmentation, making it difficult to detect fragmentation effects if no prefragmentation genetic data are available. We used microsatellite markers to investigate whether severe habitat fragmentation may have affected the structure and diversity of populations of the endangered Australian bird-pollinated shrub Grevillea caleyi R.Br., by comparing current patterns of genetic structure and diversity with those of the closely related G. longifolia R.Br. that has a similar life history but has not experienced anthropogenic fragmentation. Grevillea caleyi and G. longifolia showed similar and substantial population subdivision at all spatial levels (global F' = 0.615 and 0.454; S = 0.039 and 0.066), marked isolation by distance and large heterozygous deficien...

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Clonality disguises the vulnerability of a threatened arid zone Acacia

Ecology and evolution, Nov 1, 2017

Long-lived, widespread plant species are expected to be genetically diverse, reflecting the inter... more Long-lived, widespread plant species are expected to be genetically diverse, reflecting the interaction between large population sizes, overlapping generations, and gene flow. Such species are thought to be resilient to disturbance, but may carry an extinction debt due to reproductive failure. Genetic studies of Australian arid zone plant species suggest an unusually high frequency of asexuality, polyploidy, or both. A preliminary AFLP genetic study implied that the naturally fragmented arid zone tree, Acacia carneorum, is almost entirely dependent on asexual reproduction through suckering, and stands may have lacked genetic diversity and interconnection even prior to the onset of European pastoralism. Here we surveyed microsatellite genetic variation in 20 stands to test for variation in life histories and further assessed the conservation status of the species by comparing genetic diversity within protected stands in National Parks and disturbed range lands. Using herbarium record...

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Research paper thumbnail of Microsatellites for eastern Australian Banksia species

Molecular Ecology Notes

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Research paper thumbnail of Effects of stand size on pollination in temperate populations of the mangrove Avicennia marina

Plant Ecology

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Research paper thumbnail of Seedling performance covaries with dormancy thresholds: maintaining cryptic seed heteromorphism in a fire-prone system

Ecology, 2016

The production of morphologically different seeds or fruits by the same individual plant is known... more The production of morphologically different seeds or fruits by the same individual plant is known as seed heteromorphism. Such variation is expected to be selected for in disturbance-prone environments to allow germination into inherently variable regeneration niches. However, there are few demonstrations that heteromorphic seed characteristics should be favored by selection or how they may be maintained. In fire-prone ecosystems, seed heteromorphism is found in the temperatures needed to break physical dormancy, with seeds responding to high or low temperatures, ensuring emergence under variable fire-regime-related soil heating. Because of the relationship between dormancy-breaking temperature thresholds and fire severity, we hypothesize that different post-fire resource conditions have selected for covarying seedling traits, which contribute to maintenance of such heteromorphism. Seeds with low thresholds emerge into competitive conditions, either after low-severity fire or in vegetation gaps, and are therefore likely to experience selection for seedling characteristics that make them good competitors. On the other hand, high-temperature-threshold seeds would emerge into less competitive environments, indicative of stand-clearing high-severity fires, and would not experience the same selective forces. We identified high and low-threshold seed morphs via dormancy-breaking heat treatments and germination trials for two study species and compared seed mass and other morphological characteristics between morphs. We then grew seedlings from the two different morphs, with and without competition, and measured growth and biomass allocation as indicators of seedling performance. Seedlings from low-threshold seeds of both species performed better than their high-threshold counterparts, growing more quickly under competitive conditions, confirming that different performance can result from this seed characteristic. Seed mass or appearance did not differ between morphs, indicating that dormancy-breaking temperature threshold variation is a form of cryptic heteromorphism. The potential shown for the selective influence of different post-fire environmental conditions on seedling performance provides evidence of a mechanism for the maintenance of heteromorphic variation in dormancy-breaking temperature thresholds.

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Research paper thumbnail of Genotypic Diversity and Gene Flow in Brooding and Spawning Corals Along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Evolution International Journal of Organic Evolution, Sep 30, 2000

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Panmixia in Pocillopora verrucosa from South Africa

Marine Biology, Jul 1, 2001

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Genetic differentiation, reproductive mode, and gene flow in the brooding coral Pocillopora damicornis along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1997

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Research and conservation initiatives for the vulnerable purple-wood wattle: A model for plant species conservation in Australia?

Research on rare and threatened plants is a major focus of conservation biology. We want to know ... more Research on rare and threatened plants is a major focus of conservation biology. We want to know why species are rare or declining, how best to arrest that decline and what is lost when species become locally extinct. Occasionally, understanding decline is straightforward-eg if the species is restricted to fertile soils that are desirable for cultivation. However, managing declining populations is more complex and requires knowledge of genetic diversity and interspecific interactions.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Ideas of the University. Higher Education Colloquium 78/79

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of environment and population density on the sea anemone Actinia tenebrosa

Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 1984

Within each of four Western Australian colonies of A. tenebrosa, adults developed gonads and broo... more Within each of four Western Australian colonies of A. tenebrosa, adults developed gonads and brooded asexually produced juveniles during the summer months. The brooded juveniles were released throughout the year but most settlement occurred in autumn and winter. Dispersal of brooded juveniles was highly localized and they typically settled within 2 m of adults. Adults were sedentary and long- lived and recruitment rates were extremely low (about 1% per annum during the study period). Adult size and asexual fecundity differed markedly between colonies over three breeding seasons, but between-colony comparisons revealed no simple relationship between those characteristics. The mean number of juveniles per adult varied up to ninefold between colonies. Sex ratios deviated significantly from a ratio of 1 : 1 in samples from three colonies, and males predominated in two of these. Density-manipulation experiments revealed that intraspecific competition affected adult size, sexual maturity, asexual fecundity and rates of settlement and recruitment.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact