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Papers by David Curby

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in physical fitness and anthropometr... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in physical fitness and anthropometric measures between Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers. Thirty three Iranian elite wrestlers (Freestyle, age: 24.54±3.43 years, N=13) and (Greco-Roman, age: 23.05±1.95 years, N=20) who were invited to the training camps participated in this study. The anthropometric traits included height, sitting height, arm-span, and the physical fitness traits included flexibility (sit-and-reach test), muscular endurance (pull-ups and bent-knee sit-ups), agility (4×9 m shuttle run), speed (40-yd sprint), and bilateral visual reaction time. Statistical comparison of the freestyle and GrecoRoman wrestlers groups was carried out using independent samples t test (P ≤ 0.05). The results indicated that in speed, reaction time, flexibility and pull-ups tests, Greco-Roman wrestlers were better than freestyle wrestlers, and in agility and bent-knee sit-ups tests the freestyle wrestlers were better than Greco-...

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Sep 1, 2011

Increasing the level of physical fitness for competition is the primary goal of any conditioning ... more Increasing the level of physical fitness for competition is the primary goal of any conditioning program for wrestlers. Wrestlers often need to peak for competitions several times over an annual training cycle. Additionally, the scheduling of these competitions does not always match an ideal periodization plan and may require a modified training program to achieve a high level of competitive fitness in a shorttime frame. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of sprint-interval training (SIT) program, on selected aerobic and anaerobic performance indices, and hormonal and hematological adaptations, when added to the traditional Iranian training of wrestlers in their preseason phase. Fifteen trained wrestlers were assigned to either an experimental (EXP) or a control (CON) group. Both groups followed a traditional preparation phase consisting of learning and drilling technique, live wrestling and weight training for 4 weeks. In addition, the EXP group performed a running-based SIT protocol. The SIT consisted of 6 35-m sprints at maximum effort with a 10-second recovery between each sprint. The SIT protocol was performed in 2 sessions per week, for the 4 weeks of the study. Before and after the 4-week training program, pre and posttesting was performed on each subject on the following: a graded exercise test (GXT) to determine _ VO 2 max, the velocity associated with _ VO 2 max (n _ VO 2 max), maximal ventilation, and peak oxygen pulse; a time to exhaustion test (T max) at their n _ VO 2 max; and 4 successive Wingate tests with a 4-minute recovery between each trial for the determination of peak and mean power output (PPO, MPO). Resting blood samples were also collected at the beginning of each pre and posttesting period, before and after the 4-week training program. The EXP group showed significant improvements in _ VO 2 max (+5.4%), peak oxygen pulse (+7.7%) and T max (+32.2%) compared with pretesting. The EXP group produced significant increases in PPO and MPO during the Wingate testing compared with pretesting (p , 0.05). After the 4-week training program, total testosterone and the total testosterone/cortisol ratio increased significantly in the EXP group, whereas cortisol tended to decrease (p = 0.06). The current findings indicate that the addition of an SIT program with short recovery can improve both aerobic and anaerobic performances in trained wrestlers during the preseason phase. The hormonal changes seen suggest traininginduced anabolic adaptations.

Pedagogy of physical culture and sports, Dec 29, 2023

Background and Study Aim With the growing popularity of freestyle wrestling, researchers are incr... more Background and Study Aim With the growing popularity of freestyle wrestling, researchers are increasingly focusing on gender factors that might influence competitive performance and success. The aim of this study is to determine the differences in performance indicators between male and female wrestlers at the 2021 Olympic Games. Material and Methods The study involved 192 athletes, with 96 male and 96 female wrestlers. Match records and video footage from the 2021 Tokyo Olympic Games were analyzed for both women's (n=113) and freestyle (n=114) wrestling. Performance indicators were assessed using an expert evaluation approach. Data was statistically analyzed using licensed Excel spreadsheet software, and categorical data was presented in absolute numbers and percentages. Results From an analysis of the competitive events at the 2021 Olympic Games, 12 primary technicaltactical actions emerged. In the standing position, leg attacks were predominant, executed by male wrestlers 35.8% of the time and by female wrestlers 30.3%. On the ground, male wrestlers favored the gut wrench (7.6%), while females opted for the ankle lace (9.4%). Both male (926 points) and female wrestlers (912 points) garnered roughly equivalent points for their actions. However, males outperformed females in the standing position, scoring 720 points to the females' 621. Conversely, in ground positions, female wrestlers were more effective, scoring 291 points against the males' 206. Rule violation deductions were notably fewer for female wrestlers (8 instances) than for their male counterparts (27 instances). Additionally, challenge review stoppages were less frequent for females (7 instances) compared to males (18 instances). Conclusions The study highlights distinct performance indicators in freestyle wrestling between genders. Male wrestlers predominantly act in the standing position (81.7%), whereas female wrestlers lean towards the ground positions (29.3%). In contrast, males account for only 18.3% on the ground. Overall, male wrestlers perform a higher total number of actions (579) than their female counterparts (518). Notably, female wrestlers secure more early victories, constituting 32.7% of all matches, compared to 24.6% by males. These insights can guide coaches in tailoring training programs that cater to these gender-specific nuances.

Slobožansʹkij naukovo-sportivnij vìsnik, Mar 31, 2024

Background and Study: Spectacle plays a key role in sports wrestling in attracting viewers' atten... more Background and Study: Spectacle plays a key role in sports wrestling in attracting viewers' attention, creating emotional involvement, and making the sport an integral part of culture. Aim: To identify the most significant indicators of wrestlers' competitive activity based on the analysis of the 2021 Olympic Games, which influence the spectacle in sports wrestling. Material and Methods: The study involved 289 wrestlers. An analysis of protocols and video recordings of 340 matches at the 2021 Olympic Games in three types of sports wrestling was conducted: in women's wrestling-113 matches (n=96 female wrestlers), in Greco-Roman wrestling-113 matches (n=97 wrestlers), and in freestyle wrestling-114 matches (n=96 wrestlers). Expert assessment method was used to evaluate the indicators of competitive activity. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using licensed Excel spreadsheet packages. Results: For Greco-Roman wrestling and women's wrestling, the ratio of actions performed in par terre and standing is about 70 to 30. Whereas, for freestyle wrestlers, almost 80% of actions are performed in standing. The efficiency coefficient of wrestling in standing for Greco-Roman style wrestlers averaged 1.43 points per action; for freestyle wrestlers, it was 1.78 points per action, and for female wrestlers-2.01 points per action. The highest number of one-point actions was performed in Greco-Roman wrestling, which significantly and statistically significantly (p<0.05) exceeds the indicators in freestyle and women's wrestling. Meanwhile, female wrestlers and freestyle wrestlers statistically significantly (p<0.05) executed more two-point actions. The average number of actions per match does not significantly differ (p>0.05): 4.23 actions for Greco-Roman wrestling; 4.47 actions for freestyle wrestling, and 4.08 actions for women's wrestling. However, when considering the average number of points scored per match, statistically significant differences were found. Thus, Greco-Roman style wrestlers score an average of 6.95 points, this indicator is statistically significantly lower (p<0.05) than in freestyle (8.12 points) and in women's wrestling (8.07 points). Conclusions: The analysis of matches at the 2021 Olympic Games made it possible to identify competitive activity indicators that influence the spectacle in sports wrestling. Positive indicators include: a large number of technical-tactical actions performed in standing; execution of throws in par terre by Greco-Roman style wrestlers; a high percentage of early victories in matches. Negative indicators: execution of simple one-point and two-point technical-tactical actions; in Greco-Roman wrestling, a large number of matches that ended with a score of 1:1; interruptions in matches (Challenge, Negative Wrestling, Caution), lack of dynamism in the match, and the inability to score too many points. The obtained results will help provide recommendations for changing competition rules and enhancing the spectacle of sports wrestling.

International journal of sport studies for health, Sep 4, 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks resistance training with... more Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks resistance training with creatine supplementation on body composition and physical fitness indexes in male futsal players. Methods: 20 trained futsal players were selected based on convenience sampling from East Azerbaijan and assigned randomly either to Ex + Cr group (Exercise + Creatin, n = 10) or Ex + Pl group (Exercise + Placebo, n = 10). All of the subjects performed resistance training program for 8 weeks. The Ex + Cr group ingested 0.3 g/kg creatine during loading phase 0.1 g/kg in maintenance phase. Body weight, fat free mass, fat percent, muscular strength, speed, anaerobic power and flexibility were measured before and after training program. Paired t-test and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: The results suggested that body weight and fat free mass were significantly increased in both groups with greater improvements in Ex + Cr group (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, Ex + Cr group demonstrated greater decrease in fat percent compared with Ex + Pl group (P ≤ 0.05). Also, muscular strength increased to a greater extent in the Ex + Cr compared with the Ex + Pl group (P ≤ 0.05). Finally, there was no significant difference between the two groups in speed, anaerobic power and flexibility (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusions: In general, it seems that resistance training along with creatine supplementation lead to greater increases in body weight, fat mass and muscular strength as well as greater decrease in fat percent than resistance training alone in trained futsal players.

Journal of physical education, recreation & dance, Sep 1, 1983

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Apr 1, 1980

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 1995

International Journal of Wrestling Science, Jan 2, 2016

Published research after the 2004 Olympic Games indicated that in the combat sports of boxing, ta... more Published research after the 2004 Olympic Games indicated that in the combat sports of boxing, taekwondo, Greco-Roman wrestling, and freestyle wrestling, the combatants in red won more often than those in blue in each sport. This prompted several subsequent studies, including team sports, the role of judges and officials, and other factors that could contribute to a unfair bias against what is thought to be a random and benign assignment of uniform color. To further examine a possible competitive bias in wrestling because of uniform color, this study examined the results from the 2015 Senior World Wrestling Championships. The results of all 952 bouts, women's freestyle, Greco-Roman, and freestyle were reviewed, and the color associated with either winning or losing (red or blue) was recorded. A total of 458 winners wore red and 494 wore blue. These data were then assembled in a 2 × 2 contingency table for chi square analysis (χ 2) I used the Greek symbol-χ 2 χ 2 statistic was = 2.7227 and p = .098931. This result is not significant at p < .05, indicating that there was no relation between the color of the uniform and the match outcome.

International Journal of Wrestling Science, Sep 1, 2013

Scientists study data and look for relationships in order to make generalizations to explain beha... more Scientists study data and look for relationships in order to make generalizations to explain behavior. We identify specific traits in groups of interest (often differences in means). We are not only interested in the mean, or averages, but also with the "outliers." These are often the champions who perform far outside the norm. Scientists, coaches and other athletes look to these special people and attempt to mimic the traits that make these champions so special, and apart from the normal distribution. The techniques, practices and behavior we use to achieve to one's ultimate performance capacity is primarily through training, but also through a myriad of other influences from the environment, heredity and their interaction. These influences or factors both comprise and shape this capacity over the span of a lifetime. Additionally, the presence, or indeed absence, of these factors and influences at various points on the lifespan can dictate this performance capacity at a distant point in the future. Allow me to schematically represent in Fig. 1 a hypothetical generalized wrestling performance capacity curve over the lifespan of a wrestler, along with the developmental and life stages. The level of performance needed for a world championship is shown above the generalized and normative performance capacity of most wrestlers. We know that the individual performance capacity curve of some rare wrestlers reach high enough to attain that golden status. It is also well known that there are some athletes who possess the necessary capacity, but never reach it! The work of the coach is to help the athlete reach their ideal performance capacity. If this is achieved, all should be satisfied and proud, regardless of the matches and medals won.

International Journal of Wrestling Science, Jul 2, 2016

The videos of all wrestling matches from the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio were analyzed for scoring ... more The videos of all wrestling matches from the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio were analyzed for scoring and technique. Summaries were compiled for all three styles-Men's Freestyle, Women's Freestyle, and Greco-Roman. The performance of the top countries and the champions are presented. Attack efficacy, represented by points scored per minute, is presented for the style as a whole for the top countries and for the weight-class champions. The technical structure of the champions, with scoring by type of technique, is also presented. This was done for all three styles-Men's Freestyle, Women's Freestyle, and Greco-Roman. Trends observed during the Olympic cycle between London 2012 and Rio 2016 are discussed.

International Journal of Wrestling Science, Mar 1, 2012

The National Federation of High Schools (NFHS) established a rule for wrestling (1-3-1) that each... more The National Federation of High Schools (NFHS) established a rule for wrestling (1-3-1) that each individual state high school association shall develop and utilize a specified weight-control program which will discourage excessive weight reduction. Programs must establish a minimum weight class through hydration testing, body fat assessment and a monitored descent plan. Purpose: A survey of the 49 state associations conducting high school wrestling programs was made to determine the methods used for the 2010-11 season to assess hydration status and body composition, as well as the administrative procedures employed to meet this weight management mandate. Methods: Information was obtained from state association websites, which was followed by phone interviews with state administrators. Results: Multiple methods are approved for use in the majority of programs. Urine specific gravity to assess hydration is tested by a refractometer (33 states), reagent strip (28 states), urinometer/hydrometer (6 states), color chart (5 states), and is not tested in 4 state programs. Body fat is assessed through caliper measures of skinfolds (35 states), bioelectric impedance (24 states), hydrostatic weighing (21 states), air displacement plethysmography (12 states), physician observation (7 states), DXA (4 states), ultrasound (3 states), near infrared interactance (1 state), and one program does not consider body fatness. 36 states utilize the National Wrestling Coaches Association Optimal Performance Calculator™ to manage their program. Many states apply a variance to the recommended weight at the body fat minimums of 7% and 12% for males and females respectively, ranging from a 0.9 to 5% reduction in these values. For males in the 35 programs utilizing skinfold measures, 34 use the Lohman equation, and 1 uses the Forsyth-Sinning equation. For females, the Boileau equation is used in 32 programs, the Jackson, Pollock, and Ward equation is used in one program, and two programs are inappropriately using equations developed for use by males, with the females. In programs utilizing bioelectric impedance, 12 use the standard setting while 12 the athletic setting. Conclusions: A discussion of the variations observed in the methods and procedures employed in weight control programs among sport science professionals, as well as the state associations and the National Federation can further improve scholastic wrestling.

Purpose: to establish features of manifestation of sensory-motor reactions and specific perceptio... more Purpose: to establish features of manifestation of sensory-motor reactions and specific perceptions at the men and women doing martial arts. Material and methods: analysis of scientific-methodical information, generalization of the best practical experience, psychophysiological methods of the research, methods of mathematical statistics. 46 sportsmen, who are engaged in different types of combat sports, participated in the research. Participants were divided into two groups: 1-27 men, median age (19,41±1,75) years; 2-19 women, median age (19,69±1,90) years, reliable differences on age, (p>0,05). Sportsmen had qualification Candidate Master of Sports and Master of Sports. Results: assessment of simple, difficult sensory-motor reactions and specific perceptions of martial artists is executed. The most significant qualities for success of men and women in martial arts allowed distinguishing the analysis of results of the held psycho-physiological testing. In the course of the research it was defined that the best indicators of simple sensory-motor reactions are observed at female martial artists (from 1 % till 2 %), and at male martial artists results in difficult sensory-motor reactions (from 2 % till 11 %) and specific perceptions are higher (from 1 % till 19 %). It is defined that pedagogical features of the organization of educational-training process of martial artists of various sexes is rational planning of loads and volume of trainings, structures of the competitive period, account and use of means of recovery of the lost working capacity. Conclusions: it is established that abilities to analyze, estimate and predict situations quickly and in due time to make the correct decisions during a single combat, that is explained unreliable distinctions (p>0,05) in psycho-physiological indicators of the studied sportsmen are formed at men and women who are engaged in different types of martial arts.

International Journal of Wrestling Science, Jan 2, 2016

To make a contribution to the improvement of Greco-Roman wrestling, an effort was initiated to id... more To make a contribution to the improvement of Greco-Roman wrestling, an effort was initiated to identify some causes for the decline in the technical level and scoring in Greco-Roman wrestling over the past 10 years. This analysis aimed to demonstrate how this preventative style of wrestling (holding fingers/wrists in a standing position) has a negative effect on the execution of self-focused, action-oriented wrestling techniques in the Greco-Roman style. To demonstrate the significant effect of holding fingers/wrists has on a wrestling match, an analysis of all medal matches of the 2015 World Wrestling Championships in Las Vegas, Nevada, was performed and quantified. The time parameters measured in each match were the total time of the match, total time in the standing position, and total time in par terre position. Wrestling in the standing position was further specified as time spent in normal contact, time without contact, and contact made by holding fingers/wrists. The amount of match time spent without contact, plus contact made by holding fingers/wrists is defined as obstructive/preventative wrestling. Wrestling in the standing position is the focus of this study and comprises 86% and 84% of the entire match time for the gold and bronze medal matches, respectively, with the balance being wrestled in the par terre position. From these data are derived the percent of time in standing spent in obstructive/ preventative wrestling actions of grasping and locking of fingers and wrists, as well as time without contact. Means of 78% and 72% were found for gold and bronze medals, respectively. On the basis of these data, it is evident how much time is spent where there is no possibility to perform wrestling techniques, because the wrestlers are holding fingers or are completely separated without close contact in the wrestling standing position.

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 2011

To examine the validity of multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (MFBIA) measures ... more To examine the validity of multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (MFBIA) measures to detect changes in the hydration status of wrestlers after undergoing 3.5% acute dehydration and a 2-h rehydration period. METHODS: 56 NCAA wrestlers: (mean ± SEE); age 19.5 ± 0.2, height 1.73 ± 0.01 m, body mass (BM) 82.5 ± 2.3 kg were tested in euhydrated, dehydrated (-3.5%), and a 2-h rehydration conditions using MFBIA to detect changes in hydration status. Hydration status was quantified by measuring changes in plasma osmolality (Posm), urine osmolality (Uosm), urine specific gravity (Usg), BM and MFBIA at 5, 20, 50, 100, and 500 Khz. RESULTS: A new prediction equation provided by the manufacturer to estimate Hydration Index (HI) was able to detect a significant change in hydration status after a 3.5% reduction in body weight. All frequencies significantly increased for HI at the post-dehydration time point, but did not return to baseline at 2-h rehydration. Posm (303 ± 0.6 mOsm.L-1) Uosm (617 ± 47 mOsm.L-1) and Usg (1.017 ± 0.001) significantly increased at post-dehydration, but did not return to below baseline until 2-h rehydration. Estimations of extracellular water (ECW) were significantly different throughout the trial, but there were there was no significant change in estimations of total body water (TBW) or intracellular water (ICW). CONCLUSIONN: Results of the present study demonstrate the potential use of MFBIA as a field measure to assess the hydration status of wrestlers for the purpose of minimal weight certification. When employing MFBIA, results indicate that changes in HI at the frequencies evaluated are sensitive to acute changes in dehydration, but lag behind changes in the standard physiological (plasma and urinary) markers of hydration status after a 2-h rehydration.

International Journal of Wrestling Science, 2012

The present study investigates the effects of two types of loading patterns in resistance trainin... more The present study investigates the effects of two types of loading patterns in resistance training. A doublepyramid loading pattern (DP) and a reverse step loading pattern (RS) were employed to study their effects on selected physiologic abilities of young wrestlers. For this purpose, 22 wrestlers volunteered to participate. Subjects (age 17.30± 2.42 years; height 170.41± 6.14 cm; weight 72.29±13 Kg; and BF% 12.39± 7.39) had a history of at least 6 months of wrestling training. The subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups; a control group (n=8), and two resistance training groups: a group using the DP loading pattern (n=7); and a group using the RS loading pattern (n=7). The subjects trained for 8 weeks using two selected loading patterns. In DP, subjects trained with 4/80%, 3/85%, 2/90%, 1/95%, 1/95%, 2/90%, 3/85%, 4/80%. In RS, subjects trained with 2/90%, 10/70%, 15/60%, 2/90%, 10/70%, 15/60%. To study the variables, the ANOVA test and Tukey's posthoc test were used. The results of a 1RM strength test did not indicate any significant differences between the two training groups on upper and lower body muscles; however, this difference was significant for the control group (P ≥ 0.05). In a muscular endurance test for lower body muscles, the difference between all 3 groups was significant, and this significance was greatest for the RS group; however, the difference between the two training groups of DP and RS in the upper body was not significant (P ≥ 0.05). The results of muscular mass indicated that no significant difference existed between the training groups. However, the difference between two groups of training and the control group was significant (P ≤ 0.05). Studying the statistical test for "legpower" indicated that no significant difference existed between the 3 groups; however, the difference between two groups of DP and RS was significant (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, it seems that both training models, were suitable for increasing strength, endurance, muscle mass and muscular power; and almost have similar benefit in physiologic factors of the athletes. However if the aim is increasing strength along with increasing muscular endurance, the RS model is more appropriate.

International Journal of Wrestling Science, Jan 2, 2016

Athletes are better at their sports today than they have ever been, and much of the improvement c... more Athletes are better at their sports today than they have ever been, and much of the improvement can be attributed to an increased focus on training and preparation. Every trainer wants his or her trainee to succeed among best. To achieve set objectives, the trainer raises expectations of the sportsman's efforts in order to yield high results. However, can an athlete's organism take psychological and physical loads, or does he or she have such potential that will unlock and release resources without harms to health and without resulting in psychological trauma? Operational control of the functional state of sportsmen is an integral part of the training process. Existing methods provide little information or control and can be time-consuming, which limits their widespread use in the sport. The authors aimed to study the use of complex parameters and adaptive capacity in the training cycles of training athletes. The purpose of this research includes estimating the psychophysiological state of wrestlers, by employing a software/hardware complex that uses electropuncture diagnostics and stimulation of biologically active points, which reveals latent pathology of body systems, and possible referral of the athlete to a doctor for more timely treatment. The authors describe their process and results, as well as give recommendations for improving athletes'' health.

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Nov 1, 2009

The purpose of the present investigation was to describe the physiological profile of elite Irani... more The purpose of the present investigation was to describe the physiological profile of elite Iranian junior freestyle wrestlers. Seventy elite wrestlers (age 19.8 +/- 0.9 years) who were invited to the national training camps, based on their top 10 national ranking, participated in this study. The physiological profile included body weight, flexibility (sit and reach test), maximal oxygen consumption (Bruce protocol), maximal anaerobic power of the legs (Wingate test), muscular endurance and strength (bench press, squat, pull-ups, push-ups, grip strength, and bent-knee sit-up test), speed (40-m sprint), agility (4 x 9-m shuttle run), and body composition (7-site skinfold). The major results (mean +/- SD) are as follows: body weight (kg): 77.5 +/- 19.8; flexibility (cm): 38.2 +/- 3.94; maximal oxygen consumption (ml kg(-1) min(-1)): 50.5 +/- 4.7; maximal anaerobic power of the legs (W): 455.5 +/- 87.6; 1-repetition maximum bench press (weight lifted kg body weight(-1)): 1.4 +/- 0.15; 1-repetition maximum squat (weight lifted kg body weight): 1.7 +/- 0.2; push-ups (n): 66.9 +/- 7.6; pull-ups (n): 31.6 +/- 9.7; grip strength (force in kg body weight kg(-1)) 1.02 +/- 0.11; bent-knee sit-ups (n): 66.5 +/- 8; speed (s): 5.07 +/- 0.17; agility (s): 8.7 +/- 0.25; and body fat (%): 10.6 +/- 3.8. The present study provides baseline physiological data that have been used in the prescription of individual training programs for these athletes. This information is also available to the coaches and can contribute to the general strategy employed by a wrestler and for a specific match.

Fiziceskoe Vospitanie Studentov, Mar 1, 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in physiological parameters in cadet wre... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in physiological parameters in cadet wrestlers following a 4-week general preparation phase of training. The physiological parameters included cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, speed, agility, flexibility, anaerobic power and body composition. In experiment took part 15 cadet wrestles at the age of 15 years. The testing was conducted twice, before and after the 4-week training period. Бахман Мирзеи, Фарад Рахмани-Ниа, Дэвид Керби, Иоанис Барбас, Навид Лотфи. Изменения в физиологических параметрах у курсантов борцов в 4-недельном цикле подготовки. Цель исследования: изучить изменения в физиологических параметрах у курсантов борцов в 4-недельном цикле подготовки. В исследовании рассмотрены физиологические параметры, включающие сердечно-сосудистую выносливость, мышечную выносливость, скорость, быстроту, изменчивость, анаэробную силу и состав тела. В эксперименте принимали участие 15 курсантов борцов в возрасте 15 лет. Эксперимент проводился дважды, до и после 4-недельной общей фазой подготовки. Бахман Мірзеї, Фарад Рахмані-Ніа, Девід Кєрбі, Іоаніс Барбас, Навід Лотфі. Зміни у фізіологічних параметрах у кадетів борців у 4-тижневому циклі підготовки. Мета дослідження: вивчити зміни у фізіологічних параметрах у курсантів борців у 4-тижневому циклі підготовки. У дослідженні розглянуто фізіологічні параметри, які містять серцево-судинну витривалість, м'язову витривалість, швидкість, меткість, мінливість, анаеробна сила та склад тіла. У дослідженні приймали участь 14 курсантів борців у віці 15 років. Дослідження проводилося двічі, до та після 4-тижневої загальної підготовки.

International Journal of Wrestling Science, 2020

Wrestling is recognized as a vigorous, intermittent and weight categorized combat sport. For the ... more Wrestling is recognized as a vigorous, intermittent and weight categorized combat sport. For the purpose of
revealing essential information for development of sport- specific preparation of wrestlers, technical-tactical and
physiological demands analyses of wrestling matches are critical for elite level athletes. The aim of this study
was to present analyzed technical-tactical scoring actions in Greco-Roman wrestling in the 2019 Senior
European Championship via a novel Performance Data Analysis. Results of this study indicated the prevalence
of points scored from standing position compared to parterre actions. Additionally, higher percentage of total
points scored were achieved due to technical points in comparison with other points scored, 71.37% vs 28.63%,
respectively. Implementing Performance Data Analysis could facilitate the understanding and following of a
wrestling match. Furthermore, it could help coaching staff to obtain the relevant wrestling-specific data, and that
way, to help athletes getting prepared for upcoming competitions.
Keywords: elite athletes; performance analysis;

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in physical fitness and anthropometr... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in physical fitness and anthropometric measures between Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers. Thirty three Iranian elite wrestlers (Freestyle, age: 24.54±3.43 years, N=13) and (Greco-Roman, age: 23.05±1.95 years, N=20) who were invited to the training camps participated in this study. The anthropometric traits included height, sitting height, arm-span, and the physical fitness traits included flexibility (sit-and-reach test), muscular endurance (pull-ups and bent-knee sit-ups), agility (4×9 m shuttle run), speed (40-yd sprint), and bilateral visual reaction time. Statistical comparison of the freestyle and GrecoRoman wrestlers groups was carried out using independent samples t test (P ≤ 0.05). The results indicated that in speed, reaction time, flexibility and pull-ups tests, Greco-Roman wrestlers were better than freestyle wrestlers, and in agility and bent-knee sit-ups tests the freestyle wrestlers were better than Greco-...

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Sep 1, 2011

Increasing the level of physical fitness for competition is the primary goal of any conditioning ... more Increasing the level of physical fitness for competition is the primary goal of any conditioning program for wrestlers. Wrestlers often need to peak for competitions several times over an annual training cycle. Additionally, the scheduling of these competitions does not always match an ideal periodization plan and may require a modified training program to achieve a high level of competitive fitness in a shorttime frame. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of sprint-interval training (SIT) program, on selected aerobic and anaerobic performance indices, and hormonal and hematological adaptations, when added to the traditional Iranian training of wrestlers in their preseason phase. Fifteen trained wrestlers were assigned to either an experimental (EXP) or a control (CON) group. Both groups followed a traditional preparation phase consisting of learning and drilling technique, live wrestling and weight training for 4 weeks. In addition, the EXP group performed a running-based SIT protocol. The SIT consisted of 6 35-m sprints at maximum effort with a 10-second recovery between each sprint. The SIT protocol was performed in 2 sessions per week, for the 4 weeks of the study. Before and after the 4-week training program, pre and posttesting was performed on each subject on the following: a graded exercise test (GXT) to determine _ VO 2 max, the velocity associated with _ VO 2 max (n _ VO 2 max), maximal ventilation, and peak oxygen pulse; a time to exhaustion test (T max) at their n _ VO 2 max; and 4 successive Wingate tests with a 4-minute recovery between each trial for the determination of peak and mean power output (PPO, MPO). Resting blood samples were also collected at the beginning of each pre and posttesting period, before and after the 4-week training program. The EXP group showed significant improvements in _ VO 2 max (+5.4%), peak oxygen pulse (+7.7%) and T max (+32.2%) compared with pretesting. The EXP group produced significant increases in PPO and MPO during the Wingate testing compared with pretesting (p , 0.05). After the 4-week training program, total testosterone and the total testosterone/cortisol ratio increased significantly in the EXP group, whereas cortisol tended to decrease (p = 0.06). The current findings indicate that the addition of an SIT program with short recovery can improve both aerobic and anaerobic performances in trained wrestlers during the preseason phase. The hormonal changes seen suggest traininginduced anabolic adaptations.

Pedagogy of physical culture and sports, Dec 29, 2023

Background and Study Aim With the growing popularity of freestyle wrestling, researchers are incr... more Background and Study Aim With the growing popularity of freestyle wrestling, researchers are increasingly focusing on gender factors that might influence competitive performance and success. The aim of this study is to determine the differences in performance indicators between male and female wrestlers at the 2021 Olympic Games. Material and Methods The study involved 192 athletes, with 96 male and 96 female wrestlers. Match records and video footage from the 2021 Tokyo Olympic Games were analyzed for both women's (n=113) and freestyle (n=114) wrestling. Performance indicators were assessed using an expert evaluation approach. Data was statistically analyzed using licensed Excel spreadsheet software, and categorical data was presented in absolute numbers and percentages. Results From an analysis of the competitive events at the 2021 Olympic Games, 12 primary technicaltactical actions emerged. In the standing position, leg attacks were predominant, executed by male wrestlers 35.8% of the time and by female wrestlers 30.3%. On the ground, male wrestlers favored the gut wrench (7.6%), while females opted for the ankle lace (9.4%). Both male (926 points) and female wrestlers (912 points) garnered roughly equivalent points for their actions. However, males outperformed females in the standing position, scoring 720 points to the females' 621. Conversely, in ground positions, female wrestlers were more effective, scoring 291 points against the males' 206. Rule violation deductions were notably fewer for female wrestlers (8 instances) than for their male counterparts (27 instances). Additionally, challenge review stoppages were less frequent for females (7 instances) compared to males (18 instances). Conclusions The study highlights distinct performance indicators in freestyle wrestling between genders. Male wrestlers predominantly act in the standing position (81.7%), whereas female wrestlers lean towards the ground positions (29.3%). In contrast, males account for only 18.3% on the ground. Overall, male wrestlers perform a higher total number of actions (579) than their female counterparts (518). Notably, female wrestlers secure more early victories, constituting 32.7% of all matches, compared to 24.6% by males. These insights can guide coaches in tailoring training programs that cater to these gender-specific nuances.

Slobožansʹkij naukovo-sportivnij vìsnik, Mar 31, 2024

Background and Study: Spectacle plays a key role in sports wrestling in attracting viewers' atten... more Background and Study: Spectacle plays a key role in sports wrestling in attracting viewers' attention, creating emotional involvement, and making the sport an integral part of culture. Aim: To identify the most significant indicators of wrestlers' competitive activity based on the analysis of the 2021 Olympic Games, which influence the spectacle in sports wrestling. Material and Methods: The study involved 289 wrestlers. An analysis of protocols and video recordings of 340 matches at the 2021 Olympic Games in three types of sports wrestling was conducted: in women's wrestling-113 matches (n=96 female wrestlers), in Greco-Roman wrestling-113 matches (n=97 wrestlers), and in freestyle wrestling-114 matches (n=96 wrestlers). Expert assessment method was used to evaluate the indicators of competitive activity. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using licensed Excel spreadsheet packages. Results: For Greco-Roman wrestling and women's wrestling, the ratio of actions performed in par terre and standing is about 70 to 30. Whereas, for freestyle wrestlers, almost 80% of actions are performed in standing. The efficiency coefficient of wrestling in standing for Greco-Roman style wrestlers averaged 1.43 points per action; for freestyle wrestlers, it was 1.78 points per action, and for female wrestlers-2.01 points per action. The highest number of one-point actions was performed in Greco-Roman wrestling, which significantly and statistically significantly (p<0.05) exceeds the indicators in freestyle and women's wrestling. Meanwhile, female wrestlers and freestyle wrestlers statistically significantly (p<0.05) executed more two-point actions. The average number of actions per match does not significantly differ (p>0.05): 4.23 actions for Greco-Roman wrestling; 4.47 actions for freestyle wrestling, and 4.08 actions for women's wrestling. However, when considering the average number of points scored per match, statistically significant differences were found. Thus, Greco-Roman style wrestlers score an average of 6.95 points, this indicator is statistically significantly lower (p<0.05) than in freestyle (8.12 points) and in women's wrestling (8.07 points). Conclusions: The analysis of matches at the 2021 Olympic Games made it possible to identify competitive activity indicators that influence the spectacle in sports wrestling. Positive indicators include: a large number of technical-tactical actions performed in standing; execution of throws in par terre by Greco-Roman style wrestlers; a high percentage of early victories in matches. Negative indicators: execution of simple one-point and two-point technical-tactical actions; in Greco-Roman wrestling, a large number of matches that ended with a score of 1:1; interruptions in matches (Challenge, Negative Wrestling, Caution), lack of dynamism in the match, and the inability to score too many points. The obtained results will help provide recommendations for changing competition rules and enhancing the spectacle of sports wrestling.

International journal of sport studies for health, Sep 4, 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks resistance training with... more Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks resistance training with creatine supplementation on body composition and physical fitness indexes in male futsal players. Methods: 20 trained futsal players were selected based on convenience sampling from East Azerbaijan and assigned randomly either to Ex + Cr group (Exercise + Creatin, n = 10) or Ex + Pl group (Exercise + Placebo, n = 10). All of the subjects performed resistance training program for 8 weeks. The Ex + Cr group ingested 0.3 g/kg creatine during loading phase 0.1 g/kg in maintenance phase. Body weight, fat free mass, fat percent, muscular strength, speed, anaerobic power and flexibility were measured before and after training program. Paired t-test and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: The results suggested that body weight and fat free mass were significantly increased in both groups with greater improvements in Ex + Cr group (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, Ex + Cr group demonstrated greater decrease in fat percent compared with Ex + Pl group (P ≤ 0.05). Also, muscular strength increased to a greater extent in the Ex + Cr compared with the Ex + Pl group (P ≤ 0.05). Finally, there was no significant difference between the two groups in speed, anaerobic power and flexibility (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusions: In general, it seems that resistance training along with creatine supplementation lead to greater increases in body weight, fat mass and muscular strength as well as greater decrease in fat percent than resistance training alone in trained futsal players.

Journal of physical education, recreation & dance, Sep 1, 1983

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Apr 1, 1980

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 1995

International Journal of Wrestling Science, Jan 2, 2016

Published research after the 2004 Olympic Games indicated that in the combat sports of boxing, ta... more Published research after the 2004 Olympic Games indicated that in the combat sports of boxing, taekwondo, Greco-Roman wrestling, and freestyle wrestling, the combatants in red won more often than those in blue in each sport. This prompted several subsequent studies, including team sports, the role of judges and officials, and other factors that could contribute to a unfair bias against what is thought to be a random and benign assignment of uniform color. To further examine a possible competitive bias in wrestling because of uniform color, this study examined the results from the 2015 Senior World Wrestling Championships. The results of all 952 bouts, women's freestyle, Greco-Roman, and freestyle were reviewed, and the color associated with either winning or losing (red or blue) was recorded. A total of 458 winners wore red and 494 wore blue. These data were then assembled in a 2 × 2 contingency table for chi square analysis (χ 2) I used the Greek symbol-χ 2 χ 2 statistic was = 2.7227 and p = .098931. This result is not significant at p < .05, indicating that there was no relation between the color of the uniform and the match outcome.

International Journal of Wrestling Science, Sep 1, 2013

Scientists study data and look for relationships in order to make generalizations to explain beha... more Scientists study data and look for relationships in order to make generalizations to explain behavior. We identify specific traits in groups of interest (often differences in means). We are not only interested in the mean, or averages, but also with the "outliers." These are often the champions who perform far outside the norm. Scientists, coaches and other athletes look to these special people and attempt to mimic the traits that make these champions so special, and apart from the normal distribution. The techniques, practices and behavior we use to achieve to one's ultimate performance capacity is primarily through training, but also through a myriad of other influences from the environment, heredity and their interaction. These influences or factors both comprise and shape this capacity over the span of a lifetime. Additionally, the presence, or indeed absence, of these factors and influences at various points on the lifespan can dictate this performance capacity at a distant point in the future. Allow me to schematically represent in Fig. 1 a hypothetical generalized wrestling performance capacity curve over the lifespan of a wrestler, along with the developmental and life stages. The level of performance needed for a world championship is shown above the generalized and normative performance capacity of most wrestlers. We know that the individual performance capacity curve of some rare wrestlers reach high enough to attain that golden status. It is also well known that there are some athletes who possess the necessary capacity, but never reach it! The work of the coach is to help the athlete reach their ideal performance capacity. If this is achieved, all should be satisfied and proud, regardless of the matches and medals won.

International Journal of Wrestling Science, Jul 2, 2016

The videos of all wrestling matches from the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio were analyzed for scoring ... more The videos of all wrestling matches from the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio were analyzed for scoring and technique. Summaries were compiled for all three styles-Men's Freestyle, Women's Freestyle, and Greco-Roman. The performance of the top countries and the champions are presented. Attack efficacy, represented by points scored per minute, is presented for the style as a whole for the top countries and for the weight-class champions. The technical structure of the champions, with scoring by type of technique, is also presented. This was done for all three styles-Men's Freestyle, Women's Freestyle, and Greco-Roman. Trends observed during the Olympic cycle between London 2012 and Rio 2016 are discussed.

International Journal of Wrestling Science, Mar 1, 2012

The National Federation of High Schools (NFHS) established a rule for wrestling (1-3-1) that each... more The National Federation of High Schools (NFHS) established a rule for wrestling (1-3-1) that each individual state high school association shall develop and utilize a specified weight-control program which will discourage excessive weight reduction. Programs must establish a minimum weight class through hydration testing, body fat assessment and a monitored descent plan. Purpose: A survey of the 49 state associations conducting high school wrestling programs was made to determine the methods used for the 2010-11 season to assess hydration status and body composition, as well as the administrative procedures employed to meet this weight management mandate. Methods: Information was obtained from state association websites, which was followed by phone interviews with state administrators. Results: Multiple methods are approved for use in the majority of programs. Urine specific gravity to assess hydration is tested by a refractometer (33 states), reagent strip (28 states), urinometer/hydrometer (6 states), color chart (5 states), and is not tested in 4 state programs. Body fat is assessed through caliper measures of skinfolds (35 states), bioelectric impedance (24 states), hydrostatic weighing (21 states), air displacement plethysmography (12 states), physician observation (7 states), DXA (4 states), ultrasound (3 states), near infrared interactance (1 state), and one program does not consider body fatness. 36 states utilize the National Wrestling Coaches Association Optimal Performance Calculator™ to manage their program. Many states apply a variance to the recommended weight at the body fat minimums of 7% and 12% for males and females respectively, ranging from a 0.9 to 5% reduction in these values. For males in the 35 programs utilizing skinfold measures, 34 use the Lohman equation, and 1 uses the Forsyth-Sinning equation. For females, the Boileau equation is used in 32 programs, the Jackson, Pollock, and Ward equation is used in one program, and two programs are inappropriately using equations developed for use by males, with the females. In programs utilizing bioelectric impedance, 12 use the standard setting while 12 the athletic setting. Conclusions: A discussion of the variations observed in the methods and procedures employed in weight control programs among sport science professionals, as well as the state associations and the National Federation can further improve scholastic wrestling.

Purpose: to establish features of manifestation of sensory-motor reactions and specific perceptio... more Purpose: to establish features of manifestation of sensory-motor reactions and specific perceptions at the men and women doing martial arts. Material and methods: analysis of scientific-methodical information, generalization of the best practical experience, psychophysiological methods of the research, methods of mathematical statistics. 46 sportsmen, who are engaged in different types of combat sports, participated in the research. Participants were divided into two groups: 1-27 men, median age (19,41±1,75) years; 2-19 women, median age (19,69±1,90) years, reliable differences on age, (p>0,05). Sportsmen had qualification Candidate Master of Sports and Master of Sports. Results: assessment of simple, difficult sensory-motor reactions and specific perceptions of martial artists is executed. The most significant qualities for success of men and women in martial arts allowed distinguishing the analysis of results of the held psycho-physiological testing. In the course of the research it was defined that the best indicators of simple sensory-motor reactions are observed at female martial artists (from 1 % till 2 %), and at male martial artists results in difficult sensory-motor reactions (from 2 % till 11 %) and specific perceptions are higher (from 1 % till 19 %). It is defined that pedagogical features of the organization of educational-training process of martial artists of various sexes is rational planning of loads and volume of trainings, structures of the competitive period, account and use of means of recovery of the lost working capacity. Conclusions: it is established that abilities to analyze, estimate and predict situations quickly and in due time to make the correct decisions during a single combat, that is explained unreliable distinctions (p>0,05) in psycho-physiological indicators of the studied sportsmen are formed at men and women who are engaged in different types of martial arts.

International Journal of Wrestling Science, Jan 2, 2016

To make a contribution to the improvement of Greco-Roman wrestling, an effort was initiated to id... more To make a contribution to the improvement of Greco-Roman wrestling, an effort was initiated to identify some causes for the decline in the technical level and scoring in Greco-Roman wrestling over the past 10 years. This analysis aimed to demonstrate how this preventative style of wrestling (holding fingers/wrists in a standing position) has a negative effect on the execution of self-focused, action-oriented wrestling techniques in the Greco-Roman style. To demonstrate the significant effect of holding fingers/wrists has on a wrestling match, an analysis of all medal matches of the 2015 World Wrestling Championships in Las Vegas, Nevada, was performed and quantified. The time parameters measured in each match were the total time of the match, total time in the standing position, and total time in par terre position. Wrestling in the standing position was further specified as time spent in normal contact, time without contact, and contact made by holding fingers/wrists. The amount of match time spent without contact, plus contact made by holding fingers/wrists is defined as obstructive/preventative wrestling. Wrestling in the standing position is the focus of this study and comprises 86% and 84% of the entire match time for the gold and bronze medal matches, respectively, with the balance being wrestled in the par terre position. From these data are derived the percent of time in standing spent in obstructive/ preventative wrestling actions of grasping and locking of fingers and wrists, as well as time without contact. Means of 78% and 72% were found for gold and bronze medals, respectively. On the basis of these data, it is evident how much time is spent where there is no possibility to perform wrestling techniques, because the wrestlers are holding fingers or are completely separated without close contact in the wrestling standing position.

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 2011

To examine the validity of multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (MFBIA) measures ... more To examine the validity of multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (MFBIA) measures to detect changes in the hydration status of wrestlers after undergoing 3.5% acute dehydration and a 2-h rehydration period. METHODS: 56 NCAA wrestlers: (mean ± SEE); age 19.5 ± 0.2, height 1.73 ± 0.01 m, body mass (BM) 82.5 ± 2.3 kg were tested in euhydrated, dehydrated (-3.5%), and a 2-h rehydration conditions using MFBIA to detect changes in hydration status. Hydration status was quantified by measuring changes in plasma osmolality (Posm), urine osmolality (Uosm), urine specific gravity (Usg), BM and MFBIA at 5, 20, 50, 100, and 500 Khz. RESULTS: A new prediction equation provided by the manufacturer to estimate Hydration Index (HI) was able to detect a significant change in hydration status after a 3.5% reduction in body weight. All frequencies significantly increased for HI at the post-dehydration time point, but did not return to baseline at 2-h rehydration. Posm (303 ± 0.6 mOsm.L-1) Uosm (617 ± 47 mOsm.L-1) and Usg (1.017 ± 0.001) significantly increased at post-dehydration, but did not return to below baseline until 2-h rehydration. Estimations of extracellular water (ECW) were significantly different throughout the trial, but there were there was no significant change in estimations of total body water (TBW) or intracellular water (ICW). CONCLUSIONN: Results of the present study demonstrate the potential use of MFBIA as a field measure to assess the hydration status of wrestlers for the purpose of minimal weight certification. When employing MFBIA, results indicate that changes in HI at the frequencies evaluated are sensitive to acute changes in dehydration, but lag behind changes in the standard physiological (plasma and urinary) markers of hydration status after a 2-h rehydration.

International Journal of Wrestling Science, 2012

The present study investigates the effects of two types of loading patterns in resistance trainin... more The present study investigates the effects of two types of loading patterns in resistance training. A doublepyramid loading pattern (DP) and a reverse step loading pattern (RS) were employed to study their effects on selected physiologic abilities of young wrestlers. For this purpose, 22 wrestlers volunteered to participate. Subjects (age 17.30± 2.42 years; height 170.41± 6.14 cm; weight 72.29±13 Kg; and BF% 12.39± 7.39) had a history of at least 6 months of wrestling training. The subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups; a control group (n=8), and two resistance training groups: a group using the DP loading pattern (n=7); and a group using the RS loading pattern (n=7). The subjects trained for 8 weeks using two selected loading patterns. In DP, subjects trained with 4/80%, 3/85%, 2/90%, 1/95%, 1/95%, 2/90%, 3/85%, 4/80%. In RS, subjects trained with 2/90%, 10/70%, 15/60%, 2/90%, 10/70%, 15/60%. To study the variables, the ANOVA test and Tukey's posthoc test were used. The results of a 1RM strength test did not indicate any significant differences between the two training groups on upper and lower body muscles; however, this difference was significant for the control group (P ≥ 0.05). In a muscular endurance test for lower body muscles, the difference between all 3 groups was significant, and this significance was greatest for the RS group; however, the difference between the two training groups of DP and RS in the upper body was not significant (P ≥ 0.05). The results of muscular mass indicated that no significant difference existed between the training groups. However, the difference between two groups of training and the control group was significant (P ≤ 0.05). Studying the statistical test for "legpower" indicated that no significant difference existed between the 3 groups; however, the difference between two groups of DP and RS was significant (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, it seems that both training models, were suitable for increasing strength, endurance, muscle mass and muscular power; and almost have similar benefit in physiologic factors of the athletes. However if the aim is increasing strength along with increasing muscular endurance, the RS model is more appropriate.

International Journal of Wrestling Science, Jan 2, 2016

Athletes are better at their sports today than they have ever been, and much of the improvement c... more Athletes are better at their sports today than they have ever been, and much of the improvement can be attributed to an increased focus on training and preparation. Every trainer wants his or her trainee to succeed among best. To achieve set objectives, the trainer raises expectations of the sportsman's efforts in order to yield high results. However, can an athlete's organism take psychological and physical loads, or does he or she have such potential that will unlock and release resources without harms to health and without resulting in psychological trauma? Operational control of the functional state of sportsmen is an integral part of the training process. Existing methods provide little information or control and can be time-consuming, which limits their widespread use in the sport. The authors aimed to study the use of complex parameters and adaptive capacity in the training cycles of training athletes. The purpose of this research includes estimating the psychophysiological state of wrestlers, by employing a software/hardware complex that uses electropuncture diagnostics and stimulation of biologically active points, which reveals latent pathology of body systems, and possible referral of the athlete to a doctor for more timely treatment. The authors describe their process and results, as well as give recommendations for improving athletes'' health.

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Nov 1, 2009

The purpose of the present investigation was to describe the physiological profile of elite Irani... more The purpose of the present investigation was to describe the physiological profile of elite Iranian junior freestyle wrestlers. Seventy elite wrestlers (age 19.8 +/- 0.9 years) who were invited to the national training camps, based on their top 10 national ranking, participated in this study. The physiological profile included body weight, flexibility (sit and reach test), maximal oxygen consumption (Bruce protocol), maximal anaerobic power of the legs (Wingate test), muscular endurance and strength (bench press, squat, pull-ups, push-ups, grip strength, and bent-knee sit-up test), speed (40-m sprint), agility (4 x 9-m shuttle run), and body composition (7-site skinfold). The major results (mean +/- SD) are as follows: body weight (kg): 77.5 +/- 19.8; flexibility (cm): 38.2 +/- 3.94; maximal oxygen consumption (ml kg(-1) min(-1)): 50.5 +/- 4.7; maximal anaerobic power of the legs (W): 455.5 +/- 87.6; 1-repetition maximum bench press (weight lifted kg body weight(-1)): 1.4 +/- 0.15; 1-repetition maximum squat (weight lifted kg body weight): 1.7 +/- 0.2; push-ups (n): 66.9 +/- 7.6; pull-ups (n): 31.6 +/- 9.7; grip strength (force in kg body weight kg(-1)) 1.02 +/- 0.11; bent-knee sit-ups (n): 66.5 +/- 8; speed (s): 5.07 +/- 0.17; agility (s): 8.7 +/- 0.25; and body fat (%): 10.6 +/- 3.8. The present study provides baseline physiological data that have been used in the prescription of individual training programs for these athletes. This information is also available to the coaches and can contribute to the general strategy employed by a wrestler and for a specific match.

Fiziceskoe Vospitanie Studentov, Mar 1, 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in physiological parameters in cadet wre... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in physiological parameters in cadet wrestlers following a 4-week general preparation phase of training. The physiological parameters included cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, speed, agility, flexibility, anaerobic power and body composition. In experiment took part 15 cadet wrestles at the age of 15 years. The testing was conducted twice, before and after the 4-week training period. Бахман Мирзеи, Фарад Рахмани-Ниа, Дэвид Керби, Иоанис Барбас, Навид Лотфи. Изменения в физиологических параметрах у курсантов борцов в 4-недельном цикле подготовки. Цель исследования: изучить изменения в физиологических параметрах у курсантов борцов в 4-недельном цикле подготовки. В исследовании рассмотрены физиологические параметры, включающие сердечно-сосудистую выносливость, мышечную выносливость, скорость, быстроту, изменчивость, анаэробную силу и состав тела. В эксперименте принимали участие 15 курсантов борцов в возрасте 15 лет. Эксперимент проводился дважды, до и после 4-недельной общей фазой подготовки. Бахман Мірзеї, Фарад Рахмані-Ніа, Девід Кєрбі, Іоаніс Барбас, Навід Лотфі. Зміни у фізіологічних параметрах у кадетів борців у 4-тижневому циклі підготовки. Мета дослідження: вивчити зміни у фізіологічних параметрах у курсантів борців у 4-тижневому циклі підготовки. У дослідженні розглянуто фізіологічні параметри, які містять серцево-судинну витривалість, м'язову витривалість, швидкість, меткість, мінливість, анаеробна сила та склад тіла. У дослідженні приймали участь 14 курсантів борців у віці 15 років. Дослідження проводилося двічі, до та після 4-тижневої загальної підготовки.

International Journal of Wrestling Science, 2020

Wrestling is recognized as a vigorous, intermittent and weight categorized combat sport. For the ... more Wrestling is recognized as a vigorous, intermittent and weight categorized combat sport. For the purpose of
revealing essential information for development of sport- specific preparation of wrestlers, technical-tactical and
physiological demands analyses of wrestling matches are critical for elite level athletes. The aim of this study
was to present analyzed technical-tactical scoring actions in Greco-Roman wrestling in the 2019 Senior
European Championship via a novel Performance Data Analysis. Results of this study indicated the prevalence
of points scored from standing position compared to parterre actions. Additionally, higher percentage of total
points scored were achieved due to technical points in comparison with other points scored, 71.37% vs 28.63%,
respectively. Implementing Performance Data Analysis could facilitate the understanding and following of a
wrestling match. Furthermore, it could help coaching staff to obtain the relevant wrestling-specific data, and that
way, to help athletes getting prepared for upcoming competitions.
Keywords: elite athletes; performance analysis;