David Gamez - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by David Gamez

Human and Machine Consciousness, 2018

I have really appreciated the help of Anil Seth, who supported my application for a Turing Fellow... more I have really appreciated the help of Anil Seth, who supported my application for a Turing Fellowship and was very welcoming during my time at the University of Sussex. I am also grateful to the Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science and the Department of Informatics at the University of Sussex for giving me a place to work. I greatly enjoyed conversations about consciousness with my colleagues at Sussex. I would also like to thank Owen Holland, whose CRONOS project started my work on human and machine consciousness, and the reviewers of this book, who had many helpful suggestions. I owe a warm debt of gratitude to my parents, Alejandro and Penny Gamez, who have always given me a great deal of support and encouragement. Contents List of Illustrations 1 List of Illustrations All images are © David Gamez, CC BY 4.0. 2.1. Visual representation of a bubble of perception. 2.2. The presence of an invisible god explains regularities in the visible world. 2.3. Colour illusion. 17 2.4. Primary and secondary qualities. 2.5. The relationship between a bubble of experience and a brain. 21 2.6. Interpretation of physical objects as black boxes. 2.7. The relationship between a bubble of experience and an invisible physical brain. 2.8. The emergence of the concept of consciousness. 3.1. The use of imagination to solve a scientific problem. 3.2. Imagination cannot be used to understand the relationship between consciousness and the invisible physical world. 3.3. Learnt association between consciously experienced brain activity and the sensation of an ice cube. 4.1. Problem of colour inversion. 51 4.2. Some of the definitions and assumptions that are required for scientific experiments on consciousness. 4.3. The relationship between macro-and micro-scale e-causal events. 4.4. Assumptions about the relationship between CC sets, consciousness and first-person reports. 5.1. The measurement of an elephant's height in a scientist's bubble of experience. 5.2. Theory of consciousness (c-theory). 2 Human and Machine Consciousness 7.1. Information c-theory. 97 8.1. Soap bubble computer. 9.1. Testing a c-theory's prediction about a conscious state. 9.2. Testing a c-theory's prediction about a physical state. 9.3. Deduction of the conscious state of a bat. 10.1. Modifications of a bubble of experience. 10.2. A reliable c-theory is used to realize a desired state of consciousness. 11.1. A reliable c-theory is used to build a MC4 machine. 11.2. A reliable c-theory is used to deduce the consciousness of an artificial system.

Consciousness is extremely important to us. Without consciousness, there is just nothingness, dea... more Consciousness is extremely important to us. Without consciousness, there is just nothingness, death, night. It is a crime to kill a person who is potentially conscious. Permanently unconscious people are left to die. Religious people face death with hope because they believe that their conscious souls will break free from their physical bodies. We know next to nothing about consciousness and its relationship to the physical world. The science of consciousness is mired in philosophical problem..

Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness, 2021

A systematic understanding of the relationship between intelligence and consciousness can only be... more A systematic understanding of the relationship between intelligence and consciousness can only be achieved when we can accurately measure intelligence and consciousness. In other work, I have suggested how the measurement of consciousness can be improved by reframing the science of consciousness as a search for mathematical theories that map between physical and conscious states. This paper discusses the measurement of intelligence in natural and artificial systems. While reasonable methods exist for measuring intelligence in humans, these can only be partly generalized to non-human animals and they cannot be applied to artificial systems. Some universal measures of intelligence have been developed, but their dependence on goals and rewards creates serious problems. This paper sets out a new universal algorithm for measuring intelligence that is based on a system’s ability to make accurate predictions. This algorithm can measure intelligence in humans, non-human animals and artifici...

Science, 2004

Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including ... more Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author's name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pagination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award.

... ABSTRACT ----- This PhD was carried out as part of the CRONOS project and one of its main ach... more ... ABSTRACT ----- This PhD was carried out as part of the CRONOS project and one of its main achievements was ... [ 2 ] 1.2 The CRONOS Project 1 ...

5.1 Measurement of the Physical World Randy is an elephant who lives at the bottom of my garden. ... more 5.1 Measurement of the Physical World Randy is an elephant who lives at the bottom of my garden. Six blind men often come round to feel Randy. Sometimes I like to measure Randy. To measure his height, I compare my conscious experience of Randy with my conscious experience of a stick that has been calibrated against the distance light travels in a vacuum during 1⁄299,792,458 seconds. The ratio between Randy and the stick is his height in metres. Randy is three sticks (three metres) high (see F..

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2018

Machine Consciousness 2011: Self, Integration and …

Information integration is a property of systems of connected elements that expresses the extent ... more Information integration is a property of systems of connected elements that expresses the extent to which they are capable of entering a large number of states that result from causal interactions among their elements. In recent years a number of people have claimed that there is a link between information integration and consciousness and a number of algorithms for measuring information integration have been put forward. This paper gives an overview of the conceptual and experimental issues surrounding information integration and explores some of the links between information integration and machine consciousness. 12

From Brains to Systems, 2011

Synthetic phenomenology can be broken down into three areas: (1) the determination whether a syst... more Synthetic phenomenology can be broken down into three areas: (1) the determination whether a system is capable of phenomenal states, (2) the identification of the mental content of the machine (the machine’s conceptual and non-conceptual representations), and (3) the analysis of a particular structure of mental content to identify the parts that are phenomenally conscious. This paper proposes that an ordinal probability scale could be used to address the first of these problems and sets out a proposal for such a scale that ranks machines according to the likelihood that they are capable of experiencing phenomenal states. The overall approach suggested here will be used to describe the synthetic phenomenology of Holland’s and Troscianko’s ‘conscious ’ robot that is currently under development at the University of Essex and the University of Bristol.

The term ‘synthetic phenomenology ’ has been given a number of different interpretations and I wi... more The term ‘synthetic phenomenology ’ has been given a number of different interpretations and I will be using it here to refer to the determination whether artificial systems are capable of conscious states and the description of these states if they occur. This approach to synthetic phenomenology is similar to that put forward by Aleksander and Morton (2007) and it is close to the philosophical tradition of phenomenology, with the word “synthetic ” being added to indicate that it is the phenomenology of artificial systems that is being described. Synthetic phenomenology has a number of overlaps with the description of human phenomenology from a third person perspective using measurements of brain activity gathered using techniques, such as fMRI, EEG or electrodes. Good examples of this type of work are Kamitani and Tong (2005) and Kay et al. (2008), who used the patterns of intensity in fMRI voxels to make predictions about the phenomenal states of their subjects. One of the main ob...

Abstract- This paper describes two simulators that have been developed as part of Holland’s and T... more Abstract- This paper describes two simulators that have been developed as part of Holland’s and Troscianko’s project to build a conscious robot. The first simulates a reconfigurable humanoid robot within a dynamic environment. This robot is more biologically realistic than traditional humanoid robots because its movements are transmitted across its whole structure, which poses the same control problems that brains have to solve with biological systems. The second simulator in this paper simulates large numbers of spiking neurons with a flexibility and speed that makes it ideal for developing models of biologically structured neural networks. In combination these simulators will enable researchers to develop models of how the brain controls the human body and they will also be used to create and test controllers for the real CRONOS robot, on which the virtual robot is based. These tools are currently in their final stage of development and will soon be made freely available for non-c...

Research is starting to identify correlations between consciousness and some of the spatiotempora... more Research is starting to identify correlations between consciousness and some of the spatiotemporal patterns in the physical brain. For theoretical and practical reasons the results of experiments on the correlates of consciousness have ambiguous interpretations. At any point in time a number of hypotheses co-exist about and the correlates of consciousness in the brain, which are all compatible with the current experimental results. This article argues that consciousness should be attributed to any system that exhibits spatiotemporal physical patterns that match the hypotheses about the correlates of consciousness that are compatible with the current experimental results. Some computers running some programs should be attributed consciousness because they produce spatiotemporal patterns in the physical world that match those that are potentially linked with consciousness in the human brain.

Computer Network Security, 2003

One of the major challenges in synthetic phenomenology is to find a way of systematically describ... more One of the major challenges in synthetic phenomenology is to find a way of systematically describ-ing artificial non-conceptual phenomenal states. This paper puts forward a solution to this problem that uses three different XML files to describe a machine's structure, internal states and phenome-nology. The advantages of XML are that it can be read by both machines and humans, it is good at capturing hierarchical relationships between data and it can be automatically generated, analysed and archived. XML could also be a useful tool for other methods of representing non-conceptual mental content, such as content realization and ability instantiation. Furthermore, as scanning tech-nologies develop, the XML approach could be applied to the neurophenomenology of humans, which would serve as a foundation for a more scientific psychology of both humans and machines and facilitate precise comparisons between the two. The XML approach outlined in this paper will be used to describe the...

Deregulation, cyber-terrorism, and increased interdependency are making large complex critical in... more Deregulation, cyber-terrorism, and increased interdependency are making large complex critical infrastructures, such as the telecommunications and electricity networks, increasingly vulnerable. Solutions are needed that can provide a rapid automatic response to the known and unknown dangers that threaten them today. This paper outlines the work that is being done at Queen Mary, University of London on the design of an agent-based anomaly detection and repair system that will address this problem. This will build up a model of normality for the telecommunications management network, interact with existing protection mechanisms, diagnose problems and carry out self-healing. The layered safeguards that will be offered by this system will substantially increase the survivability of large complex critical infrastructures in the face of attacks, failures and accidents caused by insiders and outsiders. 1.

Abstract. SpikeStream is a new simulator of biologically structured spiking neural networks that ... more Abstract. SpikeStream is a new simulator of biologically structured spiking neural networks that can be used to edit, display and simulate up to 100,000 neurons. This simulator uses a combination of event-based and synchronous simulation and stores most of its information in databases, which makes it easy to run simulations across an arbitrary number of machines. A comprehensive graphical interface is included and SpikeStream can send and receive spikes to and from real and virtual robots across a network. The architecture is highly modular, and so other researchers can use its graphical editing facilities to set up their own simulation networks or apply genetic algorithms to the SpikeStream databases. SpikeStream is available for free download under the terms of the GPL.

Human and Machine Consciousness