David Gregory - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by David Gregory
Heritage, 2020
The preservation potential of sediments from a submerged prehistoric site buried in a full marine... more The preservation potential of sediments from a submerged prehistoric site buried in a full marine environment was assessed using a combination of direct in situ measurements, measurements on extracted sediment cores and laboratory mesocosm experiments. The results show that first and foremost it is paramount to ascertain the state of preservation of the materials in the seabed—in this case wooden artifacts—that are to be preserved in situ. The results suggest that dissolved oxygen and sulfide are good parameters to measure in situ to assess the general oxidizing or reducing nature of the environment. If it is possible to take sediment core samples, it is similarly important to measure dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulfide in the core and extract pore water to assess for sulfate content. Sediments should be characterized for particle size, water content (porosity) and organic content. In this way, we show that dissolved oxygen was rapidly depleted in the first few centimeters of sedi...
Acta Acustica united with …, 2002
... This work has therefore established a robust laboratory method of measurement of compressiona... more ... This work has therefore established a robust laboratory method of measurement of compressional wave velocity in saturated wood samples. ... Prosp. 4 (1997) 2535. [2] R. Quinn, JR Adams, JK Dix, JM Bull: The Invincible (1758) site an integrated geophysical assessment. Int. ...
Corrosion of Metallic Heritage Artefacts, 2007
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on long-term corrosion of iron at the waterlogged site of ... more Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on long-term corrosion of iron at the waterlogged site of Nydam in Denmark. It compares the behavior of archaeological and modern iron in a waterlogged soil and reviews all the studies on iron corrosion. It examines the feasibility of preserving the remaining archaeological artefacts in situ at Nydam and compares the corrosion pattern observed for modern and archaeological iron. The work at Nydam has focused solely on the preservation of the archaeological artefacts. However, it should be possible to use the same data, samples, and artefacts to discuss the long-term corrosion of modern iron, for instance, in relation to the storage of radioactive waste. Sacrificial sites such as Nydam may be especially suited for that purpose as it is possible to have at least some information about the burial conditions of the artefacts from the Iron Age until today.
Studies in Conservation, 2007
ABSTRACT The correlation (R² = 0.87) between bulk density and the shock resistance of homogeneous... more ABSTRACT The correlation (R² = 0.87) between bulk density and the shock resistance of homogeneously and heterogeneously degraded waterlogged archaeological wood, with densities ranging from 100 to 700 kg·m⁻³, was determined using the Pilodyn wood tester. The results showed that the energy required to fracture a given mass of wood substance was constant (R² = 0.83) and independent of wood species. However, measurements in the three main orientations (longitudinal, radial and tangential) showed a significant variation and therefore further measurements were preferentially taken in the radial axis. A model to enable the determination of the average bulk density of waterlogged wood from the depth of penetration of the Pilodyn showed that the average bulk density of homogeneously and heterogeneously degraded waterlogged wood could be determined with an average accuracy of ± 9%. A high correlation coefficient (R² = 0.995) for measurements taken in water and air enable the Pilodyn to assess waterlogged wood under water as well as in air. /// La corrélation (R² = 0,87) entre la densité et la résistance au choc de bois gorgés d'eau archéologiques dégradés de façon homogène ou hétérogène, dont la densité variait entre 100 et 700 kg.m³, a été déterminée au moyen d'un appareil Pilodyn. Les résultats ont montré que l'énergie requise pour la rupture d'une masse de bois donnée était constante (R² = 0,83) et indépendante de l'espèce de bois. Cependant, les mesures selon les trois orientations principales (longitudinale, radiale, et tangentielle) ont montré une variation significative et par conséquent les mesures suivantes ont été faites de préférence selon l'axe radial. Un modèle permettant de déterminer la densité moyenne du bois gorgé d'eau à partir de la pénétration du Pilodyn a montré que la densité moyenne du bois gorgé d'eau dégradé de façon homogène ou hétérogène pouvait être déterminée avec une précision moyenne de l'ordre de ± 9%. Un coefficient de corrélation élevé (R² = 0,995) obtenu pour les mesures faites dans l'eau et dans l'air valide le Pilodyn pour l'évaluation des bois gorgés d'eau aussi bien dans l'eau que dans l'air. /// Die Wechselbeziehung (R² = 0.87) zwischen Rohdichte und Stoßfestigkeit bei homogen und hetreogen abgebautem Naßholz mit Dichten zwischen 100 und 700 kg.m⁻³ wurde mit Hilfe eines Pilodyns bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die für einen Bruch benötigte Energie bei einer gegebenen Holzmasse konstant (R² = 0.83) und unabhängig von der Holzart ist. Da die Messung in den drei Hauptachsen (Longitudinal, Radial and Tangential) zu stark unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen führte, wurde eine Messung entlang der Radialen Achse bevorzugt. Ein Modell zur Bestimmung der Rohdichte des Nassholzes über die Eindringtiefe des Pilodyns zeigte eine durchschnittliche Genauigkeit von ± 9%. Ein großer Korrelationskoeffizient (R² = 0.995) besteht zwischen den Messungen an Luft und im Wasser, so daß sicht die Messung mit dem Pilodyn auch für Nassholz unter Wasser eignet. /// El coeficiente (R² = 0.87) entre la densidad y la resistencia al impacto de la madera arqueológica empapada, homogénea y heterogéneamente degradada con densidades que oscilan entre 100 y 700 kg m⁻³, se determinó usando el medidor de madera Pilodyn. Los resultados mostraron que la energía requerida para fracturar una masa dada de madera es una constante (R² = 0.83) e independiente de las distintas especies. Sin embargo, las mediciones en las tres orientaciones principales (longitudinal, radial y tangencial) mostraron una significante variación y, por consiguiente, eran preferibles las mediciones adicionales del eje radial. Un modelo que permitía la determinación de la densidad media de la madera empapada a partir de la profundidad de penetración, mostró que la densidad media de madera empapada homogénea y heterogéneamente degradada podía ser determinada con una precisión media de ± 9%. Un elevado coeficiente de correlación (R² = 0.995) para mediciones tomadas en el agua y en el aire permite al Pilodyn valorar la madera tanto bajo el agua como en el aire.
Archaeometry, 2013
The degradation of archaeological wood at freezing and thawing temperatures is studied at the sit... more The degradation of archaeological wood at freezing and thawing temperatures is studied at the site of Qajaa in West Greenland through a combination of environmental monitoring, measurement of oxygen consumption and microscopy of wood samples. Permanently frozen wood is still very well preserved after 2-4000 years, while wood samples that thaw every summer show attack by soft rot and an average density loss of 0.1 g cm-3 (corresponding to 25% of the dry mass) over the past 27 years. Future increases in temperature may increase the decay rate significantly (Q 10 = 4.2 at 0-10°C) but the effects on site depend on local hydrology.
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 2012
ABSTRACT The general purpose of the international reburial project, Reburial and Analyses of Arch... more ABSTRACT The general purpose of the international reburial project, Reburial and Analyses of Archaeological Remains (RAAR), is to evaluate reburial as a method for the long-term storage and preservation of waterlogged archaeological remains. Since 2001 material samples have been buried, retrieved, analysed systematically, and the results reported. RAAR has mainly focused on the degradation of materials commonly encountered on archaeological sites, and on environmental monitoring techniques in order to determine what type of material can be reburied and for how long. The project has concluded that a heritage institution could provide short- or long-term curation for its archaeological archive by using reburial depots provided they are set up according to guidelines and restrictions stipulated by the RAAR project. However, there are management and legal aspects that need to be discussed and resolved before each reburial project. Actual reburials that have been carried out so far are often a solution to emergency situations and lack collection and management policies. The questions ‘what’, ‘why’, and ‘for how long’ have been forgotten and need to be addressed. The legal protection of a reburial site is also important. This paper discusses these aspects and their consequences and highlights possible differences in approaches between the countries involved in the RAAR project.
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 2012
The site of Nydam Mose saw the beginning of systematic research into in situ preservation of wate... more The site of Nydam Mose saw the beginning of systematic research into in situ preservation of waterlogged archaeological sites on land at the National Museum of Denmark. In the past fi fteen years a generic approach to in situ preservation of archaeological sites has been developed based on this research. This article is primarily a review of this generic approach, summarizing the methods and results with particular reference to the published results from the investigations in Nydam Mose.
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 2012
ABSTRACT The treatment and long-term storage of recovered cultural material from underwater herit... more ABSTRACT The treatment and long-term storage of recovered cultural material from underwater heritage sites is becoming less cost effective, and reburial of archaeological sites and the associated artefacts in the marine environment is becoming increasingly common practice in managing the submerged cultural resource. Following recent large-scale underwater archaeological excavations in Marstrand harbour, Sweden, the majority of recovered finds were reburied in defined trenches in the harbour sediment. Subsequently, the Studio of the Western Sweden Conservators in conjunction with the Bohus County Museum initiated a fifty-year research project to evaluate reburial as an appropriate method of preserving waterlogged archaeological artefacts in the long term. The research project, entitled ‘Reburial and Analyses of Archaeological Remains’, was launched in 2002 and consists of six sub-projects. The main aims of these sub-projects are to analyse the extent of deterioration of the most common material types found on underwater archaeological sites, assess the stability of packing and marking materials used in archaeological documentation, and monitor the reburial environment. The aim of the metals sub-project is to investigate the short- to long-term corrosion behaviour of metals buried in the marine environment by examining the deterioration of reburied and exposed modern metal coupons and eventually compare these results to the analysis of actual shipwreck artefacts. The environmental monitoring sub-project is designed to complement the other sub-projects by assessing the physico-chemical changes occurring in the reburial environment over time and the effect on the deterioration of the different reburied material types. In comparing the results obtained over the past seven years from both the metals and monitoring sub-projects, it should be possible to more accurately evaluate the effectiveness of reburial as a long-term in situ preservation strategy for metallic archaeological remains.
Heritage, 2021
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Ambio, Jan 20, 2018
Seagrass meadows form valuable ecosystems, but are considered to have low cultural value due to l... more Seagrass meadows form valuable ecosystems, but are considered to have low cultural value due to limited research efforts in this field. We provide evidence that seagrass deposits play a hitherto unrealized central role in preserving valuable submerged archaeological and historical heritage across the world, while also providing an historical archive of human cultural development over time. We highlight three case studies showing the significance of seagrass in protecting underwater cultural heritage in Denmark, the Mediterranean and Australia. Moreover, we present an overview of additional evidence compiled from the literature. We emphasize that this important role of seagrasses is linked to their capacity to form thick sedimentary deposits, accumulating over time, thereby covering and sealing submerged archaeological heritage. Seagrass conservation and restoration are key to protecting this buried heritage while also supporting the role of seagrass deposits as carbon sinks as well ...
Studies in Conservation
... H. Matthiesen, LR Hilbert and DJ Gregory This paper discusses the occurrence of siderite (FeC... more ... H. Matthiesen, LR Hilbert and DJ Gregory This paper discusses the occurrence of siderite (FeCO) on iron artifacts excavated from the waterlogged peat and gyttja sediment of the Danish Iron Age site Nydam Mose. ... the deposition of large quantities of iron artifacts [12-14]. ...
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2014
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 2012
Marine borers constitute a great danger to historical shipwreck in marine environments as they ar... more Marine borers constitute a great danger to historical shipwreck in marine environments as they are able to decompose wood material in just a few years. Recently, there have been indications that the marine borer Teredo navalis is spreading into the brackish Baltic sea, where thousands of invaluable historical wrecks for centuries have had unique preservation conditions. The WreckProtect project was a coordination and support action funded by the European Commission within the 7th Framework Program. The main objective of the project was to develop tools for predicting the spread of marine borers into the Baltic and to evaluate methods for in situ protection of the historical wreck and submerged settlements. This paper gives a summary fi nal report of the project and an overview of results. 202 CHARLOTTE GJELSTRUP BJÖRDAL et al. keywords WreckProtect, shipwreck, Baltic Sea, decay, in situ protection, GIS modelling, Teredo navalis fi gure 1 The warship Vasa displayed at the Vasa museum in Stockholm, Sweden.
International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era, 2012
Development of Tools and Techniques to Survey, Assess, Stabilise, Monitor and Preserve Underwater... more Development of Tools and Techniques to Survey, Assess, Stabilise, Monitor and Preserve Underwater Archaeological Sites (SASMAP) is an EC funded project, with the purpose to develop new technologies and best practices in order to locate, assess and manage Europe's underwater cultural heritage in a more effective way than is possible today. SASMAP takes an holistic-and process-based approach to investigate underwater environments and the archaeological sites contained therein. This is necessary regardless of whether or not investigations are research driven or in connection with sub-sea development. Investigations of underwater heritage that are associated with subsea developments in Europe often require pre-disturbance studies to comply with the Treaty of Valletta (1992).
The general purpose of the international reburial project, Reburial and Analyses of Archaeologica... more The general purpose of the international reburial project, Reburial and Analyses of Archaeological Remains (RAAR), is to evaluate reburial as a method for the long-term storage and preservation of waterlogged archaeological remains. Since 2001 material samples have been buried, retrieved, analysed systematically, and the results reported. RAAR has mainly focused on the degradation of materials commonly encountered on archaeological sites, and on environmental monitoring techniques in order to determine what type of material can be reburied and for how long. The project has concluded that a heritage institution could provide short-or long-term curation for its archaeological archive by using reburial depots provided they are set up according to guidelines and restrictions stipulated by the RAAR project. However, there are management and legal aspects that need to be discussed and resolved before each reburial project. Actual reburials that have been carried out so far are often a solution to emergency situations and lack
Heritage, 2020
The preservation potential of sediments from a submerged prehistoric site buried in a full marine... more The preservation potential of sediments from a submerged prehistoric site buried in a full marine environment was assessed using a combination of direct in situ measurements, measurements on extracted sediment cores and laboratory mesocosm experiments. The results show that first and foremost it is paramount to ascertain the state of preservation of the materials in the seabed—in this case wooden artifacts—that are to be preserved in situ. The results suggest that dissolved oxygen and sulfide are good parameters to measure in situ to assess the general oxidizing or reducing nature of the environment. If it is possible to take sediment core samples, it is similarly important to measure dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulfide in the core and extract pore water to assess for sulfate content. Sediments should be characterized for particle size, water content (porosity) and organic content. In this way, we show that dissolved oxygen was rapidly depleted in the first few centimeters of sedi...
Acta Acustica united with …, 2002
... This work has therefore established a robust laboratory method of measurement of compressiona... more ... This work has therefore established a robust laboratory method of measurement of compressional wave velocity in saturated wood samples. ... Prosp. 4 (1997) 2535. [2] R. Quinn, JR Adams, JK Dix, JM Bull: The Invincible (1758) site an integrated geophysical assessment. Int. ...
Corrosion of Metallic Heritage Artefacts, 2007
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on long-term corrosion of iron at the waterlogged site of ... more Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on long-term corrosion of iron at the waterlogged site of Nydam in Denmark. It compares the behavior of archaeological and modern iron in a waterlogged soil and reviews all the studies on iron corrosion. It examines the feasibility of preserving the remaining archaeological artefacts in situ at Nydam and compares the corrosion pattern observed for modern and archaeological iron. The work at Nydam has focused solely on the preservation of the archaeological artefacts. However, it should be possible to use the same data, samples, and artefacts to discuss the long-term corrosion of modern iron, for instance, in relation to the storage of radioactive waste. Sacrificial sites such as Nydam may be especially suited for that purpose as it is possible to have at least some information about the burial conditions of the artefacts from the Iron Age until today.
Studies in Conservation, 2007
ABSTRACT The correlation (R² = 0.87) between bulk density and the shock resistance of homogeneous... more ABSTRACT The correlation (R² = 0.87) between bulk density and the shock resistance of homogeneously and heterogeneously degraded waterlogged archaeological wood, with densities ranging from 100 to 700 kg·m⁻³, was determined using the Pilodyn wood tester. The results showed that the energy required to fracture a given mass of wood substance was constant (R² = 0.83) and independent of wood species. However, measurements in the three main orientations (longitudinal, radial and tangential) showed a significant variation and therefore further measurements were preferentially taken in the radial axis. A model to enable the determination of the average bulk density of waterlogged wood from the depth of penetration of the Pilodyn showed that the average bulk density of homogeneously and heterogeneously degraded waterlogged wood could be determined with an average accuracy of ± 9%. A high correlation coefficient (R² = 0.995) for measurements taken in water and air enable the Pilodyn to assess waterlogged wood under water as well as in air. /// La corrélation (R² = 0,87) entre la densité et la résistance au choc de bois gorgés d'eau archéologiques dégradés de façon homogène ou hétérogène, dont la densité variait entre 100 et 700 kg.m³, a été déterminée au moyen d'un appareil Pilodyn. Les résultats ont montré que l'énergie requise pour la rupture d'une masse de bois donnée était constante (R² = 0,83) et indépendante de l'espèce de bois. Cependant, les mesures selon les trois orientations principales (longitudinale, radiale, et tangentielle) ont montré une variation significative et par conséquent les mesures suivantes ont été faites de préférence selon l'axe radial. Un modèle permettant de déterminer la densité moyenne du bois gorgé d'eau à partir de la pénétration du Pilodyn a montré que la densité moyenne du bois gorgé d'eau dégradé de façon homogène ou hétérogène pouvait être déterminée avec une précision moyenne de l'ordre de ± 9%. Un coefficient de corrélation élevé (R² = 0,995) obtenu pour les mesures faites dans l'eau et dans l'air valide le Pilodyn pour l'évaluation des bois gorgés d'eau aussi bien dans l'eau que dans l'air. /// Die Wechselbeziehung (R² = 0.87) zwischen Rohdichte und Stoßfestigkeit bei homogen und hetreogen abgebautem Naßholz mit Dichten zwischen 100 und 700 kg.m⁻³ wurde mit Hilfe eines Pilodyns bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die für einen Bruch benötigte Energie bei einer gegebenen Holzmasse konstant (R² = 0.83) und unabhängig von der Holzart ist. Da die Messung in den drei Hauptachsen (Longitudinal, Radial and Tangential) zu stark unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen führte, wurde eine Messung entlang der Radialen Achse bevorzugt. Ein Modell zur Bestimmung der Rohdichte des Nassholzes über die Eindringtiefe des Pilodyns zeigte eine durchschnittliche Genauigkeit von ± 9%. Ein großer Korrelationskoeffizient (R² = 0.995) besteht zwischen den Messungen an Luft und im Wasser, so daß sicht die Messung mit dem Pilodyn auch für Nassholz unter Wasser eignet. /// El coeficiente (R² = 0.87) entre la densidad y la resistencia al impacto de la madera arqueológica empapada, homogénea y heterogéneamente degradada con densidades que oscilan entre 100 y 700 kg m⁻³, se determinó usando el medidor de madera Pilodyn. Los resultados mostraron que la energía requerida para fracturar una masa dada de madera es una constante (R² = 0.83) e independiente de las distintas especies. Sin embargo, las mediciones en las tres orientaciones principales (longitudinal, radial y tangencial) mostraron una significante variación y, por consiguiente, eran preferibles las mediciones adicionales del eje radial. Un modelo que permitía la determinación de la densidad media de la madera empapada a partir de la profundidad de penetración, mostró que la densidad media de madera empapada homogénea y heterogéneamente degradada podía ser determinada con una precisión media de ± 9%. Un elevado coeficiente de correlación (R² = 0.995) para mediciones tomadas en el agua y en el aire permite al Pilodyn valorar la madera tanto bajo el agua como en el aire.
Archaeometry, 2013
The degradation of archaeological wood at freezing and thawing temperatures is studied at the sit... more The degradation of archaeological wood at freezing and thawing temperatures is studied at the site of Qajaa in West Greenland through a combination of environmental monitoring, measurement of oxygen consumption and microscopy of wood samples. Permanently frozen wood is still very well preserved after 2-4000 years, while wood samples that thaw every summer show attack by soft rot and an average density loss of 0.1 g cm-3 (corresponding to 25% of the dry mass) over the past 27 years. Future increases in temperature may increase the decay rate significantly (Q 10 = 4.2 at 0-10°C) but the effects on site depend on local hydrology.
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 2012
ABSTRACT The general purpose of the international reburial project, Reburial and Analyses of Arch... more ABSTRACT The general purpose of the international reburial project, Reburial and Analyses of Archaeological Remains (RAAR), is to evaluate reburial as a method for the long-term storage and preservation of waterlogged archaeological remains. Since 2001 material samples have been buried, retrieved, analysed systematically, and the results reported. RAAR has mainly focused on the degradation of materials commonly encountered on archaeological sites, and on environmental monitoring techniques in order to determine what type of material can be reburied and for how long. The project has concluded that a heritage institution could provide short- or long-term curation for its archaeological archive by using reburial depots provided they are set up according to guidelines and restrictions stipulated by the RAAR project. However, there are management and legal aspects that need to be discussed and resolved before each reburial project. Actual reburials that have been carried out so far are often a solution to emergency situations and lack collection and management policies. The questions ‘what’, ‘why’, and ‘for how long’ have been forgotten and need to be addressed. The legal protection of a reburial site is also important. This paper discusses these aspects and their consequences and highlights possible differences in approaches between the countries involved in the RAAR project.
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 2012
The site of Nydam Mose saw the beginning of systematic research into in situ preservation of wate... more The site of Nydam Mose saw the beginning of systematic research into in situ preservation of waterlogged archaeological sites on land at the National Museum of Denmark. In the past fi fteen years a generic approach to in situ preservation of archaeological sites has been developed based on this research. This article is primarily a review of this generic approach, summarizing the methods and results with particular reference to the published results from the investigations in Nydam Mose.
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 2012
ABSTRACT The treatment and long-term storage of recovered cultural material from underwater herit... more ABSTRACT The treatment and long-term storage of recovered cultural material from underwater heritage sites is becoming less cost effective, and reburial of archaeological sites and the associated artefacts in the marine environment is becoming increasingly common practice in managing the submerged cultural resource. Following recent large-scale underwater archaeological excavations in Marstrand harbour, Sweden, the majority of recovered finds were reburied in defined trenches in the harbour sediment. Subsequently, the Studio of the Western Sweden Conservators in conjunction with the Bohus County Museum initiated a fifty-year research project to evaluate reburial as an appropriate method of preserving waterlogged archaeological artefacts in the long term. The research project, entitled ‘Reburial and Analyses of Archaeological Remains’, was launched in 2002 and consists of six sub-projects. The main aims of these sub-projects are to analyse the extent of deterioration of the most common material types found on underwater archaeological sites, assess the stability of packing and marking materials used in archaeological documentation, and monitor the reburial environment. The aim of the metals sub-project is to investigate the short- to long-term corrosion behaviour of metals buried in the marine environment by examining the deterioration of reburied and exposed modern metal coupons and eventually compare these results to the analysis of actual shipwreck artefacts. The environmental monitoring sub-project is designed to complement the other sub-projects by assessing the physico-chemical changes occurring in the reburial environment over time and the effect on the deterioration of the different reburied material types. In comparing the results obtained over the past seven years from both the metals and monitoring sub-projects, it should be possible to more accurately evaluate the effectiveness of reburial as a long-term in situ preservation strategy for metallic archaeological remains.
Heritage, 2021
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Ambio, Jan 20, 2018
Seagrass meadows form valuable ecosystems, but are considered to have low cultural value due to l... more Seagrass meadows form valuable ecosystems, but are considered to have low cultural value due to limited research efforts in this field. We provide evidence that seagrass deposits play a hitherto unrealized central role in preserving valuable submerged archaeological and historical heritage across the world, while also providing an historical archive of human cultural development over time. We highlight three case studies showing the significance of seagrass in protecting underwater cultural heritage in Denmark, the Mediterranean and Australia. Moreover, we present an overview of additional evidence compiled from the literature. We emphasize that this important role of seagrasses is linked to their capacity to form thick sedimentary deposits, accumulating over time, thereby covering and sealing submerged archaeological heritage. Seagrass conservation and restoration are key to protecting this buried heritage while also supporting the role of seagrass deposits as carbon sinks as well ...
Studies in Conservation
... H. Matthiesen, LR Hilbert and DJ Gregory This paper discusses the occurrence of siderite (FeC... more ... H. Matthiesen, LR Hilbert and DJ Gregory This paper discusses the occurrence of siderite (FeCO) on iron artifacts excavated from the waterlogged peat and gyttja sediment of the Danish Iron Age site Nydam Mose. ... the deposition of large quantities of iron artifacts [12-14]. ...
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2014
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 2012
Marine borers constitute a great danger to historical shipwreck in marine environments as they ar... more Marine borers constitute a great danger to historical shipwreck in marine environments as they are able to decompose wood material in just a few years. Recently, there have been indications that the marine borer Teredo navalis is spreading into the brackish Baltic sea, where thousands of invaluable historical wrecks for centuries have had unique preservation conditions. The WreckProtect project was a coordination and support action funded by the European Commission within the 7th Framework Program. The main objective of the project was to develop tools for predicting the spread of marine borers into the Baltic and to evaluate methods for in situ protection of the historical wreck and submerged settlements. This paper gives a summary fi nal report of the project and an overview of results. 202 CHARLOTTE GJELSTRUP BJÖRDAL et al. keywords WreckProtect, shipwreck, Baltic Sea, decay, in situ protection, GIS modelling, Teredo navalis fi gure 1 The warship Vasa displayed at the Vasa museum in Stockholm, Sweden.
International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era, 2012
Development of Tools and Techniques to Survey, Assess, Stabilise, Monitor and Preserve Underwater... more Development of Tools and Techniques to Survey, Assess, Stabilise, Monitor and Preserve Underwater Archaeological Sites (SASMAP) is an EC funded project, with the purpose to develop new technologies and best practices in order to locate, assess and manage Europe's underwater cultural heritage in a more effective way than is possible today. SASMAP takes an holistic-and process-based approach to investigate underwater environments and the archaeological sites contained therein. This is necessary regardless of whether or not investigations are research driven or in connection with sub-sea development. Investigations of underwater heritage that are associated with subsea developments in Europe often require pre-disturbance studies to comply with the Treaty of Valletta (1992).
The general purpose of the international reburial project, Reburial and Analyses of Archaeologica... more The general purpose of the international reburial project, Reburial and Analyses of Archaeological Remains (RAAR), is to evaluate reburial as a method for the long-term storage and preservation of waterlogged archaeological remains. Since 2001 material samples have been buried, retrieved, analysed systematically, and the results reported. RAAR has mainly focused on the degradation of materials commonly encountered on archaeological sites, and on environmental monitoring techniques in order to determine what type of material can be reburied and for how long. The project has concluded that a heritage institution could provide short-or long-term curation for its archaeological archive by using reburial depots provided they are set up according to guidelines and restrictions stipulated by the RAAR project. However, there are management and legal aspects that need to be discussed and resolved before each reburial project. Actual reburials that have been carried out so far are often a solution to emergency situations and lack
Best practices for underwater cultural heritage management. Examples as addition to the guideline... more Best practices for underwater cultural heritage management. Examples as addition to the guideline 1 of the EU-SASMAP project.
Examples collected within SASMAP