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Papers by David Isaac
Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia
This report presents multimodal imaging of a 27-year-old woman diagnosed with benign familial fle... more This report presents multimodal imaging of a 27-year-old woman diagnosed with benign familial fleck retina (OMIM 228980), an uncommon disorder. Fundus photographs revealed retinal flecks that affected her post-equatorial retina but spared the macular area. Fundus autofluorescence and infrared imaging demonstrated a symmetrical pattern of yellow-white fleck lesions that affected both eyes. Her full-field electroretinogram and electrooculogram were normal. An optical coherence tomography B-scan was performed for both eyes, revealing increased thickness of the retinal pigmented epithelium leading to multiple small pigmented epithelium detachments. The outer retina remained intact in both eyes. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography with split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation algorithm and 3 × 3 mm structural en face optical coherence tomography did not show macular lesions. Benign familial fleck retina belongs to a heterogenous group of so-called flecked retina syndro...
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2016
Translational vision science & technology, 2015
The development of photoreceptor replacement therapy for retinal degenerative disorders requires ... more The development of photoreceptor replacement therapy for retinal degenerative disorders requires the identification of the optimal cell source and immunosuppressive regimen in a large animal model. Allotransplants are not acutely rejected in swine subretinal space, although it is not known if survival can be improved with immunosuppression. Here we investigated the survival and integration of expanded pig retinal progenitor cells (pRPCs) in normal recipients with and without transient anti-inflammatory suppression. pRPCs were derived from the neural retina of E60 GFP transgenic pigs, expanded for six passages, characterized, and transplanted into the subretinal space of 12 pigs. Six recipients received a single intravitreal injection of rapamycin and dexamethasone. pRPCs expressed the photoreceptor development genes Sox2, Pax6, Lhx2, Crx, Nrl, and Recoverin in vitro. Transplanted cells were identified in 9 out of 12 recipients 4 weeks after the injection. pRPCs integrated primarily ...
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2015
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine derived from T cells and macropha... more Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine derived from T cells and macrophages, involved in the regulation of cellular apoptotic activity (1,2). Despite having a critical role in controlling inflammatory processes in the human body, raised levels of TNF-α have been associated with cellular and vascular malformations, edemas, and neurovascular degeneration (1,3,4). For instance, patients with non-infectious uveitis demonstrate increased levels of TNF-α, suggesting that TNF-α is a key mediator of uveal inflammation (5-7). Therefore, suppression of TNF-α activity through antagonist drug admi nistration offers a promising treatment for patients with ocular inflammatory diseases (2,8-10) .
Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia, 2014
Prevalência de doenças oculares e causas de comprometimento visual em crianças atendidas em um Ce... more Prevalência de doenças oculares e causas de comprometimento visual em crianças atendidas em um Centro de Referência em Oftalmologia do centro-oeste do Brasil
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2014
Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is a benign self-healing disease with an unknown e... more Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is a benign self-healing disease with an unknown etiology that was first described in 1984 by Jampol et al. It is a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and choroidal inflammatory condition that predominantly affects young to middle-aged women, is unilateral in 80% of cases, and causes visual loss of variable degrees (1-5). Associated clinical features include flu-like prodrome, blurred disc margins, blind spot enlargement, and temporal scotomata (2,5). Fundoscopy typically reveals multiple, 100-200 µm yellow-white outer retina dots in posterior pole and mid-periphery as well as a unique foveal granularity (1,2,4-7). Fluorescein angiography (FA) typical aspect comprises early foveal granular hyperfluorescence, early hyperfluorescence, and late staining of the white dots in a wreath-like pattern and disc capillary leakage. Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) shows numerous hypofluorescent nummular lesions that are evident in the late phase and predominant in the mid-periphery and around the optic disc (2,4,7). Here, we report a case of MEWDS notable for its classic retinal appearance, foveal granularity, and transient disruption of the macular photoreceptor of the inner segment-outer segment (IS-OS) junction. After six months of follow up, the patient presented full visual recovery and re-established a normal foveal aspect on Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT).
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2011
Identificar os principais achados fundoscópicos em pacientes portadores de anemia falciforme enca... more Identificar os principais achados fundoscópicos em pacientes portadores de anemia falciforme encaminhados a um Serviço Oftalmológico de Referência em Goiânia (GO). Métodos: Foram realizados exames oftalmológicos em 50 pacientes (100 olhos) portadores de hemoglobinopatia falciforme para observar quais as alterações retinianas mais comuns nesse grupo. Resultados: O tipo de hemoglobinopatia mais encontrado foi o SS, seguido pelas hemoglobinopatias SC, AS e Sthal. Dentro da amostra estudada, 22% apresentaram alterações retinianas. Destes 73% eram do sexo masculino. A alteração retinianas encontradas foram: "sea fan", "black sunburst", hemorragia vítrea e descolamento de retina. Em relação à classificação da retinopatia, 73% apresentaram a forma proliferativa, sendo vista nos tipos AS e SC e 27% apresentaram a forma não-proliferativa da retinopatia, sendo vista nos portadores do tipo SS. Conclusão: Foi observado elevado número de pacientes com alterações retinianas na amostra estudada, sendo o maior número em portadores da hemoglobinopatia SC, seguido dos grupos AS e SS. As alterações proliferativas foram as mais observadas. Hemorragia vítrea e descolamento de retina foram as manifestações proliferativas de maior prevalência e mostraram ser mais frequente em portadores da hemoglobinopatia SC na população estudada.
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2013
Intravitreal bevacizumab combined with infliximab in the treatment of choroidal neovascularizatio... more Intravitreal bevacizumab combined with infliximab in the treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration: case report series Administração intravítrea de bevacizumabe combinado com infliximabe no tratamento da neovascularização coroidiana secundária à degeneração macular relacionada à idade: relato de uma série de casos
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2012
Artigo Original | Original article Correlation between central subfield thickness, visual acuity ... more Artigo Original | Original article Correlation between central subfield thickness, visual acuity and structural changes in diabetic macular edema Correlação entre a espessura do subcampo central, a acuidade visual e mudanças estruturais no edema macular diabético
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2007
Comparação entre a tela de Amsler original e o perímetro de hiperacuidade preferencial para a det... more Comparação entre a tela de Amsler original e o perímetro de hiperacuidade preferencial para a detecção de neovascularização de coróide secundária à degeneração macular relacionada à idade
Acta Ophthalmologica, 2009
To compare the effect of a single intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide and bevacizum... more To compare the effect of a single intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide and bevacizumab in reducing macular thickness, which was measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with diabetic macular oedema (DMO). Methods: The patients received a single intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg bevacizumab in one randomly selected eye and 4.0 mg triamcinolone acetonide in the contralateral eye. Central foveal thickness measurement (CFT) with OCT was taken at the initial visit and at the 4-week, 12-week and 24-week visits. Results: Eleven patients (22 eyes) were enrolled and statistically analysed. CFT reduced in the eyes treated with triamcinolone and those treated with bevacizumab in weeks 4 and 12 (p < 0.05). At the 24-week follow-up, no significant difference was noted, relative to the initial visit. Comparing the two groups treated with different drugs, a statistically significant difference in CFT in weeks 4 and 12 was noted, with a more significant reduction in triamcinolone-treated eyes (p < 0.05). Regarding visual acuity (VA), patients treated with triamcinolone had improvement in VA at 4-week (p = 0.02) and 12-week follow-up (p = 0.01), while the group treated with bevacizumab had VA improvement at 4-week follow-up (p = 0.02). Among the eyes treated with triamcinolone, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement of more than 21 mmHg was found in three eyes (27.3%). Conclusions: Intravitreal triamcinolone proved to be more efficient in reducing DMO, providing longer lasting visual improvement, relative to bevacizumab. Eyes treated with triamcinolone had the highest percentage increase in IOP. Further studies are needed to corroborate these findings.
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2016
This study aimed to report the clinical and structural outcomes of intravitreal ocriplasmin in th... more This study aimed to report the clinical and structural outcomes of intravitreal ocriplasmin in the treatment of vitreomacular interface disorders in two tertiary centers in Brazil. A retrospective study was performed by reviewing medical records and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings of seven patients who were treated with a single ocriplasmin injection. A total of 57.14% of patients achieved resolution of vitreomacular traction as evidenced by SD-OCT. Regarding our functional results, 87.71% maintained or improved visual acuity after follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting initial results of ocriplasmin therapy in Brazil.
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2009
Goiânia (GO)-Brasil. 2 Residente do CEROF da UFG-Goiânia (GO)-Brasil. 3 Residente em Fisiatria do... more Goiânia (GO)-Brasil. 2 Residente do CEROF da UFG-Goiânia (GO)-Brasil. 3 Residente em Fisiatria do Centro de Reabilitação e Readaptação Dr. Henrique Santillo-CRER-Goiânia (GO)-Brasil. 4 Doutor, Professor Adjunto e Chefe do Serviço de Oftalmologia do CEROF da UFG-Goiânia (GO)-Brasil.
Journal of ophthalmology, 2016
Purpose. To compare fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OC... more Purpose. To compare fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images of foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) with and without diabetic macular ischemia (DMI). Methods. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare area measurements and p values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. FA and OCTA images were independently graded by 2 observers that reached agreement regarding quantitative DMI according established protocols. The ischemic area was divided into…
Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia
We aimed to evaluate the safety of single intravitreal injection of each of two concentrations of... more We aimed to evaluate the safety of single intravitreal injection of each of two concentrations of 0.1 ml of sunitinib (1 and 10 mg/ml), 0.1 ml of a drug-free dispersion containing solid lipid nanoparticles, and 0.1 ml of a drug-free dispersion containing polymeric nanocapsules for analyzing the possible toxic effects using electrophysiology and histology in albino rabbit retina. We conducted an experimental controlled study of 20 eyes of albino rabbits. Intravitreal injections of each specific agent were applied to one eye per rabbit in each 5-rabbit group, while the contralateral eyes received no treatment and were used as controls. We noted no electroretinographic changes in the sunitinib (1 and 10 mg/ml) or in solid lipid nanoparticles groups. However, we observed significant abnormalities in ocular morphology and in the electroretinogram in the nanocapsules group. At the histological level, only the nanocapsules group demonstrated abnormal changes, including severe edema and cyt...
Property Development, 2010
Property Valuation Techniques, 2013
Property Valuation Techniques, 2013
International Journal of Retina and Vitreous, 2017
In diabetic retinopathy (DR), macular involvement can present as either macular edema or ischemia... more In diabetic retinopathy (DR), macular involvement can present as either macular edema or ischemia. Fluorescein angiography remains the gold standard in the evaluation of retinal vascular perfusion and diagnosis of macular ischemia. However, it is a costly, time-consuming technique, it requires venipuncture, and reports of anaphylaxis and death related to fluorescein injections have been documented, despite their rarity. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides a fast and non-invasive method to assess retinal structures at a microscopic level. OCT angiography permits the noninvasive study of retinal and choroid circulation via motion contrast imaging. Split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation angiography combined with OCT angiography has furthered the understanding of retinal and choroidal vascular diseases, allowing the evaluation of retinal microvasculature and identification of subsequent disorders, including DR. Previous studies using OCT angiography have demonstrated that it may demonstrate DR findings such as microaneurysms, arteriolar wall staining, retinal neovascularization, and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities. The purpose of this article is to describe and discuss different concepts regarding OCT angiography, as well as its role in the diagnosis of DR and maculopathy.
Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia
This report presents multimodal imaging of a 27-year-old woman diagnosed with benign familial fle... more This report presents multimodal imaging of a 27-year-old woman diagnosed with benign familial fleck retina (OMIM 228980), an uncommon disorder. Fundus photographs revealed retinal flecks that affected her post-equatorial retina but spared the macular area. Fundus autofluorescence and infrared imaging demonstrated a symmetrical pattern of yellow-white fleck lesions that affected both eyes. Her full-field electroretinogram and electrooculogram were normal. An optical coherence tomography B-scan was performed for both eyes, revealing increased thickness of the retinal pigmented epithelium leading to multiple small pigmented epithelium detachments. The outer retina remained intact in both eyes. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography with split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation algorithm and 3 × 3 mm structural en face optical coherence tomography did not show macular lesions. Benign familial fleck retina belongs to a heterogenous group of so-called flecked retina syndro...
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2016
Translational vision science & technology, 2015
The development of photoreceptor replacement therapy for retinal degenerative disorders requires ... more The development of photoreceptor replacement therapy for retinal degenerative disorders requires the identification of the optimal cell source and immunosuppressive regimen in a large animal model. Allotransplants are not acutely rejected in swine subretinal space, although it is not known if survival can be improved with immunosuppression. Here we investigated the survival and integration of expanded pig retinal progenitor cells (pRPCs) in normal recipients with and without transient anti-inflammatory suppression. pRPCs were derived from the neural retina of E60 GFP transgenic pigs, expanded for six passages, characterized, and transplanted into the subretinal space of 12 pigs. Six recipients received a single intravitreal injection of rapamycin and dexamethasone. pRPCs expressed the photoreceptor development genes Sox2, Pax6, Lhx2, Crx, Nrl, and Recoverin in vitro. Transplanted cells were identified in 9 out of 12 recipients 4 weeks after the injection. pRPCs integrated primarily ...
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2015
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine derived from T cells and macropha... more Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine derived from T cells and macrophages, involved in the regulation of cellular apoptotic activity (1,2). Despite having a critical role in controlling inflammatory processes in the human body, raised levels of TNF-α have been associated with cellular and vascular malformations, edemas, and neurovascular degeneration (1,3,4). For instance, patients with non-infectious uveitis demonstrate increased levels of TNF-α, suggesting that TNF-α is a key mediator of uveal inflammation (5-7). Therefore, suppression of TNF-α activity through antagonist drug admi nistration offers a promising treatment for patients with ocular inflammatory diseases (2,8-10) .
Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia, 2014
Prevalência de doenças oculares e causas de comprometimento visual em crianças atendidas em um Ce... more Prevalência de doenças oculares e causas de comprometimento visual em crianças atendidas em um Centro de Referência em Oftalmologia do centro-oeste do Brasil
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2014
Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is a benign self-healing disease with an unknown e... more Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is a benign self-healing disease with an unknown etiology that was first described in 1984 by Jampol et al. It is a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and choroidal inflammatory condition that predominantly affects young to middle-aged women, is unilateral in 80% of cases, and causes visual loss of variable degrees (1-5). Associated clinical features include flu-like prodrome, blurred disc margins, blind spot enlargement, and temporal scotomata (2,5). Fundoscopy typically reveals multiple, 100-200 µm yellow-white outer retina dots in posterior pole and mid-periphery as well as a unique foveal granularity (1,2,4-7). Fluorescein angiography (FA) typical aspect comprises early foveal granular hyperfluorescence, early hyperfluorescence, and late staining of the white dots in a wreath-like pattern and disc capillary leakage. Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) shows numerous hypofluorescent nummular lesions that are evident in the late phase and predominant in the mid-periphery and around the optic disc (2,4,7). Here, we report a case of MEWDS notable for its classic retinal appearance, foveal granularity, and transient disruption of the macular photoreceptor of the inner segment-outer segment (IS-OS) junction. After six months of follow up, the patient presented full visual recovery and re-established a normal foveal aspect on Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT).
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2011
Identificar os principais achados fundoscópicos em pacientes portadores de anemia falciforme enca... more Identificar os principais achados fundoscópicos em pacientes portadores de anemia falciforme encaminhados a um Serviço Oftalmológico de Referência em Goiânia (GO). Métodos: Foram realizados exames oftalmológicos em 50 pacientes (100 olhos) portadores de hemoglobinopatia falciforme para observar quais as alterações retinianas mais comuns nesse grupo. Resultados: O tipo de hemoglobinopatia mais encontrado foi o SS, seguido pelas hemoglobinopatias SC, AS e Sthal. Dentro da amostra estudada, 22% apresentaram alterações retinianas. Destes 73% eram do sexo masculino. A alteração retinianas encontradas foram: "sea fan", "black sunburst", hemorragia vítrea e descolamento de retina. Em relação à classificação da retinopatia, 73% apresentaram a forma proliferativa, sendo vista nos tipos AS e SC e 27% apresentaram a forma não-proliferativa da retinopatia, sendo vista nos portadores do tipo SS. Conclusão: Foi observado elevado número de pacientes com alterações retinianas na amostra estudada, sendo o maior número em portadores da hemoglobinopatia SC, seguido dos grupos AS e SS. As alterações proliferativas foram as mais observadas. Hemorragia vítrea e descolamento de retina foram as manifestações proliferativas de maior prevalência e mostraram ser mais frequente em portadores da hemoglobinopatia SC na população estudada.
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2013
Intravitreal bevacizumab combined with infliximab in the treatment of choroidal neovascularizatio... more Intravitreal bevacizumab combined with infliximab in the treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration: case report series Administração intravítrea de bevacizumabe combinado com infliximabe no tratamento da neovascularização coroidiana secundária à degeneração macular relacionada à idade: relato de uma série de casos
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2012
Artigo Original | Original article Correlation between central subfield thickness, visual acuity ... more Artigo Original | Original article Correlation between central subfield thickness, visual acuity and structural changes in diabetic macular edema Correlação entre a espessura do subcampo central, a acuidade visual e mudanças estruturais no edema macular diabético
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2007
Comparação entre a tela de Amsler original e o perímetro de hiperacuidade preferencial para a det... more Comparação entre a tela de Amsler original e o perímetro de hiperacuidade preferencial para a detecção de neovascularização de coróide secundária à degeneração macular relacionada à idade
Acta Ophthalmologica, 2009
To compare the effect of a single intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide and bevacizum... more To compare the effect of a single intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide and bevacizumab in reducing macular thickness, which was measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with diabetic macular oedema (DMO). Methods: The patients received a single intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg bevacizumab in one randomly selected eye and 4.0 mg triamcinolone acetonide in the contralateral eye. Central foveal thickness measurement (CFT) with OCT was taken at the initial visit and at the 4-week, 12-week and 24-week visits. Results: Eleven patients (22 eyes) were enrolled and statistically analysed. CFT reduced in the eyes treated with triamcinolone and those treated with bevacizumab in weeks 4 and 12 (p < 0.05). At the 24-week follow-up, no significant difference was noted, relative to the initial visit. Comparing the two groups treated with different drugs, a statistically significant difference in CFT in weeks 4 and 12 was noted, with a more significant reduction in triamcinolone-treated eyes (p < 0.05). Regarding visual acuity (VA), patients treated with triamcinolone had improvement in VA at 4-week (p = 0.02) and 12-week follow-up (p = 0.01), while the group treated with bevacizumab had VA improvement at 4-week follow-up (p = 0.02). Among the eyes treated with triamcinolone, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement of more than 21 mmHg was found in three eyes (27.3%). Conclusions: Intravitreal triamcinolone proved to be more efficient in reducing DMO, providing longer lasting visual improvement, relative to bevacizumab. Eyes treated with triamcinolone had the highest percentage increase in IOP. Further studies are needed to corroborate these findings.
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2016
This study aimed to report the clinical and structural outcomes of intravitreal ocriplasmin in th... more This study aimed to report the clinical and structural outcomes of intravitreal ocriplasmin in the treatment of vitreomacular interface disorders in two tertiary centers in Brazil. A retrospective study was performed by reviewing medical records and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings of seven patients who were treated with a single ocriplasmin injection. A total of 57.14% of patients achieved resolution of vitreomacular traction as evidenced by SD-OCT. Regarding our functional results, 87.71% maintained or improved visual acuity after follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting initial results of ocriplasmin therapy in Brazil.
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 2009
Goiânia (GO)-Brasil. 2 Residente do CEROF da UFG-Goiânia (GO)-Brasil. 3 Residente em Fisiatria do... more Goiânia (GO)-Brasil. 2 Residente do CEROF da UFG-Goiânia (GO)-Brasil. 3 Residente em Fisiatria do Centro de Reabilitação e Readaptação Dr. Henrique Santillo-CRER-Goiânia (GO)-Brasil. 4 Doutor, Professor Adjunto e Chefe do Serviço de Oftalmologia do CEROF da UFG-Goiânia (GO)-Brasil.
Journal of ophthalmology, 2016
Purpose. To compare fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OC... more Purpose. To compare fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images of foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) with and without diabetic macular ischemia (DMI). Methods. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare area measurements and p values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. FA and OCTA images were independently graded by 2 observers that reached agreement regarding quantitative DMI according established protocols. The ischemic area was divided into…
Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia
We aimed to evaluate the safety of single intravitreal injection of each of two concentrations of... more We aimed to evaluate the safety of single intravitreal injection of each of two concentrations of 0.1 ml of sunitinib (1 and 10 mg/ml), 0.1 ml of a drug-free dispersion containing solid lipid nanoparticles, and 0.1 ml of a drug-free dispersion containing polymeric nanocapsules for analyzing the possible toxic effects using electrophysiology and histology in albino rabbit retina. We conducted an experimental controlled study of 20 eyes of albino rabbits. Intravitreal injections of each specific agent were applied to one eye per rabbit in each 5-rabbit group, while the contralateral eyes received no treatment and were used as controls. We noted no electroretinographic changes in the sunitinib (1 and 10 mg/ml) or in solid lipid nanoparticles groups. However, we observed significant abnormalities in ocular morphology and in the electroretinogram in the nanocapsules group. At the histological level, only the nanocapsules group demonstrated abnormal changes, including severe edema and cyt...
Property Development, 2010
Property Valuation Techniques, 2013
Property Valuation Techniques, 2013
International Journal of Retina and Vitreous, 2017
In diabetic retinopathy (DR), macular involvement can present as either macular edema or ischemia... more In diabetic retinopathy (DR), macular involvement can present as either macular edema or ischemia. Fluorescein angiography remains the gold standard in the evaluation of retinal vascular perfusion and diagnosis of macular ischemia. However, it is a costly, time-consuming technique, it requires venipuncture, and reports of anaphylaxis and death related to fluorescein injections have been documented, despite their rarity. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides a fast and non-invasive method to assess retinal structures at a microscopic level. OCT angiography permits the noninvasive study of retinal and choroid circulation via motion contrast imaging. Split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation angiography combined with OCT angiography has furthered the understanding of retinal and choroidal vascular diseases, allowing the evaluation of retinal microvasculature and identification of subsequent disorders, including DR. Previous studies using OCT angiography have demonstrated that it may demonstrate DR findings such as microaneurysms, arteriolar wall staining, retinal neovascularization, and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities. The purpose of this article is to describe and discuss different concepts regarding OCT angiography, as well as its role in the diagnosis of DR and maculopathy.