Denis David - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Denis David
Neuropharmacology, 2013
Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) is an investigational novel antidepressant with multimodal activity tha... more Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) is an investigational novel antidepressant with multimodal activity that functions as a 5-HT 3 , 5-HT 7 and 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist, 5-HT 1B receptor partial agonist, 5-HT 1A receptor agonist and inhibitor of the 5-HT transporter in vitro. Here we explore its anxiolytic and antidepressant potential in adult mice. Vortioxetine was assessed in BalB/cJ@RJ mice using the open-field and forced-swim tests (acute: p.o. 1 h, repeated: daily p.o. 21 days), and in 129S6/SvEvTac mice using the novelty suppressed feeding paradigm (acute: p.o. 1 h, sustained: daily p.o. 14 or 21 days). Fluoxetine and diazepam were controls. Acute and repeated dosing of vortioxetine produced more pronounced anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like activities than fluoxetine. Vortioxetine significantly increased cell proliferation and cell survival and stimulated maturation of immature granule cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus after 21 days of treatment. After 14 days, a high dose of vortioxetine increased dendritic length and the number of dendrite intersections, suggesting that vortioxetine accelerates the maturation of immature neurons. Vortioxetine displays an antidepressant and anxiolytic profile following repeated administration associated with increased neurogenesis at several stages. Vortioxetine effects were observed at low levels of 5-HT transporter occupancy, suggesting an alternative mechanism of action to 5-HT reuptake inhibition.
Neuron, 2009
Understanding the physiopathology of affective disorders and their treatment relies on the availa... more Understanding the physiopathology of affective disorders and their treatment relies on the availability of experimental models that accurately mimic aspects of the disease. Here we describe a mouse model of an anxiety/depressive-like state induced by chronic corticosterone treatment. Furthermore, chronic antidepressant treatment reversed the behavioral dysfunctions and the inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis induced by corticosterone treatment. In corticosterone-treated mice where hippocampal neurogenesis is abolished by X-irradiation, the efficacy of fluoxetine is blocked in some, but not all, behavioral paradigms, suggesting both neurogenesis-dependent and -independent mechanisms of antidepressant action. Finally, we identified a number of candidate genes, the expression of which is decreased by chronic corticosterone and normalized by chronic fluoxetine treatment selectively in the hypothalamus. Importantly, mice deficient in one of these genes, b-arrestin 2, displayed a reduced response to fluoxetine in multiple tasks, suggesting that b-arrestin signaling is necessary for the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine.
Journal of Neuroscience, 2008
Chronic treatments with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been shown to increa... more Chronic treatments with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been shown to increase hippocampal neurogenesis. However, it is not known whether SSRIs impact the maturation and functional integration of newborn neurons. Here we examined the effects of subchronic and chronic fluoxetine on the structural and physiological properties of young granule cells. Our results show that doublecortin-positive immature neurons displayed increased dendritic arborization after chronic fluoxetine treatment. In addition, chronic but not subchronic fluoxetine elicited a decrease in the number of newborn neurons expressing immature markers and a corresponding increase in those expressing mature markers. These results suggest that chronic fluoxetine accelerates the maturation of immature neurons. We also investigated the effects of fluoxetine on a form of neurogenesis-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus. This form of LTP was enhanced by chronic fluoxetine, and ablation of neurogenesis with x-irradiation completely blocked the effects of chronic fluoxetine on LTP. Finally, we demonstrated that the behavioral effect of fluoxetine in the noveltysuppressed feeding test requires chronic administration and is blocked by x-irradiation. These results show that the effects of fluoxetine on LTP and behavior both require neurogenesis and follow a similar delayed time course. The effects of chronic fluoxetine on the maturation and functional properties of young neurons may therefore be necessary for its anxiolytic/antidepressant activity and contribute to its delayed onset of therapeutic efficacy.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2007
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that plays a role in the modul... more Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that plays a role in the modulation of food intake and mood. In rodents, the actions of MCH are mediated via the MCHR1 receptor. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of acute (1 h) and chronic (28 days) p.o. dosing of a novel MCHR1 antagonist, N-[3-(1-{[4-(3,4-difluorophenoxy)-phenyl]methyl}(4-piperidyl))-4-methylphenyl]-2-methylpropanamide (SNAP 94847), in three mouse models predictive of antidepressant/anxiolytic-like activity: novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) in 129S6/SvEvTac mice and light/dark paradigm (L/D) and forced swim test (FST) in BALB/cJ mice. A significant increase in the time spent in the light compartment of the L/D box was observed in response to acute and chronic treatment with SNAP 94847. An anxiolytic/antidepressant-like effect was found in the NSF test after acute and chronic treatment, whereas no effect was observed in the FST. Because neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus has been shown to be a requirement for the effects of antidepressants in the NSF test, we investigated whether neurogenesis was required for the effect of SNAP 94847. We showed that chronic treatment with SNAP 94847 stimulated proliferation of progenitors in the dentate gyrus. The efficacy of SNAP 94847 in the NSF test, however, was unaltered in mice in which neurogenesis was suppressed by X-irradiation. These results indicate that SNAP 94847 has a unique anxiolytic-like profile after both acute and chronic administration and that its mechanism of action is distinct from that of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants.
Journal of Neurochemistry, 2004
The role of serotonin (5-HT) 1B receptors in the mechanism of action of selective serotonin re-up... more The role of serotonin (5-HT) 1B receptors in the mechanism of action of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI) was studied by using intracerebral in vivo microdialysis in conscious, freely moving wild-type and 5-HT 1B receptor knockout (KO 5-HT 1B ) mice in order to compare the effects of chronic administration of paroxetine via osmotic minipumps (1 mg per kg per day for 14 days) on extracellular 5-HT levels ([5-HT]ext) in the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus. Basal [5-HT]ext values in the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus, 20 h after removing the minipump, were not altered by chronic paroxetine treatment in both genotypes. On day 15, in the ventral hippocampus, an acute paroxetine challenge (1 mg/kg i.p.) induced a larger increase in [5-HT]ext in saline-pretreated mutant than in wild-type mice. This difference between the two genotypes in the effect of the paroxetine challenge persisted following chronic paroxetine treatment. Conversely, in the medial prefrontal cortex, the paroxetine challenge increased [5-HT]ext similarly in saline-pretreated mice of both genotypes. Such a challenge produced a further increase in cortical [5-HT]ext compared with that in salinepretreated groups of both genotypes, but no differences were found between genotypes following chronic treatment. To avoid the interaction with raphe 5-HT 1A autoreceptors, 1 lM paroxetine was perfused locally through the dialysis probe implanted in the ventral hippocampus; similar increases in hippocampal [5-HT]ext were found in acutely or chronically treated wild-type mice. Systemic administration of the mixed 5-HT 1B/1D receptor antagonist GR 127935 (4 mg/kg) in chronically treated wildtype mice potentiated the effect of a paroxetine challenge dose on [5-HT]ext in the ventral hippocampus, whereas systemic administration of the selective 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist WAY 100635 did not. By using the zero net flux method of quantitative microdialysis in the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus of wild-type and KO 5-HT 1B mice, we found that basal [5-HT]ext and the extraction fraction of 5-HT were similar in the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus of both genotypes, suggesting that no compensatory response to the constitutive deletion of the 5-HT 1B receptor involving changes in 5-HT uptake capacity occurred in vivo. As steady-state brain concentrations of paroxetine at day 14 were similar in both genotypes, it is unlikely that differences in the effects of a paroxetine challenge on hippocampal [5-HT]ext are due to alterations of the drug's pharmacokinetic properties in mutants. These data suggest that there are differences between the ventral hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex in activation of terminal 5-HT 1B autoreceptors and their role in regulating dialysate 5-HT levels. These presynaptic receptors retain their capacity to limit 5-HT release mainly in the ventral hippocampus following chronic paroxetine treatment in mice. Keywords: antidepressant drug, 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B autoreceptor, intracerebral microdialysis, knockout mice, paroxetine, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor.
Behavioural Brain Research, 2005
Interstrain mice variability in response to antidepressant drugs has been reported in the most co... more Interstrain mice variability in response to antidepressant drugs has been reported in the most commonly utilized behavioural animal models of depression: the tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test (FST). The behaviour of mice was examined in both tests for screening various antidepressants with different biochemical mechanism of action. Previous studies have revealed that drug sensitivity depends on the strain and test used. Swiss mice is the most sensitive strain to detect serotonin and/or noradrenaline antidepressants whereas C57BL/6J was the only strain sensitive to bupropion (dopaminergic agent) using the FST. In the TST, all antidepressants studied decreased the immobility time in Swiss and C57BL/6J strains. Detection of an antidepressant-like activity could be performed using only one test (TST with Swiss mice or FST with Swiss and C57Bl/6 Rj mice), but both tests are necessary to conclude on the mechanism of action.
Mice were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine (100 mg/ml ketamine; 20 mg/ml xylazine), placed... more Mice were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine (100 mg/ml ketamine; 20 mg/ml xylazine), placed in a stereotaxic frame and exposed to cranial irradiation using a Siemens Stabilopan X-ray system operated at 300 kVp and 20 mA. Animals were protected with a lead shield that covered the entire body, but left unshielded a 3.22 X 11-mm treatment field above the hippocampus (interaural 3.00 to 0.00) exposed to X-Ray. Dosimetry was done using a Capintec Model PR06G electrometer ionization chamber and Kodak Readypack Radiographic XV films. The corrected dose rate was approximately 1.8 Gy per min at a source to skin distance of 30 cm. The procedure lasted 2 min and 47 sec, delivering a total of 5 Gy. Three 5 Gy doses were delivered on days 1, 4 and 8.
Thérapie
Depression is an incapacitating disease which needs appropriate treatment. This article reviews t... more Depression is an incapacitating disease which needs appropriate treatment. This article reviews the pharmacology of antidepressant drugs and the future perspectives of treating mood disorders such as depression. The foremost theory for explaining the biological basis of depression has been the monoamine hypothesis. Depression is due to a deficiency in one or other biogenic monoamines (serotonin, 5-HT; noradrenaline, NA; dopamine, DA). Antidepressant drugs are therefore classified according to their ability to improve monoaminergic transmission. Since this first theory, other explanations based on abnormal function of monoamine receptors or associated with impaired signalling pathways have been suggested. Notable progress has been accomplished in the treatment of major depressive disorders with new compounds recently discovered (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: SSRI; serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors: SNRI). Behavioural, electrophysiological and microdialysis studies have shown that serotonin (5-HT) receptors, mainly 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT2C sub-types, exert a key role in modulating antidepressant activity. Indirect activation of neurotransmitter receptors by antidepressants may also lead, via increases in endogenous levels of serotonin in synapses in specific brain regions, to activation of various G proteins coupled to a receptor, signal of transduction, transcription factors and neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Thus, depression may be considered as a transduction mechanism anomaly. This hypothesis needs to be clarified by molecular biology. Although antidepressants have improved the therapeutic potential compared to tricyclics (TCA) in terms of reduced side effects, a number of problems still occur with these drugs. Clinical effects are not always observed until after this time has elapsed (4-6 weeks) and a substantial proportion of depressed patients show only partial or no response to antidepressants. Knowledge of the existence of links between neurotransmitter systems and the discovery of the most specific target, 5-HT receptors, should lead to improvements in antidepressant therapy. Developing drugs using innovative mechanisms such as directly acting on 5-HT receptors (5-HT1A agonists or 5-HT2 antagonists), would appear to be useful in the treatment of depression. The use of antidepressants in anxiety disorders such as obsessional compulsive disorders and even generalised anxiety, highlights the distinction between antidepressants and classic anxiolytics such as benzodiazepines, or even buspirone.
L Encéphale
Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is composed of 2 enantiomers, R-citalopram ... more Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is composed of 2 enantiomers, R-citalopram and S-citalopram, 2 different non-superimposable mirror image forms of the same molecule. Separating these 2 enantiomers has enabled studying their individual properties. Citalopram's pharmacologic activity is centered on the S enantiomer's high affinity for the serotonin transporter which is twice as high as citalopram's and 30 to 40 times higher than R-citalopram. This leads to an inhibition of serotonin reuptake two times higher for escitalopram compared with citalopram and confirms that citalopram's pharmacologic activity is due to the S-enantiomer. Contrary to what might be expected, the effect of escitalopram (DCI of S-citalopram) is not superimposable on an equivalent dose of citalopram but is superior. Several hypotheses could explain this superiority. First, conversions of the S-enantiomer into the R-enantiomer may occur, but there is no reason why this phenomenon would happen more when both enantiomers are present than when escitalopram is alone. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic studies have shown that S or R configurations are stable in vivo. Second, a particular action of R-citalopram may influence the S-enantiomer's kinetic from intestinal absorption to blood-brain barrier. But concentrations of both enantiomers in the frontal cortex are the same. Therefore, R-citalopram does not interfere with escitalopram's kinetic. Finally, interactions may appear at the synaptic level. Results of experimentation, after in situ injection to the cortex level, confirm that an interaction between the 2 enantiomers takes place at that level. A direct negative interaction of R-citalopram on one or several effectors that create the antidepressive effect seems justified. This negative interaction has been studied in depth. Animal models have shown that the R-enantiomer has no antidepressive potential and when associated with escitalopram prohedonic effects disappear. Escitalopram is more powerful than citalopram in reducing anxiety but the presence of R-citalopram reduces the positive effects of escitalopram. We then may conclude that R-citalopram antagonizes the antidepressive effects of escitalopram and that its presence limits the therapeutic effect and reduces the speed of action of citalopram. The antagonism of escitalopram by R-citalopram was not expected and one hypothesis is that a direct interaction between the 2 enantiomers may occur on a particular site of the serotonin transporter. Results have shown that R-citalopram has a significant affinity only for the allosteric site of the transporter, which regulates the affinity of the ligand for the active site at the origin of serotonin reuptake inhibition. Unlike citalopram, escitalopram's pharmacologic action is not blocked by R-citalopram explaining its greater therapeutic efficacy and more rapid mode of action.
The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed by dopaminergic (DA) neurons have long been ... more Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed by dopaminergic (DA) neurons have long been considered as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of several neuropsychiatric diseases, including nicotine and cocaine addiction or Parkinson's disease. However, DA neurons express mRNAs coding for most, if not all, neuronal nAChR subunits, and the subunit composition of functional nAChRs has been difficult to establish. Immunoprecipitation experiments performed on mouse striatal extracts allowed us to identify three main types of heteromeric nAChRs (alpha4beta2*, alpha6beta2*, and alpha4alpha6beta2*) in DA terminal fields. The functional relevance of these subtypes was then examined by studying nicotine-induced DA release in striatal synaptosomes and recording ACh-elicited currents in DA neurons fromalpha4, alpha6, alpha4alpha6, and beta2 knock-out mice. Our results establish that alpha6beta2* nAChRs are functional and sensitive to alpha-conotoxin MII inhibition. These r...
Pharmacogenomics, Jan 30, 2015
We propose an extensive review of the literature about BDNF/TRKB/P75NTR polymorphisms and their c... more We propose an extensive review of the literature about BDNF/TRKB/P75NTR polymorphisms and their consequences on antidepressant efficacy in depressed patients. Five genome-wide association studies and 30 association studies were included. Twenty seven studies focused on the Val66Met polymorphism (rs6265), the Met allele being associated with a higher antidepressant efficacy only in Asian patients. Other BDNF/TRKB/P75NTR polymorphisms (BDNF: rs7103411, rs7124442, rs908867, rs2049046, rs61888800, rs10501087, rs1491850; TRKB: rs10868223, rs11140778, rs1565445, rs1659412; P75NTR: rs2072446) were reported to be associated with antidepressant efficacy but these results were not replicated. Finally, there are 15 positive studies among 30 studies regarding BDNF/TRKB/P75NTR polymorphisms. The only SNP which benefits of at least three positive studies is the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism (rs6265). Consequently, with a lack of good and consistent studies, the clinical utility of BDNF in treatment ...
Brain Stimulation, 2015
Neurogenesis continues throughout life in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Chronic treatment with m... more Neurogenesis continues throughout life in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Chronic treatment with monoaminergic antidepressant drugs stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis, and new neurons are required for some antidepressant-like behaviors. Electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), a laboratory model of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), robustly stimulate hippocampal neurogenesis. ECS requires newborn neurons to improve behavioral deficits in a mouse neuroendocrine model of depression. We utilized immunohistochemistry for doublecortin (DCX), a marker of migrating neuroblasts, to assess the impact of Sham or ECS treatments (1 treatment per day, 7 treatments over 15 days) on hippocampal neurogenesis in animals receiving 6 weeks of either vehicle or chronic corticosterone (CORT) treatment in the drinking water. We conducted tests of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior to investigate the ability of ECS to reverse CORT-induced behavioral deficits. We also determined whether adult neurons are required for the effects of ECS. For these studies we utilized a pharmacogenetic model (hGFAPtk) to conditionally ablate adult born neurons. We then evaluated behavioral indices of depression after Sham or ECS treatments in CORT-treated wild-type animals and CORT-treated animals lacking neurogenesis. ECS is able to rescue CORT-induced behavioral deficits in indices of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior. ECS increases both the number and dendritic complexity of adult-born migrating neuroblasts. The ability of ECS to promote antidepressant-like behavior is blocked in mice lacking adult neurogenesis. ECS ameliorates a number of anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors caused by chronic exposure to CORT. ECS requires intact hippocampal neurogenesis for its efficacy in these behavioral indices.
Neuroscience Letters, 2015
• Nrf2 signaling is affected in a mouse model of anxiety/depression (the CORT model).
Biological Psychiatry, 2015
Ketamine as a prophylactic against stress-induced depressive-like behavior, Biological Psychiatry... more Ketamine as a prophylactic against stress-induced depressive-like behavior, Biological Psychiatry, http://dx.Abstract Background: Stress exposure is one of the greatest risk factors for psychiatric illnesses like Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
Neuron, Jan 15, 2015
Impulsive and aggressive behaviors are both modulated by serotonergic signaling, specifically thr... more Impulsive and aggressive behaviors are both modulated by serotonergic signaling, specifically through the serotonin 1B receptor (5-HT1BR). 5-HT1BR knockout mice show increased aggression and impulsivity, and 5-HT1BR polymorphisms are associated with aggression and drug addiction in humans. To dissect the mechanisms by which the 5-HT1BR affects these phenotypes, we developed a mouse model to spatially and temporally regulate 5-HT1BR expression. Our results demonstrate that forebrain 5-HT1B heteroreceptors expressed during an early postnatal period contribute to the development of the neural systems underlying adult aggression. However, distinct heteroreceptors acting during adulthood are involved in mediating impulsivity. Correlating with the impulsivity, dopamine in the nucleus accumbens is elevated in the absence of 5-HT1BRs and normalized following adult rescue of the receptor. Overall, these data show that while adolescent expression of 5-HT1BRs influences aggressive behavior, a ...
Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN, 2008
We sought to demonstrate whether the specific activation of serotonin1B (5-HT1B) heteroreceptors ... more We sought to demonstrate whether the specific activation of serotonin1B (5-HT1B) heteroreceptors by systemic or local administration of the selective 5-HT1B receptor agonist anpirtoline could mediate antidepressant-like effects in mice. We confirmed the selectivity of action of anpirtoline in the forced swim test (FST) in 5-HT1B knockout mice. We then evaluated the behavioural effects of anpirtoline on 5-HT-lesioned (5,7-dihydroxytryptamine creatinine [5,7-DHT]) and 5-HT-depleted (p-CPA) mice. We estimated the depletion level and selectivity of action of 5,7-DHT and p-CPA by measuring the neurotransmitter levels and [3H]-citalopram binding. We investigated the antidepressant-like effect of anpirtoline when locally perfused in an area of the brain where the response is mainly attributable to presynaptic (cortex and hippocampus) or postsynaptic receptors (substantia nigra and caudate putamen). Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist GR127935 on the activ...
Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série III, Sciences de la vie, 2001
We used knockout mice and receptor antagonist strategies to investigate the contribution of the s... more We used knockout mice and receptor antagonist strategies to investigate the contribution of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 5-HT1B receptor subtype in mediating the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Using in vivo intracerebral microdialysis in awake mice, we show that a single systemic administration of paroxetine (1 or 5 mg/kg, i.p.) increased extracellular serotonin levels [5-HT]ext in the ventral hippocampus and frontal cortex of wild-type and mutant mice. However, in the ventral hippocampus, paroxetine at the two doses studied induced a larger increase in [5-HT]ext in knockout than in wild-type mice. In the frontal cortex, the effect of paroxetine was larger in mutants than in wild-type mice at the 1 mg/kg dose but not at 5 mg/kg. In addition, either the absence of the 5-HT1B receptor or its blockade with the mixed 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist, GR 127935, potentiates the effect of a single administration of paroxetine on [5-HT]ext more in the...
The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology / official scientific journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP), 2009
Preclinical data support the view that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonergic ... more Preclinical data support the view that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonergic systems regulate circuits involved in affective disorders. The present study examined neurochemical and behavioural consequences of an acute intrahippocampal injection of BDNF combined with an antidepressant by using in-vivo intracerebral microdialysis in the ventral hippocampus (vHi) in conscious mice and behavioural paradigms predictive of antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects [the mouse forced swim test (FST), the open-field (OF) paradigm and the elevated plus maze (EPM)]. Neurochemical data revealed that BDNF (100 ng) potentiated the effects of the systemic administration of a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI; paroxetine 4 mg/kg i.p.) and that of a locally applied citalopram perfusion on dialysate 5-HT levels in the vHi. These neurochemical changes correlated with behavioural data since, in the FST, antidepressant-like activity of paroxetine as measured on swimming b...
Neuroscience, Jan 22, 2014
Sleep/wake disorders are frequently associated with anxiety and depression and to elevated levels... more Sleep/wake disorders are frequently associated with anxiety and depression and to elevated levels of cortisol. Even though these alterations are increasingly sought in animal models, no study has investigated the specific effects of chronic corticosterone (CORT) administration on sleep. We characterized sleep/wake disorders in a neuroendocrine mouse model of anxiety/depression, based on chronic CORT administration in the drinking water (35 μg/ml for 4 weeks, "CORT model"). The CORT model was markedly affected during the dark phase by non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) increase without consistent alteration of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Total sleep duration (SD) and sleep efficiency (SE) increased concomitantly during both the 24h and the dark phase, due to the increase in the number of NREM sleep episodes without a change in their mean duration. Conversely, the total duration of wake decreased due to a decrease in the mean duration of wake episodes despite an increas...
Neuropharmacology, 2013
Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) is an investigational novel antidepressant with multimodal activity tha... more Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) is an investigational novel antidepressant with multimodal activity that functions as a 5-HT 3 , 5-HT 7 and 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist, 5-HT 1B receptor partial agonist, 5-HT 1A receptor agonist and inhibitor of the 5-HT transporter in vitro. Here we explore its anxiolytic and antidepressant potential in adult mice. Vortioxetine was assessed in BalB/cJ@RJ mice using the open-field and forced-swim tests (acute: p.o. 1 h, repeated: daily p.o. 21 days), and in 129S6/SvEvTac mice using the novelty suppressed feeding paradigm (acute: p.o. 1 h, sustained: daily p.o. 14 or 21 days). Fluoxetine and diazepam were controls. Acute and repeated dosing of vortioxetine produced more pronounced anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like activities than fluoxetine. Vortioxetine significantly increased cell proliferation and cell survival and stimulated maturation of immature granule cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus after 21 days of treatment. After 14 days, a high dose of vortioxetine increased dendritic length and the number of dendrite intersections, suggesting that vortioxetine accelerates the maturation of immature neurons. Vortioxetine displays an antidepressant and anxiolytic profile following repeated administration associated with increased neurogenesis at several stages. Vortioxetine effects were observed at low levels of 5-HT transporter occupancy, suggesting an alternative mechanism of action to 5-HT reuptake inhibition.
Neuron, 2009
Understanding the physiopathology of affective disorders and their treatment relies on the availa... more Understanding the physiopathology of affective disorders and their treatment relies on the availability of experimental models that accurately mimic aspects of the disease. Here we describe a mouse model of an anxiety/depressive-like state induced by chronic corticosterone treatment. Furthermore, chronic antidepressant treatment reversed the behavioral dysfunctions and the inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis induced by corticosterone treatment. In corticosterone-treated mice where hippocampal neurogenesis is abolished by X-irradiation, the efficacy of fluoxetine is blocked in some, but not all, behavioral paradigms, suggesting both neurogenesis-dependent and -independent mechanisms of antidepressant action. Finally, we identified a number of candidate genes, the expression of which is decreased by chronic corticosterone and normalized by chronic fluoxetine treatment selectively in the hypothalamus. Importantly, mice deficient in one of these genes, b-arrestin 2, displayed a reduced response to fluoxetine in multiple tasks, suggesting that b-arrestin signaling is necessary for the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine.
Journal of Neuroscience, 2008
Chronic treatments with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been shown to increa... more Chronic treatments with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been shown to increase hippocampal neurogenesis. However, it is not known whether SSRIs impact the maturation and functional integration of newborn neurons. Here we examined the effects of subchronic and chronic fluoxetine on the structural and physiological properties of young granule cells. Our results show that doublecortin-positive immature neurons displayed increased dendritic arborization after chronic fluoxetine treatment. In addition, chronic but not subchronic fluoxetine elicited a decrease in the number of newborn neurons expressing immature markers and a corresponding increase in those expressing mature markers. These results suggest that chronic fluoxetine accelerates the maturation of immature neurons. We also investigated the effects of fluoxetine on a form of neurogenesis-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus. This form of LTP was enhanced by chronic fluoxetine, and ablation of neurogenesis with x-irradiation completely blocked the effects of chronic fluoxetine on LTP. Finally, we demonstrated that the behavioral effect of fluoxetine in the noveltysuppressed feeding test requires chronic administration and is blocked by x-irradiation. These results show that the effects of fluoxetine on LTP and behavior both require neurogenesis and follow a similar delayed time course. The effects of chronic fluoxetine on the maturation and functional properties of young neurons may therefore be necessary for its anxiolytic/antidepressant activity and contribute to its delayed onset of therapeutic efficacy.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2007
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that plays a role in the modul... more Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that plays a role in the modulation of food intake and mood. In rodents, the actions of MCH are mediated via the MCHR1 receptor. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of acute (1 h) and chronic (28 days) p.o. dosing of a novel MCHR1 antagonist, N-[3-(1-{[4-(3,4-difluorophenoxy)-phenyl]methyl}(4-piperidyl))-4-methylphenyl]-2-methylpropanamide (SNAP 94847), in three mouse models predictive of antidepressant/anxiolytic-like activity: novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) in 129S6/SvEvTac mice and light/dark paradigm (L/D) and forced swim test (FST) in BALB/cJ mice. A significant increase in the time spent in the light compartment of the L/D box was observed in response to acute and chronic treatment with SNAP 94847. An anxiolytic/antidepressant-like effect was found in the NSF test after acute and chronic treatment, whereas no effect was observed in the FST. Because neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus has been shown to be a requirement for the effects of antidepressants in the NSF test, we investigated whether neurogenesis was required for the effect of SNAP 94847. We showed that chronic treatment with SNAP 94847 stimulated proliferation of progenitors in the dentate gyrus. The efficacy of SNAP 94847 in the NSF test, however, was unaltered in mice in which neurogenesis was suppressed by X-irradiation. These results indicate that SNAP 94847 has a unique anxiolytic-like profile after both acute and chronic administration and that its mechanism of action is distinct from that of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants.
Journal of Neurochemistry, 2004
The role of serotonin (5-HT) 1B receptors in the mechanism of action of selective serotonin re-up... more The role of serotonin (5-HT) 1B receptors in the mechanism of action of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI) was studied by using intracerebral in vivo microdialysis in conscious, freely moving wild-type and 5-HT 1B receptor knockout (KO 5-HT 1B ) mice in order to compare the effects of chronic administration of paroxetine via osmotic minipumps (1 mg per kg per day for 14 days) on extracellular 5-HT levels ([5-HT]ext) in the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus. Basal [5-HT]ext values in the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus, 20 h after removing the minipump, were not altered by chronic paroxetine treatment in both genotypes. On day 15, in the ventral hippocampus, an acute paroxetine challenge (1 mg/kg i.p.) induced a larger increase in [5-HT]ext in saline-pretreated mutant than in wild-type mice. This difference between the two genotypes in the effect of the paroxetine challenge persisted following chronic paroxetine treatment. Conversely, in the medial prefrontal cortex, the paroxetine challenge increased [5-HT]ext similarly in saline-pretreated mice of both genotypes. Such a challenge produced a further increase in cortical [5-HT]ext compared with that in salinepretreated groups of both genotypes, but no differences were found between genotypes following chronic treatment. To avoid the interaction with raphe 5-HT 1A autoreceptors, 1 lM paroxetine was perfused locally through the dialysis probe implanted in the ventral hippocampus; similar increases in hippocampal [5-HT]ext were found in acutely or chronically treated wild-type mice. Systemic administration of the mixed 5-HT 1B/1D receptor antagonist GR 127935 (4 mg/kg) in chronically treated wildtype mice potentiated the effect of a paroxetine challenge dose on [5-HT]ext in the ventral hippocampus, whereas systemic administration of the selective 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist WAY 100635 did not. By using the zero net flux method of quantitative microdialysis in the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus of wild-type and KO 5-HT 1B mice, we found that basal [5-HT]ext and the extraction fraction of 5-HT were similar in the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus of both genotypes, suggesting that no compensatory response to the constitutive deletion of the 5-HT 1B receptor involving changes in 5-HT uptake capacity occurred in vivo. As steady-state brain concentrations of paroxetine at day 14 were similar in both genotypes, it is unlikely that differences in the effects of a paroxetine challenge on hippocampal [5-HT]ext are due to alterations of the drug's pharmacokinetic properties in mutants. These data suggest that there are differences between the ventral hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex in activation of terminal 5-HT 1B autoreceptors and their role in regulating dialysate 5-HT levels. These presynaptic receptors retain their capacity to limit 5-HT release mainly in the ventral hippocampus following chronic paroxetine treatment in mice. Keywords: antidepressant drug, 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B autoreceptor, intracerebral microdialysis, knockout mice, paroxetine, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor.
Behavioural Brain Research, 2005
Interstrain mice variability in response to antidepressant drugs has been reported in the most co... more Interstrain mice variability in response to antidepressant drugs has been reported in the most commonly utilized behavioural animal models of depression: the tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test (FST). The behaviour of mice was examined in both tests for screening various antidepressants with different biochemical mechanism of action. Previous studies have revealed that drug sensitivity depends on the strain and test used. Swiss mice is the most sensitive strain to detect serotonin and/or noradrenaline antidepressants whereas C57BL/6J was the only strain sensitive to bupropion (dopaminergic agent) using the FST. In the TST, all antidepressants studied decreased the immobility time in Swiss and C57BL/6J strains. Detection of an antidepressant-like activity could be performed using only one test (TST with Swiss mice or FST with Swiss and C57Bl/6 Rj mice), but both tests are necessary to conclude on the mechanism of action.
Mice were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine (100 mg/ml ketamine; 20 mg/ml xylazine), placed... more Mice were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine (100 mg/ml ketamine; 20 mg/ml xylazine), placed in a stereotaxic frame and exposed to cranial irradiation using a Siemens Stabilopan X-ray system operated at 300 kVp and 20 mA. Animals were protected with a lead shield that covered the entire body, but left unshielded a 3.22 X 11-mm treatment field above the hippocampus (interaural 3.00 to 0.00) exposed to X-Ray. Dosimetry was done using a Capintec Model PR06G electrometer ionization chamber and Kodak Readypack Radiographic XV films. The corrected dose rate was approximately 1.8 Gy per min at a source to skin distance of 30 cm. The procedure lasted 2 min and 47 sec, delivering a total of 5 Gy. Three 5 Gy doses were delivered on days 1, 4 and 8.
Thérapie
Depression is an incapacitating disease which needs appropriate treatment. This article reviews t... more Depression is an incapacitating disease which needs appropriate treatment. This article reviews the pharmacology of antidepressant drugs and the future perspectives of treating mood disorders such as depression. The foremost theory for explaining the biological basis of depression has been the monoamine hypothesis. Depression is due to a deficiency in one or other biogenic monoamines (serotonin, 5-HT; noradrenaline, NA; dopamine, DA). Antidepressant drugs are therefore classified according to their ability to improve monoaminergic transmission. Since this first theory, other explanations based on abnormal function of monoamine receptors or associated with impaired signalling pathways have been suggested. Notable progress has been accomplished in the treatment of major depressive disorders with new compounds recently discovered (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: SSRI; serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors: SNRI). Behavioural, electrophysiological and microdialysis studies have shown that serotonin (5-HT) receptors, mainly 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT2C sub-types, exert a key role in modulating antidepressant activity. Indirect activation of neurotransmitter receptors by antidepressants may also lead, via increases in endogenous levels of serotonin in synapses in specific brain regions, to activation of various G proteins coupled to a receptor, signal of transduction, transcription factors and neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Thus, depression may be considered as a transduction mechanism anomaly. This hypothesis needs to be clarified by molecular biology. Although antidepressants have improved the therapeutic potential compared to tricyclics (TCA) in terms of reduced side effects, a number of problems still occur with these drugs. Clinical effects are not always observed until after this time has elapsed (4-6 weeks) and a substantial proportion of depressed patients show only partial or no response to antidepressants. Knowledge of the existence of links between neurotransmitter systems and the discovery of the most specific target, 5-HT receptors, should lead to improvements in antidepressant therapy. Developing drugs using innovative mechanisms such as directly acting on 5-HT receptors (5-HT1A agonists or 5-HT2 antagonists), would appear to be useful in the treatment of depression. The use of antidepressants in anxiety disorders such as obsessional compulsive disorders and even generalised anxiety, highlights the distinction between antidepressants and classic anxiolytics such as benzodiazepines, or even buspirone.
L Encéphale
Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is composed of 2 enantiomers, R-citalopram ... more Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is composed of 2 enantiomers, R-citalopram and S-citalopram, 2 different non-superimposable mirror image forms of the same molecule. Separating these 2 enantiomers has enabled studying their individual properties. Citalopram's pharmacologic activity is centered on the S enantiomer's high affinity for the serotonin transporter which is twice as high as citalopram's and 30 to 40 times higher than R-citalopram. This leads to an inhibition of serotonin reuptake two times higher for escitalopram compared with citalopram and confirms that citalopram's pharmacologic activity is due to the S-enantiomer. Contrary to what might be expected, the effect of escitalopram (DCI of S-citalopram) is not superimposable on an equivalent dose of citalopram but is superior. Several hypotheses could explain this superiority. First, conversions of the S-enantiomer into the R-enantiomer may occur, but there is no reason why this phenomenon would happen more when both enantiomers are present than when escitalopram is alone. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic studies have shown that S or R configurations are stable in vivo. Second, a particular action of R-citalopram may influence the S-enantiomer's kinetic from intestinal absorption to blood-brain barrier. But concentrations of both enantiomers in the frontal cortex are the same. Therefore, R-citalopram does not interfere with escitalopram's kinetic. Finally, interactions may appear at the synaptic level. Results of experimentation, after in situ injection to the cortex level, confirm that an interaction between the 2 enantiomers takes place at that level. A direct negative interaction of R-citalopram on one or several effectors that create the antidepressive effect seems justified. This negative interaction has been studied in depth. Animal models have shown that the R-enantiomer has no antidepressive potential and when associated with escitalopram prohedonic effects disappear. Escitalopram is more powerful than citalopram in reducing anxiety but the presence of R-citalopram reduces the positive effects of escitalopram. We then may conclude that R-citalopram antagonizes the antidepressive effects of escitalopram and that its presence limits the therapeutic effect and reduces the speed of action of citalopram. The antagonism of escitalopram by R-citalopram was not expected and one hypothesis is that a direct interaction between the 2 enantiomers may occur on a particular site of the serotonin transporter. Results have shown that R-citalopram has a significant affinity only for the allosteric site of the transporter, which regulates the affinity of the ligand for the active site at the origin of serotonin reuptake inhibition. Unlike citalopram, escitalopram's pharmacologic action is not blocked by R-citalopram explaining its greater therapeutic efficacy and more rapid mode of action.
The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed by dopaminergic (DA) neurons have long been ... more Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed by dopaminergic (DA) neurons have long been considered as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of several neuropsychiatric diseases, including nicotine and cocaine addiction or Parkinson's disease. However, DA neurons express mRNAs coding for most, if not all, neuronal nAChR subunits, and the subunit composition of functional nAChRs has been difficult to establish. Immunoprecipitation experiments performed on mouse striatal extracts allowed us to identify three main types of heteromeric nAChRs (alpha4beta2*, alpha6beta2*, and alpha4alpha6beta2*) in DA terminal fields. The functional relevance of these subtypes was then examined by studying nicotine-induced DA release in striatal synaptosomes and recording ACh-elicited currents in DA neurons fromalpha4, alpha6, alpha4alpha6, and beta2 knock-out mice. Our results establish that alpha6beta2* nAChRs are functional and sensitive to alpha-conotoxin MII inhibition. These r...
Pharmacogenomics, Jan 30, 2015
We propose an extensive review of the literature about BDNF/TRKB/P75NTR polymorphisms and their c... more We propose an extensive review of the literature about BDNF/TRKB/P75NTR polymorphisms and their consequences on antidepressant efficacy in depressed patients. Five genome-wide association studies and 30 association studies were included. Twenty seven studies focused on the Val66Met polymorphism (rs6265), the Met allele being associated with a higher antidepressant efficacy only in Asian patients. Other BDNF/TRKB/P75NTR polymorphisms (BDNF: rs7103411, rs7124442, rs908867, rs2049046, rs61888800, rs10501087, rs1491850; TRKB: rs10868223, rs11140778, rs1565445, rs1659412; P75NTR: rs2072446) were reported to be associated with antidepressant efficacy but these results were not replicated. Finally, there are 15 positive studies among 30 studies regarding BDNF/TRKB/P75NTR polymorphisms. The only SNP which benefits of at least three positive studies is the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism (rs6265). Consequently, with a lack of good and consistent studies, the clinical utility of BDNF in treatment ...
Brain Stimulation, 2015
Neurogenesis continues throughout life in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Chronic treatment with m... more Neurogenesis continues throughout life in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Chronic treatment with monoaminergic antidepressant drugs stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis, and new neurons are required for some antidepressant-like behaviors. Electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), a laboratory model of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), robustly stimulate hippocampal neurogenesis. ECS requires newborn neurons to improve behavioral deficits in a mouse neuroendocrine model of depression. We utilized immunohistochemistry for doublecortin (DCX), a marker of migrating neuroblasts, to assess the impact of Sham or ECS treatments (1 treatment per day, 7 treatments over 15 days) on hippocampal neurogenesis in animals receiving 6 weeks of either vehicle or chronic corticosterone (CORT) treatment in the drinking water. We conducted tests of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior to investigate the ability of ECS to reverse CORT-induced behavioral deficits. We also determined whether adult neurons are required for the effects of ECS. For these studies we utilized a pharmacogenetic model (hGFAPtk) to conditionally ablate adult born neurons. We then evaluated behavioral indices of depression after Sham or ECS treatments in CORT-treated wild-type animals and CORT-treated animals lacking neurogenesis. ECS is able to rescue CORT-induced behavioral deficits in indices of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior. ECS increases both the number and dendritic complexity of adult-born migrating neuroblasts. The ability of ECS to promote antidepressant-like behavior is blocked in mice lacking adult neurogenesis. ECS ameliorates a number of anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors caused by chronic exposure to CORT. ECS requires intact hippocampal neurogenesis for its efficacy in these behavioral indices.
Neuroscience Letters, 2015
• Nrf2 signaling is affected in a mouse model of anxiety/depression (the CORT model).
Biological Psychiatry, 2015
Ketamine as a prophylactic against stress-induced depressive-like behavior, Biological Psychiatry... more Ketamine as a prophylactic against stress-induced depressive-like behavior, Biological Psychiatry, http://dx.Abstract Background: Stress exposure is one of the greatest risk factors for psychiatric illnesses like Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
Neuron, Jan 15, 2015
Impulsive and aggressive behaviors are both modulated by serotonergic signaling, specifically thr... more Impulsive and aggressive behaviors are both modulated by serotonergic signaling, specifically through the serotonin 1B receptor (5-HT1BR). 5-HT1BR knockout mice show increased aggression and impulsivity, and 5-HT1BR polymorphisms are associated with aggression and drug addiction in humans. To dissect the mechanisms by which the 5-HT1BR affects these phenotypes, we developed a mouse model to spatially and temporally regulate 5-HT1BR expression. Our results demonstrate that forebrain 5-HT1B heteroreceptors expressed during an early postnatal period contribute to the development of the neural systems underlying adult aggression. However, distinct heteroreceptors acting during adulthood are involved in mediating impulsivity. Correlating with the impulsivity, dopamine in the nucleus accumbens is elevated in the absence of 5-HT1BRs and normalized following adult rescue of the receptor. Overall, these data show that while adolescent expression of 5-HT1BRs influences aggressive behavior, a ...
Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN, 2008
We sought to demonstrate whether the specific activation of serotonin1B (5-HT1B) heteroreceptors ... more We sought to demonstrate whether the specific activation of serotonin1B (5-HT1B) heteroreceptors by systemic or local administration of the selective 5-HT1B receptor agonist anpirtoline could mediate antidepressant-like effects in mice. We confirmed the selectivity of action of anpirtoline in the forced swim test (FST) in 5-HT1B knockout mice. We then evaluated the behavioural effects of anpirtoline on 5-HT-lesioned (5,7-dihydroxytryptamine creatinine [5,7-DHT]) and 5-HT-depleted (p-CPA) mice. We estimated the depletion level and selectivity of action of 5,7-DHT and p-CPA by measuring the neurotransmitter levels and [3H]-citalopram binding. We investigated the antidepressant-like effect of anpirtoline when locally perfused in an area of the brain where the response is mainly attributable to presynaptic (cortex and hippocampus) or postsynaptic receptors (substantia nigra and caudate putamen). Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist GR127935 on the activ...
Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série III, Sciences de la vie, 2001
We used knockout mice and receptor antagonist strategies to investigate the contribution of the s... more We used knockout mice and receptor antagonist strategies to investigate the contribution of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 5-HT1B receptor subtype in mediating the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Using in vivo intracerebral microdialysis in awake mice, we show that a single systemic administration of paroxetine (1 or 5 mg/kg, i.p.) increased extracellular serotonin levels [5-HT]ext in the ventral hippocampus and frontal cortex of wild-type and mutant mice. However, in the ventral hippocampus, paroxetine at the two doses studied induced a larger increase in [5-HT]ext in knockout than in wild-type mice. In the frontal cortex, the effect of paroxetine was larger in mutants than in wild-type mice at the 1 mg/kg dose but not at 5 mg/kg. In addition, either the absence of the 5-HT1B receptor or its blockade with the mixed 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist, GR 127935, potentiates the effect of a single administration of paroxetine on [5-HT]ext more in the...
The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology / official scientific journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP), 2009
Preclinical data support the view that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonergic ... more Preclinical data support the view that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonergic systems regulate circuits involved in affective disorders. The present study examined neurochemical and behavioural consequences of an acute intrahippocampal injection of BDNF combined with an antidepressant by using in-vivo intracerebral microdialysis in the ventral hippocampus (vHi) in conscious mice and behavioural paradigms predictive of antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects [the mouse forced swim test (FST), the open-field (OF) paradigm and the elevated plus maze (EPM)]. Neurochemical data revealed that BDNF (100 ng) potentiated the effects of the systemic administration of a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI; paroxetine 4 mg/kg i.p.) and that of a locally applied citalopram perfusion on dialysate 5-HT levels in the vHi. These neurochemical changes correlated with behavioural data since, in the FST, antidepressant-like activity of paroxetine as measured on swimming b...
Neuroscience, Jan 22, 2014
Sleep/wake disorders are frequently associated with anxiety and depression and to elevated levels... more Sleep/wake disorders are frequently associated with anxiety and depression and to elevated levels of cortisol. Even though these alterations are increasingly sought in animal models, no study has investigated the specific effects of chronic corticosterone (CORT) administration on sleep. We characterized sleep/wake disorders in a neuroendocrine mouse model of anxiety/depression, based on chronic CORT administration in the drinking water (35 μg/ml for 4 weeks, "CORT model"). The CORT model was markedly affected during the dark phase by non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) increase without consistent alteration of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Total sleep duration (SD) and sleep efficiency (SE) increased concomitantly during both the 24h and the dark phase, due to the increase in the number of NREM sleep episodes without a change in their mean duration. Conversely, the total duration of wake decreased due to a decrease in the mean duration of wake episodes despite an increas...