Denis Zwirn - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Denis Zwirn

Research paper thumbnail of REASONING BY ANALOGY AND BY DIFFERENCE

The article presents a novel and extended analysis of reasoning by analogy. It delves deeper into... more The article presents a novel and extended analysis of reasoning by analogy. It delves deeper into the concept of 'domain,' derived from Wittgenstein's idea of categories, which serves as a fundamental aspect in defining relative analogies. Building upon this foundation, it closely examines what the literature refers to as 'determination rules,' and specifies their probabilistic and non-monotonic forms. A detailed exploration of the range of specific cases that can be encountered, introducing new concepts such as separation rules, counter-determination rules, and counter-separation rules, is proposed. Subsequently, we illustrate how this set of rules enables a unified set of inference schemes of analogical reasoning. This leads to address examples typically treated as independent and specific instances in the literature, often relying on vague epistemic recommendations. The article suggests that reasoning by analogy is a particular case within a broader framework of reasoning by analogy and by difference, shedding light on various analogical debates.

Research paper thumbnail of L'argument de Popper-Miller contre la justification probabiliste de l'induction

L'âge de la science, 2, épistémologiePublisher: Odile Jacob, 1989

Karl Popper s’est toujours attaché à démontrer l’irrationalité des arguments inductivistes [10, 1... more Karl Popper s’est toujours attaché à démontrer l’irrationalité des arguments inductivistes [10, 11], même lorsque ceux-ci se replient sur le terrain des probabilités. Le dernier épisode de ce combat a son origine dans un court article de 1983, écrit en collaboration avec David Miller : « On the Impossibility of Inductive Probability » [12]. La conclusion de cet article va plus loin qu’aucun des arguments précédents de Popper : l’induction agirait, mais en sens inverse de ce que croient les inductivistes naïfs. Nous analyserons et critiquerons cette conclusion quelque peu sibylline. Indépendamment de savoir ce qu’il en est de l’induction, la controverse qu’a suscitée l’argument de Popper et Miller est significative du tour technique que peut prendre la philosophie des sciences : comme la physique ou les mathématiques, elle semble susceptible, à l’issue d’un certain nombre de calculs, de nous livrer des résultats surprenants qui nous forcent à troquer nos intuitions naïves contre des révélations démontrées. Cette possibilité représente certainement un point fort pour la rationalisation de ce domaine philosophique, à une restriction près : que l’on ne dissolve pas la réflexion philosophique dans une rhétorique mathématique noyant ainsi les problèmes de fond. L’analyse que nous exposons témoigne, en effet, du rôle privilégié que continuent à jouer l’intuition et les questions de sens et d’interprétation des concepts, malgré l’apparence strictement formelle des arguments échangés.

Research paper thumbnail of Confirmation non probabiliste

Méthodes logiques pour les sciences cognitivesChapter: 2Publisher: Jacques Dubucs & François LepageEditors: Hermes, 1995

Les principes d'adéquation de la confirmation absolue et de la confirmation relative sont interpr... more Les principes d'adéquation de la confirmation absolue et de la confirmation relative sont interprétés dans le cadre quantitatif de la théorie des possibilités de Dubois & Prade.

Research paper thumbnail of Principe de Miller et révision des croyances probabilistes

Révision des croyancesChapter: 4Publisher: Lavoisier - Hermès scienceEditors: Pierre Livet, 2002

Les théories subjectivistes de la probabilité objective proposent une analyse des relations entre... more Les théories subjectivistes de la probabilité objective proposent une analyse des relations entre les probabilités subjectives et objectives articulée autour du principe de Miller ou de manière similaire du "principe principal" de Lewis. Ce principe peut servir de base à la compréhension des probabilités objectives d'un point de vue subjectiviste, ou réciproquement à la compréhension des propriétés des probabilités subjectives en considérant que l'agent régule ces dernières en fonction des probabilités objectives dont elles dérivent. Cette analyse est appliquée à l'usage de la règle de Bayes et de la règle d'Imaging dans différents contextes de révision des croyances, avec des probabilités connues ou du second ordre.

Research paper thumbnail of Raisonnements non certains et changement de croyances

Probabilités subjectives et rationnalité de l'actionChapter: 4Publisher: CNRS EditionsEditors: Thierry Martin, 2003

Les travaux d’Intelligence Artificielle proposent des modélisations de nombreux types de raisonne... more Les travaux d’Intelligence Artificielle proposent des modélisations de nombreux types de raisonnements ou d’énoncés ordinaires qui échappent tout autant à la certitude déductive que les raisonnements scientifiques : - les raisonnements non-monotones dont les conclusions s’avèrent défaisables lorsqu’on acquiert de nouvelles informations ; - les énoncés contrefactuels qui indiquent ce qui passerait si un antécédent non réalisé venait à s’actualiser ; - les raisonnements abductifs qui consistent à dégager de faits symptomatiques des hypothèses explicatives ; - les raisonnements probabilistes dont les conclusions sont affectées d’un degré de croyance de nature subjective. Parmi les modélisations proposées, une approche apparaît de plus en plus capable d’offrir un cadre synthétique à toutes les autres: la théorie du changement des croyances. Ce corpus théorique, dû aux travaux fondateurs de Alchourron- Gärdenfors-Makinson [ALC 85], développe formellement l’idée fondamentale de Quine quant à la manière dont nos croyances évoluent. Les croyances y sont en effet dotées de « degrés d’enracinement épistémique » qui contraignent leurs méthodes de révision. L’objectif de cet article est d’indiquer, à travers plusieurs exemples, la fertilité de cette idée pour représenter les diverses formes de raisonnement non déductif.

Research paper thumbnail of Reasoning by Analogy and by Difference

The article presents a novel and extended analysis of reasoning by analogy. It delves deeper into... more The article presents a novel and extended analysis of reasoning by analogy. It delves deeper into the concept of 'domain,' derived from Wittgenstein's idea of categories, which serves as a fundamental aspect in defining relative analogies. Building upon this foundation, it closely examines what the literature refers to as 'determination rules,' and specifies their probabilistic and non-monotonic forms. A detailed exploration of the range of specific cases that can be encountered, introducing new concepts such as separation rules, counter-determination rules, and counter-separation rules, is proposed. Subsequently, we illustrate how this set of rules enables a unified set of inference schemes of analogical reasoning. This leads to address examples typically treated as independent and specific instances in the literature, often relying on vague epistemic recommendations. The article suggests that reasoning by analogy is a particular case within a broader framework of reasoning by analogy and by difference, shedding light on various analogical debates.

Research paper thumbnail of Le raisonnement par analogie considéré comme un schéma d'inférence

Dialogue, Aug 1, 2022

RésuméMalgré son importance dans divers domaines, le raisonnement par analogie n'a pas encore... more RésuméMalgré son importance dans divers domaines, le raisonnement par analogie n'a pas encore reçu de représentation formelle unifiée. Notre contribution suggère un schéma d'inférence général compatible avec différentes logiques. Premièrement, une assertion analogique définit la similarité entre deux objets en fonction de leurs propriétés, de façon seulement relative. Deuxièmement, une inférence analogique transfère une propriété nouvelle d'un objet à un objet similaire, grâce à une méta-hypothèse d'arrière-plan qui relie deux ensembles de propriétés. Le degré de croyance dans la conclusion est directement relié au degré de croyance dans cette méta-hypothèse.

Research paper thumbnail of Analogical Reasoning as an Inference Scheme

Research Square (Research Square), Feb 9, 2021

Analogy plays an important role in science as well as in non-scientific domains such as taxonomy ... more Analogy plays an important role in science as well as in non-scientific domains such as taxonomy or learning. We make explicit the difference and complementarity between the concept of analogical statement, which merely states that two objects have a relevant similarity, and the concept of analogical inference, which relies on the former in order to draw a conclusion from some premises. For the first, we show that it is not possible to give an absolute definition of what it means for two objects to be analogous; a relative definition of analogy is introduced, only relevant from some point of view. For the second, we argue that it is necessary to introduce a background over-hypothesis relating two sets of properties; the belief strength of the conclusion is then directly related to the belief strength of the over-hypothesis. Moreover, we assert the syntactical identity between analogical inference and single case induction despite important pragmatic differences.

Research paper thumbnail of Metaconfirmation

Theory and Decision, Nov 1, 1996

ABSTRACT When is it possible to decide that a theory is confirmed by the available evidence? Prob... more ABSTRACT When is it possible to decide that a theory is confirmed by the available evidence? Probabilities seem first to be the good framework for addressing this question. But the philosophers of science did not succeed in building any probabilistic criterion of confirmation beyond dispute. We examine two of the main reasons for this failure. First, the principles of adequacy used by philosophers are often logically inconsistent with each other. We show in the paper how to build consistent subsets of these principles. We identify three main subsets which embody the principles of adequacy for two main kinds of confirmation, namely the relative confirmation and the absolute confirmation. Second, we prove the impossibility of building any probabilistic criterion for absolute confirmation.

Research paper thumbnail of The Rough Road Toward Interoperability

Research paper thumbnail of La révision des croyances

Nous modifions sans cesse nos croyances lorsque nous sommes confrontes a des informations contred... more Nous modifions sans cesse nos croyances lorsque nous sommes confrontes a des informations contredisant ce qui nous semblait acquis. Les logiciens ont developpe des theories qui formalisent ces mecanismes

Research paper thumbnail of Les règles de révision des croyances

Research paper thumbnail of Numilog: un catalogue de livres numériques pour les bibliothèques et centres de documentation

Research paper thumbnail of L'Ecole historique allemande : contribution à une critique de l'histoire de la pensée économique /

Mémoire DEA : Histoire de la pensée économique / Paris 1 ; 1981 : sess. nov. Multigraphié.

Research paper thumbnail of Metaconfirmation

Theory and Decision, 1996

When is it possible to decide that a theory is confirmed by the available evidence? Probabilities... more When is it possible to decide that a theory is confirmed by the available evidence? Probabilities seem first to be the good framework for addressing this question. But the philosophers of science did not succeed in building any probabilistic criterion of confirmation beyond dispute. We examine two of the main reasons for this failure. First, the principles of adequacy used by philosophers are often logically inconsistent with each other. We show in the paper how to build consistent subsets of these principles. We identify three main subsets which embody the principles of adequacy for two main kinds of confirmation, namely the relative confirmation and the absolute confirmation. Second, we prove the impossibility of building any probabilistic criterion for absolute confirmation.

Research paper thumbnail of Contexte et offre

Documentaliste-sciences De L'information, 2010

... 47 • PDF (Portable Document Format) : c'est un format ouvert, créé par Adobe, qui préser... more ... 47 • PDF (Portable Document Format) : c'est un format ouvert, créé par Adobe, qui préserve la mise en ... et commercial) de la bibliothèque numérique commercialisée en BtoB est longtemps resté le principal mode de diffusion des publications ... Dès lors, le processus s'est accéléré ...

Research paper thumbnail of Can Bayes' Rule be Justified by Cognitive Rationality Principles

Theory and Decision, 2002

The justification of Bayes' rule by cognitive rationality principles is undertaken by extending t... more The justification of Bayes' rule by cognitive rationality principles is undertaken by extending the propositional axiom systems usually proposed in two contexts of belief change: revising and updating. Probabilistic belief change axioms are introduced, either by direct transcription of the set-theoretic ones, or in a stronger way but nevertheless in the spirit of the underlying propositional principles. Weak revising axioms are shown to be satisfied by a General Conditioning rule, extending Bayes' rule but also compatible with others, and weak updating axioms by a General Imaging rule, extending Lewis' rule. Strong axioms (equivalent to the Miller–Popper axiom system) are necessary to justify Bayes' rule in a revising context, and justify in fact an extended Bayes' rule which applies, even if the message has zero probability.

Research paper thumbnail of Change rules for hierarchical beliefs

International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 2011

The paper builds a belief hierarchy as a common framework to all uncertainty measures for which a... more The paper builds a belief hierarchy as a common framework to all uncertainty measures for which an actor is ambiguous about his uncertain beliefs. The belief hierarchy is moreover interpreted by distinguishing physical and psychical worlds, associated to objective and subjective probabilities. Various principles are introduced in order to transform a belief hierarchy, which are applied to establish some links between different contexts of belief change. The numerous belief change rules proposed in the literature can then be associated to specific belief hierarchies and to specific contexts of belief change and epistemic justification of these rules given. The papers brings new and original analysis of the relation between subjective and objective beliefs and on the possibility of learning some generic probabilistic belief despite its resiliency.

Research paper thumbnail of Logique inductive et soutien probabiliste

Dialogue-canadian Philosophical Review, 1993

ABSTRACT Karl Popper et David Miller (P.M.) ont soutenu l'idée selon laquelle le soutien ... more ABSTRACT Karl Popper et David Miller (P.M.) ont soutenu l'idée selon laquelle le soutien probabiliste positif (s(h,e) = p(h,e) − p(h) > 0) que e apporte á h, lorsque de h on déduit e (h e), ne justifie en rien l'espoir de pouvoir construire une logique inductive (L.I.) fondée sur le calcul des probabilityés.

Research paper thumbnail of Abductive Logics in a Belief Revision Framework

Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 2005

Abduction was first introduced in the epistemological context of scientific discovery. It was mor... more Abduction was first introduced in the epistemological context of scientific discovery. It was more recently analyzed in artificial intelligence, especially with respect to diagnosis analysis or ordinary reasoning. These two fields share a common view of abduction as a general process of hypotheses formation. More precisely, abduction is conceived as a kind of reverse explanation where a hypothesis H can be abduced from events E if H is a “good explanation” of E. The paper surveys four known schemes for abduction that can be used in both fields. Its first contribution is a taxonomy of these schemes according to a common semantic framework based on belief revision. Its second contribution is to produce, for each non-trivial scheme, a representation theorem linking its semantic framework to a set of postulates. Its third contribution is to present semantic and axiomatic arguments in favor of one of these schemes, “ordered abduction,” which has never been vindicated in the literature.

Research paper thumbnail of REASONING BY ANALOGY AND BY DIFFERENCE

The article presents a novel and extended analysis of reasoning by analogy. It delves deeper into... more The article presents a novel and extended analysis of reasoning by analogy. It delves deeper into the concept of 'domain,' derived from Wittgenstein's idea of categories, which serves as a fundamental aspect in defining relative analogies. Building upon this foundation, it closely examines what the literature refers to as 'determination rules,' and specifies their probabilistic and non-monotonic forms. A detailed exploration of the range of specific cases that can be encountered, introducing new concepts such as separation rules, counter-determination rules, and counter-separation rules, is proposed. Subsequently, we illustrate how this set of rules enables a unified set of inference schemes of analogical reasoning. This leads to address examples typically treated as independent and specific instances in the literature, often relying on vague epistemic recommendations. The article suggests that reasoning by analogy is a particular case within a broader framework of reasoning by analogy and by difference, shedding light on various analogical debates.

Research paper thumbnail of L'argument de Popper-Miller contre la justification probabiliste de l'induction

L'âge de la science, 2, épistémologiePublisher: Odile Jacob, 1989

Karl Popper s’est toujours attaché à démontrer l’irrationalité des arguments inductivistes [10, 1... more Karl Popper s’est toujours attaché à démontrer l’irrationalité des arguments inductivistes [10, 11], même lorsque ceux-ci se replient sur le terrain des probabilités. Le dernier épisode de ce combat a son origine dans un court article de 1983, écrit en collaboration avec David Miller : « On the Impossibility of Inductive Probability » [12]. La conclusion de cet article va plus loin qu’aucun des arguments précédents de Popper : l’induction agirait, mais en sens inverse de ce que croient les inductivistes naïfs. Nous analyserons et critiquerons cette conclusion quelque peu sibylline. Indépendamment de savoir ce qu’il en est de l’induction, la controverse qu’a suscitée l’argument de Popper et Miller est significative du tour technique que peut prendre la philosophie des sciences : comme la physique ou les mathématiques, elle semble susceptible, à l’issue d’un certain nombre de calculs, de nous livrer des résultats surprenants qui nous forcent à troquer nos intuitions naïves contre des révélations démontrées. Cette possibilité représente certainement un point fort pour la rationalisation de ce domaine philosophique, à une restriction près : que l’on ne dissolve pas la réflexion philosophique dans une rhétorique mathématique noyant ainsi les problèmes de fond. L’analyse que nous exposons témoigne, en effet, du rôle privilégié que continuent à jouer l’intuition et les questions de sens et d’interprétation des concepts, malgré l’apparence strictement formelle des arguments échangés.

Research paper thumbnail of Confirmation non probabiliste

Méthodes logiques pour les sciences cognitivesChapter: 2Publisher: Jacques Dubucs & François LepageEditors: Hermes, 1995

Les principes d'adéquation de la confirmation absolue et de la confirmation relative sont interpr... more Les principes d'adéquation de la confirmation absolue et de la confirmation relative sont interprétés dans le cadre quantitatif de la théorie des possibilités de Dubois & Prade.

Research paper thumbnail of Principe de Miller et révision des croyances probabilistes

Révision des croyancesChapter: 4Publisher: Lavoisier - Hermès scienceEditors: Pierre Livet, 2002

Les théories subjectivistes de la probabilité objective proposent une analyse des relations entre... more Les théories subjectivistes de la probabilité objective proposent une analyse des relations entre les probabilités subjectives et objectives articulée autour du principe de Miller ou de manière similaire du "principe principal" de Lewis. Ce principe peut servir de base à la compréhension des probabilités objectives d'un point de vue subjectiviste, ou réciproquement à la compréhension des propriétés des probabilités subjectives en considérant que l'agent régule ces dernières en fonction des probabilités objectives dont elles dérivent. Cette analyse est appliquée à l'usage de la règle de Bayes et de la règle d'Imaging dans différents contextes de révision des croyances, avec des probabilités connues ou du second ordre.

Research paper thumbnail of Raisonnements non certains et changement de croyances

Probabilités subjectives et rationnalité de l'actionChapter: 4Publisher: CNRS EditionsEditors: Thierry Martin, 2003

Les travaux d’Intelligence Artificielle proposent des modélisations de nombreux types de raisonne... more Les travaux d’Intelligence Artificielle proposent des modélisations de nombreux types de raisonnements ou d’énoncés ordinaires qui échappent tout autant à la certitude déductive que les raisonnements scientifiques : - les raisonnements non-monotones dont les conclusions s’avèrent défaisables lorsqu’on acquiert de nouvelles informations ; - les énoncés contrefactuels qui indiquent ce qui passerait si un antécédent non réalisé venait à s’actualiser ; - les raisonnements abductifs qui consistent à dégager de faits symptomatiques des hypothèses explicatives ; - les raisonnements probabilistes dont les conclusions sont affectées d’un degré de croyance de nature subjective. Parmi les modélisations proposées, une approche apparaît de plus en plus capable d’offrir un cadre synthétique à toutes les autres: la théorie du changement des croyances. Ce corpus théorique, dû aux travaux fondateurs de Alchourron- Gärdenfors-Makinson [ALC 85], développe formellement l’idée fondamentale de Quine quant à la manière dont nos croyances évoluent. Les croyances y sont en effet dotées de « degrés d’enracinement épistémique » qui contraignent leurs méthodes de révision. L’objectif de cet article est d’indiquer, à travers plusieurs exemples, la fertilité de cette idée pour représenter les diverses formes de raisonnement non déductif.

Research paper thumbnail of Reasoning by Analogy and by Difference

The article presents a novel and extended analysis of reasoning by analogy. It delves deeper into... more The article presents a novel and extended analysis of reasoning by analogy. It delves deeper into the concept of 'domain,' derived from Wittgenstein's idea of categories, which serves as a fundamental aspect in defining relative analogies. Building upon this foundation, it closely examines what the literature refers to as 'determination rules,' and specifies their probabilistic and non-monotonic forms. A detailed exploration of the range of specific cases that can be encountered, introducing new concepts such as separation rules, counter-determination rules, and counter-separation rules, is proposed. Subsequently, we illustrate how this set of rules enables a unified set of inference schemes of analogical reasoning. This leads to address examples typically treated as independent and specific instances in the literature, often relying on vague epistemic recommendations. The article suggests that reasoning by analogy is a particular case within a broader framework of reasoning by analogy and by difference, shedding light on various analogical debates.

Research paper thumbnail of Le raisonnement par analogie considéré comme un schéma d'inférence

Dialogue, Aug 1, 2022

RésuméMalgré son importance dans divers domaines, le raisonnement par analogie n'a pas encore... more RésuméMalgré son importance dans divers domaines, le raisonnement par analogie n'a pas encore reçu de représentation formelle unifiée. Notre contribution suggère un schéma d'inférence général compatible avec différentes logiques. Premièrement, une assertion analogique définit la similarité entre deux objets en fonction de leurs propriétés, de façon seulement relative. Deuxièmement, une inférence analogique transfère une propriété nouvelle d'un objet à un objet similaire, grâce à une méta-hypothèse d'arrière-plan qui relie deux ensembles de propriétés. Le degré de croyance dans la conclusion est directement relié au degré de croyance dans cette méta-hypothèse.

Research paper thumbnail of Analogical Reasoning as an Inference Scheme

Research Square (Research Square), Feb 9, 2021

Analogy plays an important role in science as well as in non-scientific domains such as taxonomy ... more Analogy plays an important role in science as well as in non-scientific domains such as taxonomy or learning. We make explicit the difference and complementarity between the concept of analogical statement, which merely states that two objects have a relevant similarity, and the concept of analogical inference, which relies on the former in order to draw a conclusion from some premises. For the first, we show that it is not possible to give an absolute definition of what it means for two objects to be analogous; a relative definition of analogy is introduced, only relevant from some point of view. For the second, we argue that it is necessary to introduce a background over-hypothesis relating two sets of properties; the belief strength of the conclusion is then directly related to the belief strength of the over-hypothesis. Moreover, we assert the syntactical identity between analogical inference and single case induction despite important pragmatic differences.

Research paper thumbnail of Metaconfirmation

Theory and Decision, Nov 1, 1996

ABSTRACT When is it possible to decide that a theory is confirmed by the available evidence? Prob... more ABSTRACT When is it possible to decide that a theory is confirmed by the available evidence? Probabilities seem first to be the good framework for addressing this question. But the philosophers of science did not succeed in building any probabilistic criterion of confirmation beyond dispute. We examine two of the main reasons for this failure. First, the principles of adequacy used by philosophers are often logically inconsistent with each other. We show in the paper how to build consistent subsets of these principles. We identify three main subsets which embody the principles of adequacy for two main kinds of confirmation, namely the relative confirmation and the absolute confirmation. Second, we prove the impossibility of building any probabilistic criterion for absolute confirmation.

Research paper thumbnail of The Rough Road Toward Interoperability

Research paper thumbnail of La révision des croyances

Nous modifions sans cesse nos croyances lorsque nous sommes confrontes a des informations contred... more Nous modifions sans cesse nos croyances lorsque nous sommes confrontes a des informations contredisant ce qui nous semblait acquis. Les logiciens ont developpe des theories qui formalisent ces mecanismes

Research paper thumbnail of Les règles de révision des croyances

Research paper thumbnail of Numilog: un catalogue de livres numériques pour les bibliothèques et centres de documentation

Research paper thumbnail of L'Ecole historique allemande : contribution à une critique de l'histoire de la pensée économique /

Mémoire DEA : Histoire de la pensée économique / Paris 1 ; 1981 : sess. nov. Multigraphié.

Research paper thumbnail of Metaconfirmation

Theory and Decision, 1996

When is it possible to decide that a theory is confirmed by the available evidence? Probabilities... more When is it possible to decide that a theory is confirmed by the available evidence? Probabilities seem first to be the good framework for addressing this question. But the philosophers of science did not succeed in building any probabilistic criterion of confirmation beyond dispute. We examine two of the main reasons for this failure. First, the principles of adequacy used by philosophers are often logically inconsistent with each other. We show in the paper how to build consistent subsets of these principles. We identify three main subsets which embody the principles of adequacy for two main kinds of confirmation, namely the relative confirmation and the absolute confirmation. Second, we prove the impossibility of building any probabilistic criterion for absolute confirmation.

Research paper thumbnail of Contexte et offre

Documentaliste-sciences De L'information, 2010

... 47 • PDF (Portable Document Format) : c'est un format ouvert, créé par Adobe, qui préser... more ... 47 • PDF (Portable Document Format) : c'est un format ouvert, créé par Adobe, qui préserve la mise en ... et commercial) de la bibliothèque numérique commercialisée en BtoB est longtemps resté le principal mode de diffusion des publications ... Dès lors, le processus s'est accéléré ...

Research paper thumbnail of Can Bayes' Rule be Justified by Cognitive Rationality Principles

Theory and Decision, 2002

The justification of Bayes' rule by cognitive rationality principles is undertaken by extending t... more The justification of Bayes' rule by cognitive rationality principles is undertaken by extending the propositional axiom systems usually proposed in two contexts of belief change: revising and updating. Probabilistic belief change axioms are introduced, either by direct transcription of the set-theoretic ones, or in a stronger way but nevertheless in the spirit of the underlying propositional principles. Weak revising axioms are shown to be satisfied by a General Conditioning rule, extending Bayes' rule but also compatible with others, and weak updating axioms by a General Imaging rule, extending Lewis' rule. Strong axioms (equivalent to the Miller–Popper axiom system) are necessary to justify Bayes' rule in a revising context, and justify in fact an extended Bayes' rule which applies, even if the message has zero probability.

Research paper thumbnail of Change rules for hierarchical beliefs

International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 2011

The paper builds a belief hierarchy as a common framework to all uncertainty measures for which a... more The paper builds a belief hierarchy as a common framework to all uncertainty measures for which an actor is ambiguous about his uncertain beliefs. The belief hierarchy is moreover interpreted by distinguishing physical and psychical worlds, associated to objective and subjective probabilities. Various principles are introduced in order to transform a belief hierarchy, which are applied to establish some links between different contexts of belief change. The numerous belief change rules proposed in the literature can then be associated to specific belief hierarchies and to specific contexts of belief change and epistemic justification of these rules given. The papers brings new and original analysis of the relation between subjective and objective beliefs and on the possibility of learning some generic probabilistic belief despite its resiliency.

Research paper thumbnail of Logique inductive et soutien probabiliste

Dialogue-canadian Philosophical Review, 1993

ABSTRACT Karl Popper et David Miller (P.M.) ont soutenu l'idée selon laquelle le soutien ... more ABSTRACT Karl Popper et David Miller (P.M.) ont soutenu l'idée selon laquelle le soutien probabiliste positif (s(h,e) = p(h,e) − p(h) > 0) que e apporte á h, lorsque de h on déduit e (h e), ne justifie en rien l'espoir de pouvoir construire une logique inductive (L.I.) fondée sur le calcul des probabilityés.

Research paper thumbnail of Abductive Logics in a Belief Revision Framework

Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 2005

Abduction was first introduced in the epistemological context of scientific discovery. It was mor... more Abduction was first introduced in the epistemological context of scientific discovery. It was more recently analyzed in artificial intelligence, especially with respect to diagnosis analysis or ordinary reasoning. These two fields share a common view of abduction as a general process of hypotheses formation. More precisely, abduction is conceived as a kind of reverse explanation where a hypothesis H can be abduced from events E if H is a “good explanation” of E. The paper surveys four known schemes for abduction that can be used in both fields. Its first contribution is a taxonomy of these schemes according to a common semantic framework based on belief revision. Its second contribution is to produce, for each non-trivial scheme, a representation theorem linking its semantic framework to a set of postulates. Its third contribution is to present semantic and axiomatic arguments in favor of one of these schemes, “ordered abduction,” which has never been vindicated in the literature.