Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences (original) (raw)

Volume 4 Issue 4 by Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Background: Surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars is a common procedure in oral an... more Background: Surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars is a common procedure in oral and maxillofacial surgical practice with undesirable consequences such as pain and swelling that have a major concern for most patients. This study aimed to investigate the impact of age and gender on postoperative intensity of pain and swelling experienced by patients following mandibular third molar surgery (M3MS).

Material and Methods: The study involved 46 patients underwent surgical extraction of mandibular third molar under local anesthesia. The visual analogue scale measured pain and swelling for seven consecutive days after surgery.

Results: After M3MS, patients experienced the most pain severity in the day of surgery, while facial swelling reaching a maximum in the first postoperative day. It was found that the influence of age and gender on the intensity of pain and degree of swelling was insignificant.

Conclusion: Pain and swelling after M3MS peaked on the day of surgery and the day after respectively with mild to moderate intensity, it subsided gradually to minimal levels on day 7. Short-term outcomes of M3MS with respect to degrees of pain and swelling were found to be similar, and it seems to be independent of both’ age and gender.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a non-neoplastic benign lesion. CGCG can be treated by var... more Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a non-neoplastic benign lesion. CGCG can be treated by various modalities of which surgery is the most common treatment but have possible variable recurrence rates. Other treatment modalities like calcitonin and intralesional steroid have showed good long-term result in many clinical cases. As CGCG occurs commonly in young adults and children of less than 30 years, noon-surgical treatment is a better and least invasive option. The case of an 18-year-old Saudi female is represented with an aggressive mandible CGCG which has been treated with steroid intralesional injections on a weekly basis for six weeks that has been observed as a good treatment option for CGCG clinically.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Caucasian patient, ECOG-PS 0, 38 years old, presented at the hospital with symptoms of pain in th... more Caucasian patient, ECOG-PS 0, 38 years old, presented at the hospital with symptoms of pain in the lower left region of the mandible, objectively without swelling, on radiographic examination, she presented an extensive lesion with radiolucency in the region of element 37, with image filling, displacement of element 38 and apical involvement of element 36. In the tomographic exam, he presented a lesion with great destruction of the lingual wall and accentuated bone sequestration. It was opted for the differential diagnosis of the same by biopsy of the region with partial removal of healthy and diseased tissue associated with aspiration puncture, the histopathological examination was diagnosed as odontogenic clear cell carcinoma, a rare malignant tumor of epithelial origin, common in aged over 50 years and without behavioral pattern at its emergence.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Background: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSA) is a syndrome of total or partial obstruction ... more Background: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSA) is a syndrome of total or partial obstruction of the airways, leading to significant disturbances with varying clinical impact. In children, the main cause is thought to be overgrowth (hypertrophy) of the tonsils and adenoids, as well as structural abnormalities in Pierre Robin and Down Syndrome. The airway structures are significantly narrowed in children with head-face bone abnormalities or craniofacial anomalies, causing them to experience airway obstruction even in the absence of adenoid hypertrophy. The incidence of OSA in children needs to be observed as well as rising risk factors such as obesity. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is typically treated with an adenotonsillectomy and the use of orthodontic procedures including rapid maxillary expansion and mandibular advancement devices. Each approach has different treatment advantages. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis of OSA treatments have been reported, however there have been relatively few comparisons of various treatments. In a systematic review of the evidence for the efficacy of AT and orthodontic treatment, Templier et al. concluded that combined AT orthodontic treatment (RME and/or MAD) was more effective than either therapy alone for treating OSA in pediatric patients.

Objective: To systemically analyze the literature on the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment with adenotonsillectomy surgery in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to identify differences in the two treatments’ effectiveness.

Conclusion and implications: The effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy, orthodontic treatment, and orthodontic treatment combined with adenotonsillectomy was assessed in children with mild OSA and mandibular retrognathia. That study, which needed a large sample size (352 children) and had a high dropout rate, revealed that combine orthodontic adenotonsillectomy (RME and/or MAD treatment) was more effective when given simultaneously than when given individually for treating OSA in pediatric patients. To date, the effectiveness of these two treatments cannot currently be compared due to a lack of strong evidence. If the treatment outcomes were unsatisfactory at 7 months after the initial treatment, subjects could receive further treatment following assessment by a stomatologist and ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist.

Limitations: Of the 10 publications included in this review, 8 were randomized controlled trials, the remaining 2 non-randomized research journals were vulnerable to many biases that impair the certainty of the evidence gained, especially by confounding factors and the lack of control groups.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Aim: To compare the antimicrobial capacity of Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2), Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl... more Aim: To compare the antimicrobial capacity of Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2), Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and Chlorhexidine (CHX) in microorganisms isolated from persistent apical periodontitis and ATCC strains.

Materials and methods: The microorganisms included were analyzed by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC): 50 µl of saline solution and 100 µl of Chlorine Dioxide 0.25%, Sodium Hypochlorite 1% and Chlorhexidine 2% were used to make the following dilutions of 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:128, 1:256, 1:512, 1:1024 and test them with the following microorganisms, E. faecalis from root canal and S. viridans, anginosus group from the alveolus, in adittion, Escherichia coli ATCC and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC were included to observe bacterial growth after 18h of incubation.

Results: NaOCl inhibited the microorganisms in all the dilutions, the ClO2 showed bacterial growth in dilution 1:128, CHX1:8, in E. faecalis, S. viridans, anginosus group, ClO2:1:32, CHX:1:8, Escherichia coli ATCC ClO2:1:32, CHX:1:128, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC ClO2:1:64 and CHX:1:256.

Conclusion: NaOCl was the chemical agent that inhibited all the strains evaluated, followed by ClO2 and Chlorhexidine 2% needed higher concentrations for the eradication of the analyzed strains.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Considering the significant role of implants in contemporary dentistry, practitioners must be abl... more Considering the significant role of implants in contemporary dentistry, practitioners must be able to acknowledge and anticipate the clinical signs and the appropriate treatment measures of peri-implant disease. The article aims to provide an overview of peri-implantitis, outlining its prevalence, etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management for the general practitioner. Peri-implantitis is a pathological condition usually associated with plaque. It exhibits inflammation around the peri-implant mucosa and subsequent progressive bone loss. While some patients show clinical signs, most implants exhibiting peri-implant disease are asymptomatic. As a result, clinicians must first develop an accurate diagnosis based on clinical and radiographic findings. The diagnosis of peri-implantitis usually done if the following criteria are met:

presence of bleeding,
progressive bone loss, and
increased probing depths.

It is widely accepted that peri-implantitis is difficult to manage and prevention is the best form of treatment. Early diagnosis and management are essential to the successful clinical outcomes in the treatment of peri-implantitis. While non-surgical treatment may not always be effective but should always come first in patients with advanced peri-implantitis. Good oral hygiene, the location of the damaged implant, and the configuration of the bone defect, appear to be the key factors that influence the clinical predictability surgical interventions

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Background: One of the causes of malocclusion in developing children is the practice of mouth bre... more Background: One of the causes of malocclusion in developing children is the practice of mouth breathing. Morphological disturbances may occur during the growth phase in children with chronic mouth breathing. This resulting in the unfavorable development of dentofacial and craniofacial complexes.

Mouth breathing in children as a condition has come to the attention of health care professionals. Malocclusion incidence will be decreased and eventually eliminated with the early identification and treatment of these poor oral habits.

Purpose: The study determines the benefits of interceptive orthodontics Rapid Maxillary Expansion treatment in children with malocclusion caused by the habit of mouth breathing. Methods: Data were gathered by searching and analyzing literature from electronic databases PubMed, Wiley, and Science Direct in the 2012 and 2022 publication period. Interceptive orthodontics; rapid maxillary expansion; mouth breathing; malocclusion and children keywords were used to conduct the systematic search of the data.

Results: One of the most frequent malocclusions is caused by the practice of mouth breathing which narrows the maxillary arch. Some of the characteristic features are decreased distance between nasal cavity’s lateral walls, bilateral or unilateral posterior crossbite, crowding of the anterior teeth, and deep palate.

Volume 4 Issue 3 by Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Objective: Ligneous gingivitis (LG) is an uncommon disease caused by plasminogen deficiency with ... more Objective: Ligneous gingivitis (LG) is an uncommon disease caused by plasminogen deficiency with fibrin deposition, which affects principally the conjunctiva of the eyes. A systemic review of reported cases and case series was undertaken to evaluate this disease.

Methods: Searches of detailed databases were performed. The variables were demographics, treatment, follow-up, location, histopathological findings, symptoms and plasminogen test results.

Results: 49 cases were identified; LG was most frequently seen in white females (68.4%). The average age was 20.0 years, for males 17.1 years and for females was 20.9 years. The main symptom was pain with (40.8%), followed by painless presentation with (20.4%). The most common sign was bleeding (32.3%). Clinically, both upper and lower gingiva where most commonly evident in 49% of the cases, followed by the lower gingiva only with (18.4%). The mean size was 2.7cm. The presence of concurrent ligneous conjunctivitis was (69.4%). The average for plasminogen activity test was 24.7mg/mL. The recurrence was 59.2% and the mean follow-up was 18.9 months.

Conclusion: The diagnosis was difficult to establish, there is not standard treatment, and recurrence is common. For the oral clinician this disease needs to be addressed in the differential diagnosis of gingival oral lesions.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Since their introduction in the 1960s, titanium implants have dominated the field of dental impla... more Since their introduction in the 1960s, titanium implants have dominated the field of dental implants. As a result, titanium implant systems are primarily the foundation for the goods and solutions, scientific and clinical research, as well as the development and effectiveness of this treatment. The subject of when and why to substitute titanium implants with ceramics is evident for practitioners thinking about adding ceramic implants to their portfolios. Of course, every situation and patient is different, but there are a few things to take into account if ceramic and Titanium implants are an option based on the signs. The patient's resistance to having metallic medical devices inside their body, which might manifest as mucosal recession, and the visibility of gray Titanium is one of the problems with titanium implants. In addition, the emotional feel of a more 'natural' alternative may be of preference. From a clinical perspective, recent developments in zirconia solutions now mean that the restorative flexibility of a two-piece, cemented, and/or screw-retained options are available, along with proven osseointegration and soft tissue adhesion, [1] generally lower plaque accumulation, [2] and less bacterial adhesion than titanium implants [3]. Titanium implants are often narrower at the implant-abutment transition. With design improvements such as the SDS implant, a wider tulip stabilizes the connection from the implant to the crown allowing gingiva attachment. To preserve soft tissue and pink esthetics and to eliminate the micro-gap, ceramic implants have often been designed at tissue-level with a customizable tulip or abutment. This will prevent the disturbance of the valuable bond between the implant and the tissue, which is unique to zirconia-tissue interactions. In various cases, Ceramic implants are used as a substitute for titanium implants as they are given a white esthetic appearance and are 100% metal-free.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Objective: This study is focused on the identification of comprehensible radiographical and clini... more Objective: This study is focused on the identification of comprehensible radiographical and clinical features for the risk assessment of coronectomies in horizontally impacted mandibular third molars which require surgical treatment. A classification, based on a literature review and well-defined risk assessment algorithm, has been developed to streamline the decision-making process.

Methods: A PubMed, OVID Medline and Google Scholar search for articles related to keywords such as “Coronectomy, Horizontal Impacted Third Molar, Coronectomy vs Extraction” has been performed.

Results: Only horizontally impacted mandibular 3rd molars which required surgical intervention were included. The relationship of the apical portion of the roots with the IAN, evaluated on the CBCT, was used to classify the tooth as low, medium or high risk for extraction. If a tooth was classified as medium or high risk for total removal, it was further assessed and classified for coronectomy. According to a literature review and to our clinical judgement, 4 indicators can beidentified as relevant in the individual risk assessment related to coronectomy. Based on a cumulative point score, the indication for a coronectomy has been appraised as ‘low risk', ‘moderate risk' or 'high risk’.

Conclusion: Horizontal impactions of lower third molars are not necessarily to be considered a contraindication for coronectomy. Our classification offers a guideline in the decision-making process on whether a coronectomy represents a viable treatment option for mandibular horizontally impacted third molars.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

The bovine collagen membrane LUMINA-COAT (Reg.ANVISA nº80522420002) of the company CRITÉRIA BIOMA... more The bovine collagen membrane LUMINA-COAT (Reg.ANVISA nº80522420002) of the company CRITÉRIA BIOMATERIAS LTDA, membrane basically composed of type 1 collagen, biocompatible and sterile for medicine and dentistry use, had one of its surfaces coated with a polylactic acid (PLA) sheet. Sterile and previously shaped for adjustment on grafted bone site, this device was applied in 2 clinical cases of bone regeneration in the function of guided tissue regeneration barrier.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Background: The Prediction of extraction difficulty of impacted mandibular third molar (M3M) is e... more Background: The Prediction of extraction difficulty of impacted mandibular third molar (M3M) is extremely important for both patients and clinicians. Recently, many new difficulty-estimating indices had been proposed, among them are, Zhang et al., Kim et al., Pernambuco, Lainez et al., and Roy et al. indices. This study aimed to evaluate the validity of these new scales as preoperative predictors of the difficulty of surgical removal of impacted M3M.

Material and Methods: The five scales under study predicted extraction difficulty of a series of 50-impacted M3M preoperatively, and postoperative difficulty was assessed with Parant scale (PS) and by the time required for surgery (TS).

Results: The proposed indices had low to moderate sensitivity (21%-45%, 41%-67%) and variable in their specificity (21%-86%, 36%-85%). Only three out of five evaluated indices have shown a statistically significant correlation with both, the operation time and the surgical technique; namely, Zhang et al., Pernambuco, Lainez et al. indices.

Conclusions: Zhang et al., Pernambuco, Lainez et al. indices can be used as preoperative predictors of the impacted M3M extraction difficulty.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Tooth loss, especially in the anterior region, generates a loss of local bone structure affecting... more Tooth loss, especially in the anterior region, generates a loss of local bone structure affecting the aesthetics and function for the patient and a viable tactic is the use of deproteinized bovine bone block graft. This reconstructive method allows the possibility of partial or total reconstruction of the maxilla and mandible in a safe and predictable way, where it seeks the maintenance of the three-dimensional structure, viability of bone neoformation and favoring implant-supported rehabilitation. This case report aims to reveal and support the longitudinal follow-up of 5 years of a horizontal alveolar reconstruction in the anterior maxillary region with heterogeneous bone block and subsequent implantation and rehabilitation with metal-ceramic crown.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

The current pandemic for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused great concern around the world... more The current pandemic for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused great concern around the world, as it is capable of causing severe lung disease, and even death, in many patients. The people who develop more severe complications when infected by this disease are people with comorbidities such as Diabetes Mellitus (D.M.).The current medication used to manage the symptoms of COVID-19 includes systemic glucocorticoids, which suppress the immune system. Moreover, poorly controlled D.M. also predisposes to the development of infections by opportunistic germs. That is why people with COVID-19 and D.M. are more prone to develop opportunistic infections than others. In this case, a clinical case is reported about a diabetic patient diagnosed with COVID-19 who received corticosteroids in the treatment, later developing mucormycosis of the maxilla.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

This article is to create awareness among dentist to provide safety from radiation hazard. Data p... more This article is to create awareness among dentist to provide safety from radiation hazard. Data proves that in entire India there is lack of awareness among dentist in terms of providing safety from radiation hazard for operator, patient, and environment.

Journal Of Dentistry And Oral Sciences, 2022

Background and Overview: Nearly 6 million Americans suffer from heart failure (HF). For patients ... more Background and Overview: Nearly 6 million Americans suffer from heart failure (HF). For patients with advanced HF refractory to medical therapy, Orthotopic Heart Transplantation (OHT) is the therapy of choice, limited primarily by donor availability. A Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) can be used as a “bridge to transplant” while awaiting OHT, or as a “destination therapy”. These devices improve quality of life allowing patients to proceed with the activities of daily living independently, including presenting for routine dental care. There are few existing guidelines available for the care of these complex patients. The purpose of this study is to educate the clinician on the LVAD and to establish guidelines on the care of these patients.

Case Description: A 55-year-old male suffering from HF secondary to nonischemic cardiomyopathy, a left ventricular ejection fraction of 15-20%, and severe mitral regurgitation underwent LVAD implantation as a bridge to OHT at NYU Langone Health (NYULH) in December 2017. In September of 2019 he was referred to NYU College of Dentistry for oral health clearance prior to OHT. Evaluation revealed localized chronic mild periodontitis, several teeth requiring endodontic treatment, and several non-restorable teeth requiring extraction to address potential odontogenic infections. Dental treatment was safely completed at the NYU College of Dentistry in cooperation with the patient’s LVAD coordinator for the purpose of receiving an OHT.

Conclusions and Practical Implications: Dental patients with LVADs have specific needs due to their implanted cardiac device and their secondary underlying comorbidities. There are few published guidelines for the evaluation and care of the dental patient with an implanted LVAD. DHCP (dental healthcare professionals) should be aware of this cohort of patient as they may present themselves for routine or emergent care to the dental office. Management of the dental patient with an implanted VAD should be done through appropriate close interdisciplinary consultation and coordination.

Volume 4 Issue 2 by Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Background: There are numerous risk factors associated with the development and progression of pe... more Background: There are numerous risk factors associated with the development and progression of periodontal disease such as smoking, poor oral hygiene, and diabetes. Systemic inflammation has been proposed as a possible link between periodontitis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although an association of periodontal disease and other systemic conditions has been established in literature, a correlation between periodontal disease and CKD is currently not well-established.

Objective: The aim of this study is to assess whether there is a correlation between periodontal disease and impaired renal function.

Methods: NHANES survey data from years 2011-2016 was used and all analyses were conducted using SAS9.4. Descriptive statistics were conducted for characteristics including age, gender, race/ethnicity, periodontal disease, advanced periodontal disease, and impaired renal function. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the association between periodontal disease and impaired renal function.

Results: The results of this study show that there is an association between increasing age and impaired renal function. Specifically, participants aged 65 years and older had increased odds for impaired renal function with an OR of 3.89. The results of this study also showed increased odds for impaired renal function for participants that were Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic compared to non-Hispanic white with an odds ratio of 1.62 and 1.45 respectively. Participants who had advanced periodontal disease had increased odds for impaired renal function compared to participants who did not have advanced periodontal disease.

Conclusion: Participants with advanced periodontal disease had increased odds for impaired renal function compared to participants who did not have advanced periodontal disease. Further research is needed to determine a direct correlation and whether there are positive clinical effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy in improving outcomes in patients with CKD.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Background: Bruxism is defined as a repetitive activity of the masticatory muscles characterized ... more Background: Bruxism is defined as a repetitive activity of the masticatory muscles characterized by teeth clenching or teeth grinding or by tapping and moving the jaw. Patients with bruxism may experience symptoms of jaw muscle pain or attrition of teeth. An occlusal splint is a removable appliance that is made in accordance with the occlusal and incisal surfaces of the teeth in one of the opposing jaw arches. The mechanism of the occlusal splint in reducing bruxism is muscle relaxation, to break the habit in patients with increasing intensity of bruxism and reduce the tooth wear.

Aim: The aim of writing this article is to find out the effectiveness of the use of occlusals plints in child bruxism cases.

Mini-Review: This Literature review was compiled by collecting, identifying, evaluating, and analyzing the journals PubMed, Wiley, Science Direct, and manual searches during the publication time period 2011 to 2021 regarding the effectiveness of using an occlusal splint to treat cases of bruxism in children. From 261 journal articles obtained in the initial search, 6 full-text journals were found that met the criteria and were carried out.

Conclusion: The occlusal splint is effective to overcome cases of bruxism in children.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

The oral rehabilitation with implant supported prosthesis it is challenging in areas where there ... more The oral rehabilitation with implant supported prosthesis it is challenging in areas where there is not enough thickness. This is the case of atrophies in the maxilla or mandible in edentulous patients. To achieve a satisfactory bone volume that allows the installation of implants, several techniques can be performed. This report presents the case of a 55-year-old female patient with insufficient bone thickness between the maxillary canines, but with a satisfactory height for implant placement. The Split crest technique was per-formed, taking advantage of the bone height and the medullary portion in the region, al-lowing the immediate installation of implants with bone graft. The postoperative period was uneventful and at 6 months it was possible to install the provisional crowns. Therefore, it is concluded that the Split crest technique is predictable and allows safe oral rehabilitation.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

The purpose of this paper is to report a clinical case which a split bone block (SBB) technique h... more The purpose of this paper is to report a clinical case which a split bone block (SBB) technique has been used to graft a horizontal mandibular defect for latter dental implant-supported prosthesis rehabilitation. The surgical procedure was described in this article as well as a discussion.

Case Report: A 50-year-old female was referred for an implant-supported prosthetics rehabilitation in the right inferior premolar area. Due to the bone defect, a horizontal bone augmentation was performed previously to implantation using Split bone block Technique.

Conclusion: The Split bone block technique has been proven to be a suitable and predictable technique for osseous augmentation due the use of the gold standard grafting material.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Conclusion: NaOCl was the chemical agent that inhibited all the strains evaluated, followed by ClO2 and Chlorhexidine 2% needed higher concentrations for the eradication of the analyzed strains.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

presence of bleeding,
progressive bone loss, and
increased probing depths.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Methods: Searches of detailed databases were performed. The variables were demographics, treatment, follow-up, location, histopathological findings, symptoms and plasminogen test results.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Methods: A PubMed, OVID Medline and Google Scholar search for articles related to keywords such as “Coronectomy, Horizontal Impacted Third Molar, Coronectomy vs Extraction” has been performed.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Conclusions: Zhang et al., Pernambuco, Lainez et al. indices can be used as preoperative predictors of the impacted M3M extraction difficulty.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Journal Of Dentistry And Oral Sciences, 2022

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Objective: The aim of this study is to assess whether there is a correlation between periodontal disease and impaired renal function.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Aim: The aim of writing this article is to find out the effectiveness of the use of occlusals plints in child bruxism cases.

Conclusion: The occlusal splint is effective to overcome cases of bruxism in children.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Conclusion: The Split bone block technique has been proven to be a suitable and predictable technique for osseous augmentation due the use of the gold standard grafting material.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Background: Anterior Open Bite (AOB) is a malocclusion condition characterized by the absence of ... more Background: Anterior Open Bite (AOB) is a malocclusion condition characterized by the absence of contact between the upper and lower anterior teeth, resulting from oral bad habits for a long time or abnormalities in skeletal patterns. AOB leads a lack of confidence in children because of the difficulty for lip sealing and the unclear pronunciation function. AOB occurs in children and continues into adulthood so it needs to be treated early on at the age of growth and development. One method of treating AOB is Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy (OMT) which is a method to improve the stability of the stomatognatic system by involving the exercise of the facial and neck muscles.

Aim: Literature Review (LR) writing aims to find out the effectiveness of OMT in the case of AOB children, how the treatment is carried out and the problems that occur during OMT.

Mini-Review: OMT increases the activity of the masseter and buccinator muscles, and decreases the contraction of the lip muscles that the lips may seal. OMT is able to increase the ability to hold the tongue to stay in contact with the palate so there is no obstacle to the eruption of the lower insisivus tooth and AOB can be corrected. Results: Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy (OMT) is effective for the correction of a child's Anterior Open Bite (AOB) as a combination therapy with the use of orthodontic tools or myofunctional equipment, especially in children older than 12 years of age and craniofacial deformity has occurred.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Background: Caries Several pathogenic microorganisms cause this infectious disease in the oral ca... more Background: Caries Several pathogenic microorganisms cause this infectious disease in the oral cavity. These pathogenic microorganisms can be inhibited by using drugs and natural materials all around us. One of the natural ingredients that we can use to treat infections in children's teeth is anchovy extract (Stolephorussp) which we often encounter in Indonesian marine waters. Stolephorussp contains a lot of high fluoride and calcium. The fluoride content is 15.7-38.33ppm, especially in CaF2 compounds.

Aim: Providing information about the effectiveness of anchovy extract (Stolephorussp), on the condition of the oral cavity of children, the author wants to compare the level of effectiveness of a natural ingredient stolephorussp an antibacterial agent in the oral cavity of children.

Mini-Review: The Fluoride in bacteria works as bacteriostatic to prevent cell proliferation by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis, which is vital for cell development. Anchovy contains fluoride, protein, calcium, and minerals Literature review was carried out until December 2021 using PubMed, and Google Scholar. In writing this SR, it is hoped that Stolephorusinsularis is an antibacterial alternative to treat infections in children's teeth.

Conclusion: The use of natural ingredients for anchovies (Stolephorusinsularis) is expected to provide benefits to children's teeth, especially overcoming their dental infections.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2022

Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the common causes of jawbone swellings, commo... more Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the common causes of jawbone swellings, common affected sites, the relationship of these causes to the age, gender of the patients and compare the findings of this study with many previous studies from various countries.

Material and methods: The study design as a prospective descriptive hospital-based study, carried out at Al-gomhori teaching hospital in Sana'a Republic of Yemen. Material consists of 125 patients who attending to the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery and to the consultant unit of head and neck oncologic surgery and diagnosed clinically, radiographically as having jawbone swellings. Histopathological results of biopsy were used to confirm the diagnosis. Data; were collected from clinical examination of the patients (interview, inspection and palpation of the suspected swelling), patient history(using questionnaire sheet), radiographs and histopathological examinations. They entered the computer and analysis using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 24. Results; were presented as simple frequencies and descriptive statistics. Chi-square test used to assess the association and the level of significance among categorical variables. P-value less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

Results: Sixty eight of 125 patients(54.4%) were males and 57 (45.6%) were females, giving a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. Patients age ranged from 3 to 80 years with a mean age of 28.8 years ± 17.9 years. The majority of patients (80.0%) were in their 1st to 4th decades of life, with a peak incidence(40.8%) was found in the third and fourth decades of life. The most common causes of jawbone swellings were, jaw cysts, benign tumors (odontogenic and non-odontogenic tumor/tumor like-lesions) and malignant tumors, accounting 40.0%, 39.2% and 20.8% respectively. Conclusion: Jawbone swellings were observed more commonly in male patients, with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1 They may be found on any age of patients, with average age of 28.8 years (age range from 3-80 years). Jaw cysts were the most common causes of jaw bones wellings, following by benign tumors (odontogenic and nonodontogenic tumor/ or tumor lick-lesion) and malignant tumors which accounting 40.8%,39.2% and 20.8%.

Background: Implant primary stability is considered a prerequisite of implant osseointegration an... more Background: Implant primary stability is considered a prerequisite of implant osseointegration and ultimately, implant success. The prognosis of dental implants installed with low or without primary stability is still unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the survival rate of implants placed with low/without primary stability, and to diagnose risk factors that might affect outcomes of such implants. Material and methods: Electronic search in the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE-PubMed) was performed on articles published in English up to September 2020. The terms (MeSH words) used in the search were 'Dental' OR 'Oral' AND 'Implant' AND 'Survival' OR 'Success' AND 'Stability' OR 'Low stability' AND 'Insertion torque'. In addition to the online databases of selected journals. Randomized and controlled clinical trials, cohort studies, case control studies and prospective or retrospective case series were included. Results: Of the retrieved 386 publications, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 1632 implants, giving survival rate of 96.32%. No statistically significant influence of the type and site of implantation on implant survival was recorded. A significant higher failure rate of immediately loaded implants that than those with delayed loading protocols. Conclusion: Poor primary stability might not negatively affect the survival rates of non-immediately loaded dental implants.

Accidental displacement of wisdom tooth and its elements are one of the uncommon complications. T... more Accidental displacement of wisdom tooth and its elements are one of the uncommon complications. The common facial spaces involved during the displacement of lower wisdom teeth are Sub mandibular, Sublingual and Pterygomandibular spaces. Such complications have adverse physical and psychological impact over the patients. The management can vary from conservative observation to surgical retrieval, depending on the presenting clinical conditions, location and the relationship of the displaced elements with respect to the anatomic structures. Retrieval of a displaced root tip from these spaces may be complex due to poor visualization, limited access and under limited experience. This is a case report with a review on approaches for surgical retrieval, of a young male patient aged 28 years, who presented with a displaced mandibular third molar root into the Submandibular space during unsuccessful surgical removal by a general practitioner 2 weeks earlier. The presenting complaints were Limited mouth opening and pain during chewing on the right lower jaw. The case was managed surgically through extra oral approach under local anesthesia and MAC.

Franklin Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the United States of America, a position he held fro... more Franklin Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the United States of America, a position he held from 1933 to 1945. He is the only American president to have been elected four times. However, he died just months into his fourth term due to health complications. In his childhood, Roosevelt was a nervous boy who felt lonely at boarding school. He would often write his dear mother, complaining of dental troubles like gum abscesses. He had a good deal of orthodontic work done and wore braces. His dentist, Admiral Ralph Malone, was always tight-lipped about his patient. Roosevelt was known for his nice smile. He wore a partial removable denture to replace his two front incisors. It would often fall out, but he would put it back in to give speeches. He did not always wear his denture, and his son recalls seeing his father search for it often.

Aim: To identify the contemporary radiographic prescription practices among the dental implant pr... more Aim: To identify the contemporary radiographic prescription practices among the dental implant practitioners in India. Materials and method: Two clinicians interviewed four hundred dentists using a 13-question questionnaire for commonly prescribed imaging modality options for implant treatment planning and assessment. The parameters included commonly available imaging techniques, exposure of radiation to the patient, coverage area of teeth and surrounding facial bones, ease of availability and the cost effectiveness. The interview was conducted by two operators to eliminate subject bias. Cbct The data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS version 22, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Results: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was found to be the most prescribed imaging modality prescribed by 44.2% of the dentists followed by orthopantograph (OPG) (17.9%). A combination of imaging modalities was preferred by 21.9% of dentists. The intraoral periapical radiographs (IOPA) were prescribed by 12.3% while conventional tomography was prescribed by 2.5% of the dentists. Precision of the imaging modality (51.2) reduced exposure to radiation (19.8) and ease of availability (13%) were the reasons for selection of radiograph prescription.

Foreign bodies are rare entities in the Oral and Maxillofacial region. The etiology is either tra... more Foreign bodies are rare entities in the Oral and Maxillofacial region. The etiology is either traumatic, iatrogenic or due to inadvertent placement. Some foreign bodies show immediate inflammatory reaction, infected granuloma formation, pus discharge, sinus tract formation etc. However, some remain asymptomatic for a long time and shows a delayed reaction. Diagnosis and management of the foreign body depends on multiple factors like clinical sign and symptoms, size and composition of foreign body, anatomic relation to different vital structure etc This paper aims to present a rare case of a toy gun pellet located in upper left alveolus giving a delayed inflammatory reaction after 38 years.

Background, Aim and Objectives: Orbital floor blow out fractures are uncommon in children but can... more Background, Aim and Objectives: Orbital floor blow out fractures are uncommon in children but can present with a dilemma in the Emergency department upon presentation. We collected case reports of 17 cases over a three-year period. The patients were selected from the age group six to 13 years of age with history of trivial blunt orbital trauma. The main complaint was mild pain in the eye upon presentation. Five patients were having clinical presentation of oculo-cardiac reflex. The suspected patients underwent Cone Beam CT of the midface with multiplanar cone beam reconstruction which confirmed the diagnosis of orbital floor fractures with trap door defect or minimal displacement and in a few cases inferior rectus entrapment. Orbital floor trapdoor fractures have oblivious features upon presentation and can easily be overlooked if not evaluated managed by expert healthcare providers which can lead to significant morbidity and even mortality in patients with oculocardiac reflex. Cone Beam CT of mid face with multiplanar reconstruction is the standard of care in the diagnosis and management of white eyed blow out orbital floor fractures in the provision of evidenced based healthcare practice.

The protocol to recreate the anatomy in oral rehabilitation is a need for long time. The mean of ... more The protocol to recreate the anatomy in oral rehabilitation is a need for long time. The mean of this article is to propose one simple, repectible and easy protocol to be used in anterior and later posterior sector to help dentist to achieve natural results in those restaurations. Doing this can offer better oral health services to the patient who ask for naturality and esthetic results in dentistry.

Introduction: Mandibular fractures in the subcondylar area are frequent in the trauma of the maxi... more Introduction: Mandibular fractures in the subcondylar area are frequent in the trauma of the maxillofacial area. This injury is frequent almost at the same rate in adults and children. These fractures are treated by open reduction along with internal fixation or closed reduction. The patient's age, general health condition and healthcare setting must be taken into account when deciding on the surgical option. Most of the approaches for open reduction and internal fixation of subcondylar fractures carry the risks of injury to the facial nerve branches and developing sialocele. Although the antero-parotid trans-masseteric approach which was introduced by Wilson in 2005 and has the least post-operative complications among other approaches, it is still not widely used by maxillofacial surgeons. The article will give some clinical tricks after ten years of clinical experience, in using this approach for treating about 245 mandibular condylar fractures, on 205 patients. Methodology: This is a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the results of adult population group comprising 205 patients. There were totally 245 fractures of which 205 patients' surgery was done. Data were gathered from January 2010 to December 2020. Only minimal complications were observed within the first ten days after surgery, including slight transient weakening of the facial nerve, particularly buccal branches, in 3.4 percent of cases and unusual edema and trismus in 8.7% of cases, both of which recovered within the first ten days. In none of these cases, a parotid leak/sialocele was discovered.

Purpose: The objectives of our study was to describe the effective use of menthol crystal vapor i... more Purpose: The objectives of our study was to describe the effective use of menthol crystal vapor inhalation in the remission of the symptoms of COVID-19 patients (inclusive of the reversion of the positive status to negative) and to establish the preventive role that menthol plays as it relates to the transmission of the COVID-19 virus.

Purpose: The objective of our study was to describe the effective use of menthol crystal vapor in... more Purpose: The objective of our study was to describe the effective use of menthol crystal vapor inhalation in the oxygenation of a hypoxic patient. The study also aims to affirm the possible role of this oxygenation effect of menthol crystal vapor in the management of hypoxia in early diagnosed COVID-19 patients.

Although relatively rare, tumors of the jaw often may rise to extensive sizes and even metastasiz... more Although relatively rare, tumors of the jaw often may rise to extensive sizes and even metastasize presenting a challenge in diagnosis and treatment. Profiling of such lesion is essential as it helps in understanding the nature of tumors in a particular geologic location. Aim: The study was framed to determine the incidence of tumors on the basis of institutional data in Himachal Pradesh and to compare it with previous studies. Methodology: Data was retrieved from archives of DEPARTMENT OF ORAL PATHOLOGY, HIDS within a time span of 3 years (January 2015 and December 2017). The cases were characterized on the basis of World Health Organization classification, 2005 and grouped in different categories. Cases with histopathological diagnosis of tumors were reassessed and re analysed on the basis of clinical history, radiographic records present in the department. Results: In the odontogenic group majority of cases were of ameloblastoma (33%) followed by Odontoma and AOT (Adenomatoid Odontogenic tumor) with 22.2% frequency, in the non-odontogenic group it was mainly a benign fibrous lesion fibroma with maximum frequency (33.3%) followed by other lesions i.e., SCC (Squamous cell carcinoma) 30% and CGCG (Central Giant Cell carcinoma) 7%. Conclusion: In our study we found ameloblastoma (odontogenic) and fibroma (non-odontogenic) were most frequent tumors among their respective groups.

With the demand for tooth/gum aesthetics in implantsupported rehabilitations, the surgeon, whethe... more With the demand for tooth/gum aesthetics in implantsupported rehabilitations, the surgeon, whether an implant specialist or not, increasingly needs to be mindful of proper care for socket preservation following extraction. The paper presented here reports the case of a male patient who manifested dental impairment of the Upper Left First Molar (tooth #26) [in FDI notation]; following tomographic analysis and after reaching a consensus with the patient, the decision was made to extract said tooth and preserve the socket for subsequent implant placement. The aim of the case report is to present a clinical case of alveolar ridge preservation through the "Double Layer Socket Preservation" technique, a technique created by Barry Barthee, whereby a xenogenous graft under an xenogenous type III collagen membrane was combined with a polypropylene barrier. Following research and study results on the subject, it was concluded that by applying this technique, the alveolar ridge is greatly preserved and bone volume is maintained, both of which are very important factors for good health of the tissues surrounding the implant and consequent increase in the survival of the implant itself.

Long-term stability of a dental implant depends on various factors, one among them is proper posi... more Long-term stability of a dental implant depends on various factors, one among them is proper position within the alveolar bone. Pre-operative thorough examination of the surgical site is preliminary step while planning dental implants. Conventional techniques such as Intra-Oral Periapical Radiograph and Ortho Pantamogram sometimes not sufficient and clinical scenario always surprises the surgeon. Later advent of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography alleviated this problem to some extent but there are some clinical situations such as resorbed ridge where better visualisation is needed. This led to the innovation of rapid prototyping techniques for the fabrication of threedimensional complex structures. This technology has numerous applications from the development of an instrument, 3-D printed anatomical models to the fabrication of 3-D printed tissues for regeneration procedures. A 3-D printed model is much more useful than plaster models in many aspects such as demonstrating anatomical structures, better treatment planning, and better understanding for the patient. Hence, this case series focuses on the use of 3-D printed models in the placement of dental implants.

Background: Mucosal changes related to smokeless tobacco dipping appear to be influenced by many ... more Background: Mucosal changes related to smokeless tobacco dipping appear to be influenced by many factors; including duration of dipping, frequency of dipping, chemical ingredients of the dipped stuff, in addition to possible genetic and racial factors. In the Sudan the habit of using smokeless tobacco (Toombak) is very common, and it is associated with pathological mucosal changes classified into five distinct clinical presentations: Presentation I; wrinkling with slight discoloration, Presentation II; Café au lait discoloration (Brownish discoloration), Presentation III; smoke-white discoloration, Presentation IV; grizzle discoloration, and Presentation V; cotton-white discoloration. Material and Methods: In this observational prospective study, a survey of oral cancer across 16 different localities was held in the Sudan. A total of 285 Toombak dippers agreed to be examined and of them 161 patients were found to have Toombak dipper-lesions. The clinical presentations of these lesions were identified and recorded into 5 different presentation categories. Furthermore, 64 specimens were cut and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Microscopic diagnosis was obtained using both WHO-5-Point grading classification and the binary system. The history of the time span was matched with the related clinical and microscopic findings. Results: Regarding the 161 cases; the lower vestibule was the preferred dipping site in 75(46.6%) cases. The average Age of Commencement (AoC) was 24.5 years. The average Estimated Contact Hours (ECH) was 22,338 ± 40,824 hours; equal to 2.55 contact years in lifetime. The dominant mucosal clinical presentation was wrinkling with/without slight discolouration; found in 54 cases, and accounting for 33.6% of the sample. Of the 64 specimens, 51 cases showed hyperkeratosis, 11

Juvenile ossifying fibroma is a locally aggressive, benign fibro-osseous tumor. It usually occurs... more Juvenile ossifying fibroma is a locally aggressive, benign fibro-osseous tumor. It usually occurs in young children and arises in maxillofacial region. It has high recurrence rate. This pathology would be diagnosed and treated as early as possible because of its rapidly progressive and osteolytic nature which may complicate the surgical removal if left untreated over a long period. The present case is diagnosed as Juvenile ossifying fibroma involving the maxilla causing facial deformity, proptosis and nasal obstruction in a 15 yearold female child.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

The use of guided bone regeneration (GBR) has been gaining more and more ground in the field of i... more The use of guided bone regeneration (GBR) has been gaining more and more ground in the field of implant dentistry, due to higher confidence in the materials available. As this is a highly versatile technique, the same biological basis-cell exclusion-can be used to treat any type of defect. Vertical augmentation in the alveolar ridge is currently treated by the GBR principle, predictably and with high success rates, using a rigid framework associated with a mix of hydroxyapatite and autogenous bone. Lyophilized bovine bone is the hydroxyapatite of choice for this condition because it allows bone volume to be maintained over a long period of time, due to its slow resorption.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

The spread of viral disease in community and its occurrenceamong healthcare workers is important ... more The spread of viral disease in community and its occurrenceamong healthcare workers is important evidence of person-to-person transition. Severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared as a pandemic bythe WHO. It has affected most of the people and especiallythe ones with the pre- existing medical illness. Thisprospective study was conducted in a dental college toevaluate impact of the COVID-19 on the knowledge, attitudeand practice of the dental students. The students were awareof the Precautions to be taken care of while treating thepatients with dental diseases.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

A major dental problem in persons with mental retardation/developmental disabilities is poor dent... more A major dental problem in persons with mental retardation/developmental disabilities is poor dental hygiene resulting in poor plaque control which leads to gingivitis, periodontal disease and dental caries. The most obvious reason for poor oral hygiene of such persons is their inability to clean the oral cavity adequately. Caregivers face many challenges in providing good oral care for such individuals. The electric toothbrush has been shown to be effective in plaque removal and gingivitis in both healthy and disabled/ special needs people. They are more superior at removing plaque and reducing gingivitis in both short- and long-term clinical trials. This study assessed the effectiveness of using electric toothbrushes as a means of plaque control in a 10-day pilot program.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Aim: The present study was carried out to compare clinically and radiographically the efficacy of... more Aim: The present study was carried out to compare clinically and radiographically the efficacy of regenerative potential of Demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) and Bioactive glass putty (Novabone© dental putty) in mandibular grade II furcation defects. Methods: In 34 Patients, 60 mandibular grade II furcation defects were treated using DFDBA and Bioactive glass putty. 30 furcations were treated using DFDBA, while bioactive glass putty was used to treat remaining 30 furcation defect. Clinical parameters evaluated were Plaque index (PI), Gingival index (GI), Probing pocket depth (PPD), Relative vertical attachment level (RVAL), Relative horizontal attachment level (RHAL) at baseline, 3 months and 6 months. Radiographic parameters recorded were linear measurement of defect depth and bone density in gray scale at baseline and 6 months. Results: Both the group showed significant reduction in mean (P≤0.05) GI, PI, PPD, RVAL and RHAL at 6 months. Group I showed greater reduction in PPD. Radiographic evaluation showed significant (P≤0.05) reduction in defect depth and increase in bone density in both groups. Conclusions: Bioactive glass putty showed comparable regeneration to that of DFDBA in the treatment of mandibular grade II furcation defect. Additional putty consistency of bioactive glass makes it easier and more convenient to use.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

The patient of today is often times more concerned about aesthetics and being holistic rather tha... more The patient of today is often times more concerned about aesthetics and being holistic rather than with masticatory function. Once the dental industry figures some new trend in the market opinion leaders will be called to start innovating treatments. Hence, to be whole with the Universe and to replace a missing tooth, the 21st century patient will want a ceramic implant. What do we know about it, and more importantly, is it worth our sleep to provide this kind of implant to our patient? Many implantologists didn't yet place any Zirconium Implant since many think this new approach lacks scientific studies being clinical reports, meta-analysis or longitudinal studies. Most of the papers available are focused on single-tooth replacements, however it's easy to find here and there clinical cases of multiple restorations of a more innovative colleague.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

This paper introduces a novel approach, using autofluorescence, to objectively examine the oral c... more This paper introduces a novel approach, using autofluorescence, to objectively examine the oral cavity for inflammation and infection. Many systemic diseases are perpetuated by microorganisms that colonize in the oral environment. They enter the cardiovascular system by enzymatic processes that open the oral mucosa to allow their entry. A majority of the microbes are anaerobes and/or facultative anaerobes. When they enter the host, they metabolize blood. Their waste by products contains iron elements within a compound called porphyrin. Porphyrin will fluoresce when exposed to certain wavelengths of light. Healthcare providers can utilize this natural occurring process to objectively see these harmful pathogens. This may indicate that the host has a Sleep Related Breathing Disorder (SRBD). Sleep apnea is a primary disorder of SRBD's. This technology offers medical and dental fields a screening tool for a pandemic healthcare problem.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

A medical emergency, no matter where it happens, demands immediate treatment. When it occurs in a... more A medical emergency, no matter where it happens, demands immediate treatment. When it occurs in a dental setup , it is expected of Dentist and his/her staff to have the basic knowledge to recognize, assess and manage a potentially lifethreatening situation until the patient can be transported to a medical facility. For that, the staff in the clinic should be well trained to act accordingly in different types of medical emergencies that can occur at any given time. A mock drill can also be organized for their training purpose. This review article deals with different kinds of medical emergencies that can occur in a dental setup and how that can be recognized and managed.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Background: The restoration of mastication is an element of therapeutic success of the removable ... more Background: The restoration of mastication is an element of therapeutic success of the removable prosthesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chewing time of subjects wearing a metallic removable partial denture (MRPD) restoring a distal extension edentulism. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive pilot study carried out after a review of patient records. Subjects were asked to chew test foods, carrots and peanuts. Chewing was to continue until they perceived that the bowl was fit to be swallowed. All sequences were videotaped and data on the duration of the chewing sequence of the test foods was recorded on an Excel® spreadsheet. Data analysis was performed using SPSS® version 23 software with a 5% risk of error. Results: Out of a sample of 17 MRPD wearers, 12 subjects had a toothless Kennedy class I and 5 subjects had a Kennedy class II edentulism condition with 9 females (53%) and 8 males (47%). Subjects between 46 and 65 years of age were in the majority with a percentage of 59%. After chewing the sampled bowls, Kennedy class I edentulous subjects had an average chewing time of 93.24 seconds ± 31.93 for peanuts and 109.18 seconds ± 53.35 for cores. The respective averages of the class II edentulism subjects were 127.53 seconds ± 62.84 and 128.95 seconds ± 73.35 for peanuts and carrots respectively. Conclusion: This study reveals that peanut chewing is easier and the subjects with MPD restoring a class I edentulism performed less time than those with class II edentulism, a fact related to the presence of changes in class II edentulism. Statistically, no significant correlation was found between carrots or peanuts chewing and type of distal extension MRPD wearers.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is the most recent HCID (highly contagious infectious disease... more Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is the most recent HCID (highly contagious infectious diseases) pandemic to hit the world. The respiratory disease (sars-cov-2) has been shown to spread from symptomatic patients through droplets and aerosols. Because of the closed environment and the use of high and low-speed handpieces, ultrasonic scalers, infection spreads even more easily in a dental setting. During these times, our priority should be inward to protect ourselves as well as the patients who need medical attention. Various methods for controlling infection transmission from aerosol-generating dental procedures are recommended to accomplish this. In light of the effect of oral health on the seriousness of the Covid 19 pandemic, and to protect ourselves financially during this pandemic it is critical to explain patients that we dentists are using the most up-to-date approaches to keep them safe by reducing the risk of them contracting the virus from the dental office in order to maximise the number of outpatients. And it is important to treat every patient as a Covid-19 infected person and take the appropriate precautions to ensure our safety while rendering dental treatment.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Aim: Sodium hypochlorite is the most common solution in the Endodontics field, however NaOCl conc... more Aim: Sodium hypochlorite is the most common solution in the Endodontics field, however NaOCl concentrations of commercial brands which are prepared for this purpose differ from their actual concentration. The aim of this study was to compare the physicochemical properties of dental and household hypochlorites.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Aim: To assess and compare the impact of reinforcement of PMMA with glass fibre, polyethylene fib... more Aim: To assess and compare the impact of reinforcement of PMMA with glass fibre, polyethylene fibre and carbon fibres on flexural strength, fracture toughness and abrasive resistance. Background: In view of inadequate mechanical and physical characteristics of PMMA which include low impact strength and low surface hardness and resulting lowered clinical performance of the prosthesis, the study was designed to investigate the impact of reinforcement of PMMA with glass, polyethylene and carbon fibers on flexural strength, fracture toughness and abrasive resistance. Methods and Findings: Rectangular specimens (n=120; 30 each from 4 groups; 65 x 10 x 3.3 mm3) were fabricated and loaded on Universal Testing Machine until fracture for flexural strength and fracture toughness and on Taber Abrasive Tester for abrasive resistance. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc test-Bonferroni multiple comparison analysis, using significance level of 0.05. Significant increase in fracture toughness was observed in specimens reinforced with polyethylene and carbon fiber, albeit the values of flexural strength were increased insignificantly. Specimens reinforced with glass and carbon fiber had significantly low values of abrasive resistance. Conclusion: Findings indicate that reinforcement of PMMA by non-specific fibers like glass, polyethylene and carbon resulted in significant increase in fracture toughness and decrease in abrasive resistance.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of dental practitioners in Central Indian ... more Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of dental practitioners in Central Indian region, regarding the treatment and management of dental traumatic injuries,using the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) Guidelines 2020 as a reference. Materials and Methods: A total of 514 dental practitioners across Central India participated in a cross-sectional study by means of virtual survey. A two part electronic questionnaire was created using google forms, investigating 7 profession based questions and 16 trauma based questions and were sent to all the dentists registered with Dental Council of India in Central India.The responses were analysed to evaluate the awareness among dental practitioners regarding the management of dental traumatic injuries. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics was performed by using the proportional or frequency distribution of the parameters. The respondents were then grouped according to the branch of speciality if any and the data was evaluated by the one-way ANOVA with post-hoc, with p value <0.005. Results: In the present study, out of a total score of 20,the mean knowledge score for dental practitioners was 8.20 (only 54.86% of the 20 questions were answered correctly) and 282 participants out of 514 had an average level of knowledge, Conclusion: The overall level of knowledge of dentists from Central India region of the revised IADT guidelines is average.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

When restoring large cavities in posterior endodontically treated teeth, usually are treated with... more When restoring large cavities in posterior endodontically treated teeth, usually are treated with indirect laboratory-fabricated onlays or crowns. If the patient for any reason, after being informed of the various treatment options and costs, desires to have the restoration done within one appointment, a direct reinforced restoration might be the best choice. The purpose of this article suggests the use of two different materials; polyethylene fibers and resin composite to treat endodontic treated tooth offering a high strength restoration within one appointment. The polyethylene fibers, besides offering the proper strength to the mastication forces, as well reduce the risk of fractures and micro filtration. This procedure demonstrated some advantages over the usual conventional more expensive alternatives that may take more than one visit.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

For a successful orthodontic treatment, it is crucial to examine the patient in both frontal and ... more For a successful orthodontic treatment, it is crucial to examine the patient in both frontal and lateral views. Evaluation of the skeletal pattern and softs tissues including nasolabial angle, anteroposterior lip position, labiomental angle and Lip-chin-submental plane angle must all be considered. Facial profile greatly affects the aesthetic appearance of the patients, however, not every person has the same aesthetic perception. This review aims to point out the indicators of facial profile and the perception of facial profile attractiveness among the different populations. Many studies have evaluated the preferences of facial profile, some of them agreed as a straight profile with normally positioned lips was the most favored, but some differences were noted between orthodontists and laypeople in the perception of the facial profile. Laypeople found a slightly retruded mandible or protruded mandible was found aesthetically pleasing for some populations. Therefore, it is important to involve the patient in treatment planning and decision-making.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Esthetics plays a crucial role in rehabilitation of removable dentures to achieve a pleasant smil... more Esthetics plays a crucial role in rehabilitation of removable dentures to achieve a pleasant smile. Denture esthetics is the effect produced, which improves beauty and attractiveness of a person. With the advances of implants and ceramics, the conventional removable denture needs to be updated. denture characterization is must in avoiding denture look and giving natural look.Giving the prosthesis as close as possible to the natural apparatus before the tooth loss is the key to a successful prosthetic, esthetic and functional rehabilitation. As prosthodontist dealing in fulfilling the aesthetic challenges an economical alternative to high end costly procedures is a must considering the indian scenario, keeping in mind the biocompatibility and longevity of the treatment. As per literature light cure gum staining is one of the technique for masking denture base color and imparting natural color to mucosa but considering the cost involved many patient requiring aesthetic enhancement of prosthesis avoid to go for such treatment there by compromising there aesthetic. the present case series describe an innovative cost-effective alternative to the previously describe technique for masking the denture base color by using composite mixed with stains to replicate the natural apparatus.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

The dental implant is considered a safe and predictable option for treatment, in order to rehabil... more The dental implant is considered a safe and predictable option for treatment, in order to rehabilitate partial or fully edentulous patients. Currently, the results had been improved because of are associated directly with technological evolution. The most common digital exams are bidimensional radiography and tridimensional tomography, which have been utilized to guide the placement of dental implants. Nevertheless, the knowledge of clinical features (anatomical, prosthetics, and surgically) is always needed to perform the procedures adequately and to place in the best position implant.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Tongue coating or tongue biofilm is the main and most common cause of halitosis, as shown by nume... more Tongue coating or tongue biofilm is the main and most common cause of halitosis, as shown by numerous studies. There are four types of lingual papillae, three of which contain taste buds (vallate, fungiform and foliate papillae). The filiform papillae are the most numerous and although they do not have taste cells, they surround the fungiform papillae and are in contact with the vallate and foliate papillae, which have taste buds. The anatomy of a single filiform papilla shows that it is not a simple bud coming out of the surface of the tongue, but a group of individual filaments in within the tongue biofilm can accumulate. In case of shear forces exerted on the papillae (i.e., the use of a tongue scraping), the sturdy papillae bend slightly and protect the then embedded biofilm remaining in the interstitial volume. Tongue coating may thus physically limit tastants' access to taste pores and thus prevents their binding to taste receptors. A chemical-mechanical tongue cleaning technique (DC technique) can reach this biofilm with a better efficiency than the traditional methods to clean the tongue, such as the use of a tongue scraper or a toothbrush. DC technique removed 67,5% more coating than the tongue scraper and 148% more than the toothbrush. Further research should compare these methods concerning taste disorders.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of steps, isolated or in cumul... more Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of steps, isolated or in cumulative means, in the endodontic retreatment of curved canals.

Methodology: Forty mesial roots of mandibular molars were divided into two groups. In the group 1 the filling removal was done with NiTi reciprocating M-wire and NiTi control memory wire rotary instruments followed by a passive ultrasonic irrigation solution agitation. In the group 2, the initial filling removal was done with NiTi reciprocating M-wire and conventional NiTi wire rotary instruments followed by a rotary plastic instrument for irrigation solution agitation. The results were analyzed through micro-computed tomography.

Results: The filling material was not completely removed for both groups. All steps did not statically differ between groups regarding to the filling removal. In the intragroup analyses, the results differed in some levels, mainly in the apical level, but did not statistically differ in all the different levels after each step. A statistical significant increase (P<.05), for both groups, in the volume of filling material in the isthmus was observed.

Conclusions: None of the protocols completely removed the filling material. The better results were found for the apical level and after passive ultrasonic irrigation. Vertical warm condensation filling technique enhanced the volume of filling material in the root canal system including the isthmus.

Clinical relevance: the control memory NiTi instruments could be considered a good choice for use as an additional step in the procedure of filling removal from curved mesial root canals.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of two root canal ... more Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of two root canal irrigantsOctenidine dihydrochloride and herbal Artemisia annua plant extract.

Methods: Forty-two maxillary central incisors teeth were selected which were divided into four groups – group A (Octenidine dihydrochloride with saline), group B (only Octenidine dihydrochloride), group C (Artemisia annua with saline), group D (only Artemisia annua). Samples for microbiological culturing were collected after access preparation, after biomechanical preparation, and after final irrigation in each group with the help of paper points. CFU count was observed for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The results were collected and subjected to a Student t-test.

Results: After statistical analysis, it was observed that bacterial reduction was seen in all the groups but the maximum reduction was observed in group A.

Conclusion: The results of the present study imply that a highly significant reduction in CFU/ml count was found in subgroup A1. Therefore, within the limitations of the present in-vivo study, Octenidine dihydrochloride can be recommended as an effective root canal irrigant than Artemisia annua plant extract.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Introduction: Root Canal Filling is the final procedure during root canal therapy, where endodont... more Introduction: Root Canal Filling is the final procedure during root canal therapy, where endodontic sealers should have physical, chemical, and biological properties that help to reduce the population of residual bacteria and create a favorable environment for the repair of periapical tissues. The aim of this work was to compare the antibacterial capacity of AH Plus (Denstply®) and BioRoot RCS (Septodont®).

Materials and Methods: Negative-Coagulase Streptococcus, Streptococcus salivarius, and Enterococcus faecalis were isolated from a necrotic pulp. They were tested by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC): 50 µl of saline solution and 100 µl of AH Plus and BioRoot RCS were used to perform the following dilutions of 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:128, 1:256, 1:512, 1:1024. Subsequently, the samples were cultured on Müeller- Hinton agar with sheep blood, to assess bacterial growth.

Results: AH Plus showed growth up to 1:64 dilution and BIOROOT = 1:32 in E. faecalis while in Negative-Coagulase Streptococcus both cements showed growth at 1:2048 dilution, in S. salivarius there was no bacterial growth with both cements.

Conclusion: AH plus (Denstply®) and BioRoot RCS RCS (Septodont®) are cements that provided an effective bacterial activity in isolated microorganisms: E. faecalis, S. Coagulase Negative and S. salivarius.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Aim: The prognosis of the healing of an apical lesion is extremely important for the treatment de... more Aim: The prognosis of the healing of an apical lesion is extremely important for the treatment decision for tooth retention or implantation. In several studies, the presence of an apical lesion was shown to be a significant factor in both primary treatment and non-surgical retreatment.

The aim of the present study was the retrospective investigation of the prognosis of the healing of bony apical lesions of teeth, which were treated endodontically. The evaluation contained various clinical parameters that can influence the success of the root canal treatment.

Materials and Method: 62 teeth were treated in 52 patients during the study period. The treatment was carried out by a specialist in endodontics with the aid of the dental surgical microscope and a two-stage procedure. Two certified examiners assessed the radiological results after three to 72 months. Preoperative and postoperative information related to potential prognostic factors was evaluated.

Results: Results of the 62 apical lesions, 82.3% (examiner 1) - 88.75% (examiner 2) were classified as healed. Of all the prognostic factors analyzed, none showed a significant influence on the treatment success. The success rate of the present study was in the range of comparable studies.

Conclusions: The apical lesion can be treated with relatively high success rates if general micro-endodontic procedures are followed.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Vital pulp therapy (VPT), including direct pulp capping, partial and cervical Pulpotomy, was sugg... more Vital pulp therapy (VPT), including direct pulp capping, partial and cervical Pulpotomy, was suggested for the treatment of young teeth, with reversible or irreversible pulpitis [1]. Maintaining the vitality of immature teeth enables continued root development, maturogenesis, and a better prognosis [2,3].

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Obtaining the most accurate 3-dimensional location of the implant positions, facilitates the fabr... more Obtaining the most accurate 3-dimensional location of the implant positions, facilitates the fabrication of a prosthesis that, not only conforms to the biomechanics of the rehabilitation in relation to the TM joint and surrounding musculature but also lays minimal stresses imparted onto the implant-bone interface, maximizing the longevity of any prosthetic superstructure. The passive fit concept accentuates the need for this ‘minimal-stress’ interface in order to prevent any mechanical or, biological eventualities while the prosthesis is under masticatory load in the oro-facial environment. A wide horizon of techniques have been studied and devised upon, to achieve this ‘un-eventual fit’ and also methods developed, to assess and evaluate the misfit that the prosthetic superstructure bears in relation to the implants or, the abutments into which they are screwed. This article aims to define the concept, elaborate upon the need of the same and the methods to evaluate them in a clinical and laboratory set-up.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Background: Minor salivary gland benign tumors account for a very small percentage of salivary gl... more Background: Minor salivary gland benign tumors account for a very small percentage of salivary gland tumors of which monomorphic adenomas are a rare entity.

Methods and Findings: The present case report discusses a rare case report of an 18-year-old female patient diagnosed with monomorphic adenoma of the posterior palatal region. The diagnosis was reached after thorough radiographical and pathological investigations.

Conclusion: Monomorphic Adenoma in a younger individual is a rare disorder and can be used as a collective term for benign or malignant tumors comprising of one type or even two types of cells.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

The treatments of vascular malformations pose extreme challenge not only to the surgeons but to t... more The treatments of vascular malformations pose extreme challenge not only to the surgeons but to the patients as well. A surgical intervention might be effective for all well circumscribed malformations of moderate size with possibility of attaining anatomic and functional restoration but the surgical approach may lead to tissue damage and massive bleeding. Alternatively, Sclerotherapy gives a good choice for the treatment of vascular malformation. In addition, sclerotherapy is also used to reduce the size of lesion, preoperatively as a support to surgery and even some times post-surgically.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Cleft lip and palate is a common congenital malformation in the oral and maxillofacial regions. A... more Cleft lip and palate is a common congenital malformation in the oral and maxillofacial regions. According to epidemiological investigation, the incidence rate is about 1.625%, and the incidence rate is high in poor areas and rural areas. Cleft lip and palate mainly involve the upper lip, hard palate, soft palate and nose, which can damage the appearance of children, affect pronunciation, swallowing and chewing, and also bring different degrees of psychological damage to children in the growth stage. Therefore, we should actively carry out sequential treatment and participate in the treatment work through multi-disciplines. Based on restoring the oral and maxillofacial function and health of children, we should also pay attention to their aesthetic needs, enhance the treatment confidence of parents and children, and lay the foundation for the follow-up repair treatment. Most patients with cleft lip and palate are complicated with malocclusion. Orthodontic treatment is an important part of the treatment of cleft lip and palate. The orthodontic treatment of cleft lip and palate can be divided into five periods: newborn period, deciduous dentition period, mixed dentition period, permanent dentition period and combined orthodontic and orthognathic treatment period. Presurgicalnasoalveolar molding (PNAM) was used to reduce the severity of facial deformity in children with cleft lip and palate. This article discusses the therapeutic effect of newborn PNAM according to clinical cases. Objective to study the opportunity and current situation of PNAM in the treatment of children with cleft lip and palate, and to provide a favorable reference for clinical orthodontists, emphasizing the close communication between various disciplines.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Aim: To describe a treatment plan that serves as a functional and aesthetic alternative to orthod... more Aim: To describe a treatment plan that serves as a functional and aesthetic alternative to orthodontic treatment options that may be time-consuming, for mild crowding in anterior teeth wherein only aesthetics is of concern.

Background: Laminate veneers are a conservative alternative to full coverage crowns for improving the appearance of the anterior teeth. Adhesive technologies make it possible to bond the prosthesis whilst preserving the tooth structure.[3] Immediate results are achieved since the prosthesis could be delivered within a few days. Ceramics are aesthetic, biocompatible, wear- resistant, exhibit excellent colour stability, and present a thermal coefficient of expansion similar to enamel. Hence prove to be the most desired material for laminate veneers.

Case Description: Laser gingivoplasty was done on the maxillary anterior (13 to 23) to align the gingival zenith. Veneer preparation was done on the same teeth with minimal tooth reduction (0.5 mm) on the enamel only. All-ceramic veneers were bonded to the teeth with light cure resin cement to achieve the desired aesthetic results.

Conclusion: Smile aesthetics can be achieved only when there is harmony between the teeth and the gingival zenith. With proper diagnosis and treatment planning, a desirable aesthetic result was achieved.

Clinical Signification: Smile designing includes scientific and artistic principles, which helps in creating an aesthetic smile. These norms were found through the collection of data from patients, diagnostic casts, mock wax-ups, measurements, concepts of beauty, and golden proportions.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Although dental trauma is poorly managed by general dental practices, it is important to follow a... more Although dental trauma is poorly managed by general dental practices, it is important to follow appropriate steps to achieve optimal results. This case report outlines the management of non-vital immature teeth with calcium hydroxide and reverse Gutta Percha (GP) cone cold lateral compaction to achieving endodontic success. Even though it is a disputed technique, if proper conditions are provided, the root development continues to preserve a functionally fit and sound tooth on the arch of a young adolescence, avoiding extensive surgical and prosthetic procedures to replace a potentially compromised tooth. This case report highlights the beneficial effects of both calcium hydroxide and Chlorhexidine-dygluconate (CHX), which are far to be obsolete in the field of apexification or even regenerative dentistry as a whole.The 11 years old male presents post-traumatic necrosis in the upper left lateral incisor (tooth 2.2) which is dressed with calcium hydroxide, achieving the disinfection of the root canal, remission of the apical periodontitis and complete root formation 1 year later. The importance of the use of biocompatible materials as calcium hydroxide and CHX are emphasized in this case in which, although, no modern regenerative procedures and materials were used, the results are more than satisfactory. This report will look into the management of a non-vital immature lateral incisor with a reverse GP cone lateral compaction to achieving a successful apical and canal seal radiographically.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Aim: To describe a protocol to replace few missing anterior teeth with periodontally compromised ... more Aim: To describe a protocol to replace few missing anterior teeth with periodontally compromised abutments.

Background: Due to their lower modulus of elasticity, fibre reinforced composites (FRCs) minimize the stress level at the tooth restoration interface and enable an adjustment of the framework’s mechanical properties by inserting adequate fibre volumes. Direct and semi-direct fabricated FRC Fixed Dental Prosthesis (FDP) now compete successfully with conventional cast metal resin-bonded FDPs.

Case Description: A Fibre Reinforced Composite(FRC) bridge was given to replace missing 31 and 41. The FRC material was bonded from canine to canine (33-43) to ensure the stability of the periodontally compromised abutment teeth by acting as a splint with minimal intervention.

Conclusion: Fiber-reinforced composite restorations reduce the number of appointments and make single visit dentistry possible especially when the abutments are periodontally compromised and require splinting.

Clinical Significance: This case report demonstrates the benefits of splinting periodontally compromised abutment teeth.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Background: Nowadays, the internet revolutionized the way people communicate. The research was no... more Background: Nowadays, the internet revolutionized the way people communicate. The research was no longer limited within libraries, individuals can now obtain any information with a click of a button. With the Covid-19 and the lockdown, the Lebanese educational institutions shifted to Online Learning.

Aim: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the success of online learning implementation at the Faculty of Dental Medicine and the students’ satisfaction with online courses.

Material and Method: A cross-sectional observational study is performed. An online survey is sent to 165 students of the Faculty of Dental Medicine at the Lebanese University. They answered a questionnaire prepared and adapted to the context of the study. Data was collected and analyzed using the SPSS 21.0, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA version.

Results: The results are statistically significant (p< 0.0001). The majority of students who did not give essential importance to the instructor’s physical presence (# 106), considered the E-learning method (# 97). The number of students who exclusively prefer in-class courses (#71) corresponds with the number of those who find the instructor's physical presence crucial (#59). For 159 students, surrounding noises during confinement did not disturb them. The majority of the students (#153) did not encounter serious internet cuts and 24 of them weren’t enthusiastic about E-learning.

Conclusion: Despite the pandemic, socioeconomic, geographic, and educational difficulties, our results showed that the majority of the students in the Lebanese University, Faculty of Dental Medicine, embraced the rapid transition to E-learning classes. Implementing the online learning mode did not influence participants’ satisfaction towards education.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Robotics in field of dental medicine is an emerging trend. Robotics also known as robotic dentist... more Robotics in field of dental medicine is an emerging trend. Robotics also known as robotic dentistry or robodentistry is commonly known as the next generation technology. The holistic approach of robotics in dentistry has created a wide array of opportunities furthermore broadening the horizon in various specialities of dentistry. In addition to this, the various tough tasks in the field of dental medicine are easily achievable. The inclusion of robotics in dentistry has helped the dental practitioners, faculties, budding dental students as well as dental researchers. This review article focuses on the dental robots, various types and the multivariate applications of robots in the field of dentistry.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Aim: The present study aimed to assess anxiety fear and awareness among dentists working during t... more Aim: The present study aimed to assess anxiety fear and awareness among dentists working during the current Corona Virus (COVID-19) outbreak.

Materials and Methods: An online questionnaire was distributed using Google Forums in March 2020. A total of 249 participants from different cities across Pakistan participated and submitted the results. The data were entered in IBM SPSS Statistics, version 22 (IBM Corp) for statistical analysis.

Results: No significant relationship (P< 0.06)between the participant's responses and gender or their education was established in this study. However, increased anxiety in Pakistani dentists because ofCOVID-19 was seen; 90.0%. A large number(86.7%) of the professionals seemed to be familiar with the revised CDC and WHO guidelines in regards to cross-infection for Coronavirusin dental procedures. However the majority 66.3% reported that they did not use rubber dam isolation in their treatments and only 45% had high-volume suction in their practices to use during treatments.

Conclusion: Dentists all around Pakistan are anxious and fearful at work because of the pandemic. It is absolutely vital that only emergency dental procedures are given priority in regards to treatments while all elective procedures should be deferred till the pandemic is under control.

Clinical Significance: It is important to identify the challenges the COVID-19 pandemic has presented to all dental professionals.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Objective: In private enterprise, the Mission Statement (MS) of a company is the compass that sho... more Objective: In private enterprise, the Mission Statement (MS) of a company is the compass that shows the direction the organization is heading and is a guide in major decisions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mission statements of all United States (US) Dental Schools for common themes and to understand how these themes align with current issues in dentistry.

Methods: Two reviewers manually searched every United States (US) Dental School website to identify the mission statement of each school and four investigators reviewed the mission statements, identified and listed themes. A qualitative analytical approach was used, and recurring themes were identified. IRB Exemption was provided (HUM00175583Â) by the University of Michigan School of Medicine’s committee on human studies.

Results: In this study, 68 dental schools were evaluated, and 18 different themes were identified. The mean number of themes per school was 2 and the median was 4. The minimum number of themes among dental schools was 1 and the maximum was 11 themes. The findings indicated that the most recurring theme in dental school mission statements was research and dissemination of knowledge (76.11%) and the least recurring themes, which are some of the most pressing issues in dentistry were social justice (4.47%), public health (7.46%), and health disparities (8.95%).

Conclusion: Missions statements are just as important in schools as they are in business. Therefore, dental schools should consider periodically revising their mission statements to coincide with the demands of current oral health needs.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Background: Root caries is an emerging dental health problem for elderly mostly because of increa... more Background: Root caries is an emerging dental health problem for elderly mostly because of increased life expectancy and improvement in oral health care, leading to higher retention of teeth, and hence increased number of exposed root surfaces susceptible to caries.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of root caries and associated sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical factors among elderly patients who attended dental clinics in selected public hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods: Elderly patients 60 years and above were interviewed to obtain socio demographic and behavioral factors. This was followed by clinical examination to assess teeth with root caries, gingival recession and oral hygiene of the patients.

Findings: The study involved 348 elderly with mean age of 76 SD ± 6.2 years. Prevalence of root caries was 42.2% (n=147) and the mean root caries index was 6.77%, SD 9.6 (0.00 – 43.24). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that; older age (OR 1.8, CI 1.13 – 2.87), having higher level of education (OR1.77, CI 1.1 – 2.93) and poor oral hygiene (OR 4.03, CI 2.3 – 6.98), significantly associated with having root caries. Across all the types of teeth, maxillary teeth were mostly affected by root caries than mandibular teeth.

Conclusion: The current study reveals high prevalence of root caries among the examined elderly patients. Socio-demographic as well as clinical factors contributed significantly to having root caries. Appropriate oral hygiene measures and prevention of gingival recession is recommended when providing oral health care for the elderly in Dar es Salaam.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

A dental implant is the most accepted treatment option to replace the badly decayed tooth or miss... more A dental implant is the most accepted treatment option to replace the badly decayed tooth or missing tooth. The jumping gap left after the placement of the implant in the socket will require augmentation of bone graft material. In this case report, the extracted root stumps are used as an autogenous tooth graft material after its preparation. And PRF is mixed with graft material for additive advantage. So, the present case report discusses the feasibility of the use of autogenous tooth graft material along with PRF for the better osseointegration of the implant.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Aim: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the success of online learning implementation at the Faculty of Dental Medicine and the students’ satisfaction with online courses.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

The objective of this study is to report a clinical case of a female patient, melanoderma, 18 yea... more The objective of this study is to report a clinical case of a female patient, melanoderma, 18 years old, referred to the FOA-UNESP surgery and traumatology team in 2013, reporting being a victim of a high-level fall in the attempted suicide. Clinical examination revealed loss of teeth 33, 32, 31, 41, 42, 43 and 44 and CT scan of the face revealed NOE, Lefort I and II and Lanelong fractures. The patient underwent a surgical procedure to reduce and fix fractures. The case was followed up after hospital discharge. A mandible CT was requested to install dental implants. Surgical planning was performed to install implants and make a surgical guide. 4 implants were installed in the region of teeth 32, 31, 41, 42, 43. Two years after the implant was installed, the patient returned to the institution reporting pain in tooth 45. The patient was referred by the screening sector to the endodontic team, which requested a new CT examination of the mandible, noting that the implants installed in the regions of teeth 33 and 44 had reached teeth 34 and 45, indicating the extraction of these teeth and removal of 2 implants. Surgical planning was performed and the extraction and removal surgery of the implants performed. After waiting for the healing period, the patient was referred to the dental prosthesis team and it was defined that reverse planning would be carried out to install the new implants and oral rehabilitation using a supported implant prosthesis. Thus, the impressions left by the case allow us to conclude that the use of a surgical guide, without prosthetic planning, provides the inexperienced surgeon with false security for the procedure, with reverse planning and professional experience essential for implant dentistry.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Objective: The study reveals the effects of green tea and cocoa on the growth of Porphyromonas gi... more Objective: The study reveals the effects of green tea and cocoa on the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a common periodontal pathogen. The studies at the cellular level enhance our understanding of the periodontal diseases. Hence, improving our knowledge of the antioxidant activity against periodontal pathogens will help to develop effective periodontal therapeutics.

Design: The methodology of study involves isolation of Porphyromonas gingivalis colonies from salivary samples and then studying the effect of green tea and cocoa on the growth of colonies on blood agar plates by studying the zones of inhibition around these extracts in different solvents.

Result: The activity of green tea and cocoa extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis on Blood agar was studied by a suitable method by measuring the diameter of zones of inhibition. The maximum diameter of zone of inhibition of 16 mm was observed with green tea extracts in an aqueous medium while no zones were observed with cocoa extracts in an aqueous medium.

Conclusion: Our study concluded that green tea has inhibitory activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is one of the major pathogens involved in chronic periodontitis. Therefore, the study provided an insight of the possibility to overcome bacterial resistance to antibiotics and to augment the action of antibiotics by providing green tea supplements in chronic periodontitis patients. Thus, the development of potent inhibitors against P. Gingivalis can provide new therapeutic approaches to treat periodontal diseases and as a result, the related systemic diseases.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

The increasing demand for fixed teeth brings new challenges for the oral surgeons to fulfill the ... more The increasing demand for fixed teeth brings new challenges for the oral surgeons to fulfill the patient's desires. More and more often the clinician faces hard and soft tissue atrophies which are very difficult to treat with the conventional root-form implants. In these cases, a not-so-new approach has been more widely used in alternative to zygomatic implants or major bone grafts: The Patient Specific Implant (PSI).

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Face to face dental care in the UK was largely suspended from March until June and beyond is very... more Face to face dental care in the UK was largely suspended from March until June and beyond is very limited still in many cases. Both NHS and Private dental services in the four nations of the United Kingdom aligned with the government in lockdown and dental emergencies could be accessed face to face in specific urgent centres only (UDC's). Return to dental practice has been challenging for the profession with a lack of clarity from regulators and a gulf between financial support of private practice (almost none) and National Health practice (at 100% of their contact value pre-COVID). Dramatic changes to the provision of dental care are likely to persist and the COVID crisis may precipitate significant change to both private and NHS dental services.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Background: Several studies have demonstrated that nicotine induces a pro-inflammatory effect due... more Background: Several studies have demonstrated that nicotine induces a pro-inflammatory effect due to the upregulation of receptors of the advanced glycation end product as well as the fibroblastic cell migration in the gingiva is reduced in smokers. Thus, this meta-analysis aims to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of root coverage after surgical therapy in smoker and non-smoker individuals.

Methods: A total of 15 articles were included in this study in which the different types of periodontal surgical procedures for root coverage of gingival recession were evaluated in both smokers and non-smokers. The databases are searched from 1997 to 2018. The inclusion criteria included the available evidence and the articles published only in the English language.

Result: In this meta-analysis, comparing smokers and non-smokers treated with different types of periodontal surgery, the result showed a statistically significant reduction in probing pocket depth (PPD), whereas, Gingival recession height (GRH), Gingival recession width (GRW) reduction and gain in clinical attachment level (CAL) and Keratinized tissue thickness (KTT) between smokers and non-smokers were not statistically significant. The percentage of complete and mean root coverage showed statistically significant variations when compared with smokers.

Conclusion: Periodontal surgical interventions exhibited less favorable healing outcomes and there were significant variations observed in the percentage of mean and complete root coverage in smokers than compared with non-smoker.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Introduction: Snoring which falls within the spectrum of sleep-related breathing disorders consid... more Introduction: Snoring which falls within the spectrum of sleep-related breathing disorders considered to be a common symptom of airway obstruction. Over the years, lateral cephalometric radiography has become one of the standard diagnostic tools to evaluate skeletal and soft tissue abnormalities contributing to obstruction, and have been the most common imaging method in evaluating patients with sleepdisordered breathing (SDB). Aim: To analyze the pharyngeal space in the retroglossal region and the region of hypopharynx at the level of epiglottis as well as its relation with the height and weight of the individuals. Materials And Methods: The study was conducted among 60 participants age 21-50 years and was equally divided into snorers and non-snorers. Lateral cephalogram was taken maintaining the exposure parameters and DIGORA software was used for soft tissue parameters. The parameters analyzed were an interincisal angle, angle of the mandible and height of the ramus. Results: Interincisal angle was found to be more among snorers as compared to non-snorers (p<.05), whereas the angle of the mandible and height of the ramus was found to be less among snorers as compared to non-snorers and was found to be statistically significant.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Aim: This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of MTA repair (Angelus®), Biodentine (... more Aim: This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of MTA repair (Angelus®), Biodentine (Septodont®) and IRM(Densply®) in microorganisms isolated from the persistent periapical lesion. Materials and Methods: The microorganisms isolated were tested by

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

This article describes a case of a 42-year-old male patient who presented with a chief complaint ... more This article describes a case of a 42-year-old male patient who presented with a chief complaint of pain, bleeding, and disability to maintain good oral hygiene in the inter proximal zones between the first and second maxillary molar. A comprehensive examination revealed a composite resin restoration in the maxillary first molar. In the inter proximal zones, plaque accumulation was also detected. Radiographic examination showed bone loss in the proximal zone. Enddontic filling was rated as good. Options of treatment were discussed. The decision of ceramic inlay was retained. The patient was satisfied thanks to well-planned approach. The purpose of this pape ris a to present a simplified clinical protocol for the restoration of non-vital teeth using ceramic inlay onaly.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2021

Introduction:Intracoronal bleaching is the simplest, least invasive, and least expensive means av... more Introduction:Intracoronal bleaching is the simplest, least invasive, and least expensive means available to lighten non-vital discolored teeth. The objective of the study:To evaluate the intra coronal bleaching efficacy of 35% Carbamide peroxide relative to 35% Hydrogen peroxide and Sodium perborate using artificially stained extracted human teeth. Materials and Methods: Eighty extracted human permanent maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth and single-rooted premolars were artificially stainedusing whole human blood and root canal treatment was completed. They werebleached twice 7 days apart using: Group I (n=20)-35% Carbamide peroxide gel, Group II (n=20)-35% Hydrogen peroxide gel, Group III (n=20)-2 gm Sodium perborate mixed with per ml of distilled water, Group IV (n=20)-Distilled water only (control). Evaluation of shade was performed on day 0,7,14. Results:On day 7, In Groups I and Group II,there was a reduction in the shade by 2 vita tab positions, whereas Group IIIlightened by 1-tab position only.On day 14,CP and HP lightened by overall 3-tab positions and SP by 2-tab positions. There were no statistical differences between the groups on day 7 and day 14. Conclusion: 35% Carbamide peroxide, 35% Hydrogen peroxide and Sodiumperborate were equally effective for Intra coronal bleaching.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor (PMT) is a polymorphic group of extremely rare and usually benign,... more Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor (PMT) is a polymorphic group of extremely rare and usually benign, slow-growing tumors. PMT is frequently associated with tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO), a paraneoplastic syndrome that manifests as renal phosphate wasting. The diagnosis is often delayed due to the non-specific nature of the symptoms and is also misdiagnosed due to histological overlap with other mesenchymal neoplasms. Serious disabilities may occur if they are not treated. Complete resection of the tumor is curative and leads to the normalization of biochemical abnormalities and inversion of symptoms. The majority of these tumors occur in the extremities (95%) with rare cases reported in the jaws. This patient presented to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar Pakistan with a recurrent PMT involving a mandible with a history of three months, which had already been misdiagnosed previously. Biochemical reports were normal as our case was diagnosed at a very early stage due to a prominent location and rapidly increasing size. Resection of the tumor was performed with a 1.5 cm safe margin. The mandibular reconstruction was then done with an L-type reconstruction plate fixed with bi-cortical screws on the remaining mandible on each side. Patient recovery was uneventful and he is now on follow up. At present, the patient remains well without any evidence of local recurrence.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

10% of pleomorphic adenomas occur in the minor salivary glands with the palate being the most com... more 10% of pleomorphic adenomas occur in the minor salivary glands with the palate being the most common site. Pleomorphic adenomas account for the majority of palatal tumors; however, minor salivary gland tumours have a higher risk of malignancy compared to tumors of the major salivary glands, so definite diagnostic evaluation should be executed. A case of 26-year-old man with a longstanding history of a soft palate pleomorphic adenoma which required excision under general anaesthetia We discuss the appropriate preoperative investigations, operative technique for surgical excision, histopathologic interpretation for this patient and a brief review of literature for pleomorphic adenoma.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Salivary gland tumors are rare tumors in the head and neck region and Pleomorphic Adenoma (PA) is... more Salivary gland tumors are rare tumors in the head and neck region and Pleomorphic Adenoma (PA) is the commonest salivary gland tumor. It is a benign tumor usually affecting parotid, submandibular or minor salivary glands. In minor salivary glands, the palate and lip are the commonest sites. Histopathological examination and various imaging techniques aid n diagnosis. Wide surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Here we present a rare case of PA of the buccal mucosa.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Objective: The main objective of this study is to study head and neck cancer among Yemenis to est... more Objective: The main objective of this study is to study head and neck cancer among Yemenis to establish a reliable database, determine the common histopathological type, common site, and defined the relation of the type and size to the age and gender of patients.

Material and Methods: This study design was a prospective descriptive hospital-based study, carried out atAl-Komori–Teaching Hospital in the Sana’aRepublic of Yemen (major referral center of oncology). The material of this study consisted of 633 patients with head and neck cancer referred for management at the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery and to the consultant unit of the head and neck surgery and who were diagnosed clinically, radiographically and histopathology as having head and neck cancer. A patient who presented with recurrent cancer, or who had previous treatment with radiation or chemotherapy were excluded. Datawerecollectedfrompatienthistory (using a questionnaire sheet), clinical examination of patients, radiograph examination and from the histopathology results of the biopsies. Data have entered the computer and analysis using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) (version 24). Quantitative data were summarized using simple descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation (SD). A Chi-square test was used to assess the association and the level of significance among categorical variables. A P-value of less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant.

Results: During the study period, 633 cases of head and neck cancers were seen, 355 cases (55.9%) were males and 279 cases (44.1%) were females, male to female ratio was 1.3:1. The patient age was ranged from 3 to 95 years with a mean age of 59.05 years ±std=15.9 years. The majority of cases (94.9%) were carcinomas, followed by lymphoma 2.5% and sarcoma 1.4%. The less common types were malignant melanoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma, accounting 0.9 %and 0.2% respectively. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type of head and neck carcinoma, accounting (72.9%). Of lymphoma, all cases were Burkitt's lymphoma. Osteosarcoma was the most common type of sarcoma, accounting 55.5% of all sarcoma. The most common affected sites were oral cavity and facial skin, accounting 66.0% and 21.8% respectively. The less affected sites were salivary glands, jawbones and maxillary sinus, accounting 4.4%, 4.1% and 3.6% respectively. Of the oral cavity, the gingiva was the most affected site, followed by the tongue, accounting (33.3%) and (31.0%). Naso-labial region, infra-orbital region were the most common affected sites of the facial skin, accounting (23.9%) and (18.8%) respectively. Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were the most common types of accounting, 75.4% and 23.2% respectively.

Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the distribution of the head and neck cancers among Yemenis, determine the common type, common site and the relationship between the type and site to the age and gender of patients. In Yemen as in all countries, head and neck cancers were remained the disease of elderly male patients with a male to female ratio of 1.3:1. Patient age was running from 3 to 95 years. The majority of patients (90.9 %) were over the age of 40 years. Carcinoma was the commonest type, followed by lymphoma and sarcoma, accounting, 94.9%, 2.5% and 1.4% respectively. The oral cavity (66.0%) was the most affected site, followed by the facial skin accounting 21.8 %. The less affected sites were salivary glands, jawbones and maxillary sinus, accounting 4.4%, 4.1% and 3.6%respectively.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Currently, COVID-19 is unquestionably becoming a universal problem and for the predictable forthc... more Currently, COVID-19 is unquestionably becoming a universal problem and for the predictable forthcoming. It has aroused an alarm concerning the spread and infects humans worldwide. In COVID-19, Olfactory and taste disorders (OTDs) are newly testified disorders and have been hypothesized that oral and nasal tissues possibly encompass host cells of SARS-CoV-2. Researchers have concluded that hyposmia or anosmia (decrease or loss of smell) and ageusia (loss of taste) is a key indicator that a person who else gives the impression that he is healthy is carrying the virus and possibly be spreading it to others. Hereby, this article gives an insight review of these indicators.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

A 9-year-old boy presented with complaints of itching in both eyes. On ocular examination there w... more A 9-year-old boy presented with complaints of itching in both eyes. On ocular examination there was dry lusterless conjunctiva rest of the examination of both anterior and posterior segment was within normal limit. On systemic examination, there was an absence of teeth with flattening of the mandible with a peg-shaped incisor with the absence of tooth buds on oral x-ray and dryness of mouth since birth. He was already a diagnosed case of X linked anhydrous ectodermal dysplasia with a similar history of absence of teeth in elder brother but his elder sister was normal. Similar history of absence of teeth and dryness of mouth since birth. (Figures 1a and b) he was started on conservative management in the form of lubricating drops and ointment.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Dermatological disorders have an alarming incidence of 60% in the Indian scenario. These disorder... more Dermatological disorders have an alarming incidence of 60% in the Indian scenario. These disorders can range from mild dermatitis, acne to the most severe form of unresolving urticaria, pruritis etc. Clinicians have come a long way in terms of advancements in the diagnosis and management of these lesions. However, infection including dental infection, as a common source of aetiology for such dermatological disorders is often neglected. Common sources of infection from the orofacial region include periodontitis, partially impacted teeth, periapical lesions, and so on. The probable mechanism supporting this mysterious correlation is of hematogenous spread of infection/bacteria and Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated histamine release thereby, triggering and causing dermatological lesions. Here, we report 2 such cases of chronic urticaria which resolved on dental therapy

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on front... more Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on frontline healthcare workers in Pakistan in terms of psychological factors emotional distress, insomnia, and burnout.

Study Design: Observational cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at different hospitals across Pakistan and data collection was carried out from 15th June 2020 till 15th August 2020.

Material and Methods: This was a questionnaire-based study aiming to compare the levels of burnout and emotional distress between frontline COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 healthcare workers. Any physician, nurse, and other healthcare workers were recruited from emergency care units and Covid-19 care units (target group), and non-COVID-19 care units (control group). Participation was voluntary and participants had to complete self-reported questionnaires and scales. A mixed-mode data collection was carried out, either in paper or web-based form to ensure maximum participation.

Results: The independent t-test showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding depression, stress, and insomnia. The study group showed higher scores for these factors than the control group. Chi-square test of association revealed significant scores of burnout and professional fulfillment in both groups. There was a higher prevalence of burnout in the study group than in the control group.

Conclusion: This study concludes that there was a significant psychosocial impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in the frontline healthcare workers measured in terms of emotional distress, insomnia, and burnout.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

The Purpose: This systematic review conducted to assess the effectiveness of local administration... more The Purpose: This systematic review conducted to assess the effectiveness of local administration of 1 % Metformin as an adjunct to scaling and root planing on periodontal intrabony defects.

Methods: Two independents reviewers searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, and ClinicalTrials.gov.We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of local administration of 1% metformin interventions in patients with periodontal intrabony defect undergoing scaling and root planing as compared to local administration of placebo gel where periodontal parameters were evaluated. The Cochrane RoB tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias. Meta-analyses for the quantitative data were performed. We assessed the level of certainty for our outcomes using (GRADE) tool.

Results: Among the 1666 studies screened, two RCTs were included in the meta-analyses. The meta-analysis showed a statistically significant difference for all outcomes except the plaque index.Quantitative analyses showed a weighted mean difference (WMD) of1.17 mm (95% CI=1.01 to 1.34 mm, P<0.00001) for depth of periodontal intrabony defect; a WMD of 2.54 mm (95% CI=2.20 to 2.88 mm, P<0.00001) for clinical attachment level;a WMD of 2.01 mm (95%CI=1.68 to 2.33 mm, P<0.00001) for probing depth (PD);a WMD of 0.38 (95% CI=0.14 to 0.62, P = 0.002) for bleeding on probing (BOP); and a WMD of 0.00 mm (95% CI=−0.04 to 0.04 mm, P=0.95) for plaque index. There is moderate certainty of the evidence for all outcomes.

Conclusions: Local application of 1% metformin in patients with periodontal intrabony defect may improve the clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters. Future clinical trials are required to confirm the clinical benefits of a 1% metformin application as adjunctive to scaling and root planing in patients with periodontal intrabony defect.

Trial Registration: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO): CRD167223.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

The Gingival recession is considered a multi-factorial. The etiology may be an anatomically vulne... more The Gingival recession is considered a multi-factorial. The etiology may be an anatomically vulnerable area, faulty tooth brushing, high frenum attachment. In cases where there is progressive recession, aesthetics concern or increasing dentinal hypersensitivity, we can do recession coverage. Depending upon the presence or absence of adequate keratinized tissue we can choose the technique. In case of adequate width of keratinized tissue, usually we can do displaced flap and in case where there is inadequate width, we can do gingival grafting.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Aim: To assess the perception of the general public towards an ideal smile, to determine an assoc... more Aim: To assess the perception of the general public towards an ideal smile, to determine an association of good facial esthetics with the high confidence level, to compare the findings based on age, gender, and socioeconomic status.

Materials and methods: This study was targeted towards the Saudi general public in Riyadh city; therefore, all males and females more than 18 years of age were recruited to fill up the questionnaire. A total of 10000 Saudi general public were targeted in this study. The survey was sent using online links via social media and other sources.

Results: A total of 8437 Saudis male and females filled up the online survey, which comprised of 39% (n=3307) males and 61% (n=5130) females. The participants were grouped based on their education level, which demonstrated that 3% (n=230) are primary level, 34% (n=2861) are high school level, 63%(n=5320) are university graduates.

The participants were also grouped based on their socio-economic status, which demonstrated that 5% (n=428) are low status, 89% (n=7539) are moderate status and 6%(n=460) are high status. The participants were also grouped based on their dental visits, which demonstrated that 68% (n=5671) visit 0-2 times, 22% (n=1823) visit 3-5 times and10%(n=911) visit 6 times or more.

Conclusion: Females were found to be more concerned about their smile, Educational levels did not affect the decision making, Higher socioeconomic status groups had more concern about their aesthetic smile, Patients with an increased number of dental visits had greater concern about their smile.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

In today's era, there is an increased demand for orthodontic treatment, especially among young pa... more In today's era, there is an increased demand for orthodontic treatment, especially among young patients. The greatest concern amongst the patients undergoing orthodontic treatment is the increased treatment time. The fixed orthodontic treatment lasts up to 2 to 3 years which further increases the risk of complications associated with the treatment such as external root resorption, periodontal problems, and patient compliance [1]. Clinicians are constantly striving towards developing strategies to enhance the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and decreasing the treatment time. Numerous surgical modalities found to be highly effective in reducing the treatment time for orthodontic therapy include corticotomy, corticision, peizocision, periodontal distraction, dentoalveolar distraction etc. [2]. Wilcko et al. [3] introduced the combined approach corticotomy surgery with alveolar grafting in a technique referred to as Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (AOO) and recently known as Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO). Many studies dictated that PAOO is an extremely predictable, safe, effective technique. The risk of root resorption and the duration of treatment time is considerably reduced [3-5]. The present article focuses on accelerating the orthodontic tooth movement using a Demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) graft, alloplast and PRF membranes to reduce the treatment time and improves soft and hard tissue healing outcomes.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Organoleptic tests are essential in the diagnosis and treatment of halitosis due to three main fu... more Organoleptic tests are essential in the diagnosis and treatment of halitosis due to three main functions:

(A) measuring halitosis, for which it is considered as the gold standard method;

(B) helping patients to recover their self-confidence as they get more confident each time their breath is well evaluated;

(C) assessing the origin of halitosis through oral and nasal organoleptic tests and by comparing mouth and nose exhaled air, which is possible for diagnosing oral, nasal or extraoral origins of halitosis with a very small error margin.

Nevertheless, literature for organoleptic scales that recommend the use of nasal organoleptic tests and/or techniques to diagnose halitosis origin is scarce. Two significant aspects that must be contemplated seriously are the potential risk of cross infections following organoleptic tests as well as the lack of safety guidelines, especially with regards to the recent contagious potential of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. An important safety aspect concerns avoiding performing organoleptic tests whenever feeling flu-like symptoms, such as fever, dry cough, or difficulty breathing. Also, individuals at higher risk for severe illness should not be elected examiners. Although a safer oral and nasal organoleptic technique is being proposed based on literature, organoleptic assessment should be temporarily suspended until the COVID-19 pandemic situation has normalized and further studies to evaluate the safety of different organoleptic tests methods are performed. Depending on the results of the tests a different origin of halitosis can be inferred, thus avoiding diagnostic errors and unnecessary treatments. The regular use of the present technique on patients and in research can provide more precise diagnostic results. It also allows patients to check their breath at home and consequently take some actions to solve or identify the causing issue in case an alteration is detected, as well as reinforces patients` self-confidence when receiving pleasant breath results after consecutive tests.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Introduction: Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe polymicrobial infection with rapid progression an... more Introduction: Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe polymicrobial infection with rapid progression and significant tissue destruction, which requires immediate antimicrobial and surgical management; the frequent location is in the extremities (pelvic and thoracic), genitals and thorax, its appearance being rare in the cervicofacial region, it is very rarely associated with causal agents such as Aeromonahydrophila, however, the presence of said bacillus in contaminated water can manifest as Fasciitis Cervicofacial necrotizing agent (CNF).

Material and Method: A retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out in Maxillofacial Surgery at the “La Raza” Medical Center, for one year. All patients with a diagnosis of Necrotizing Cervicofacial Fasciitis (CNF). For one year who had cultures and blood cultures, with Aeromonahydrophila, who had been cared for in the Maxillofacial Surgery service from October 1, 2013, to October 1, 2014, were included.

Discussion: Giant oral floor cysts located under the mylohyoid muscle are usually removed extra orally. We report the case of a large dermoid cyst of the floor of the mouth, with extension at the base of the tongue, removed intraorally.

Results: A sample of 7 patients with a diagnosis of Necrotizing Cervicofacial Fasciitis was obtained; dental origin, of which 3 were women and 4 men; the mean age was 66.7 years; A correlation was made with respect to comorbidities, the management was given by the Maxillofacial Surgery service of the “La Raza” Medical Center was surgical and clinical, with support from the central laboratory of the “Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret ”and the central epidemiology laboratory of the same hospital, blood cultures and bacterial tissue culture (biopsy) were performed, respectively. The taking of cultures was proportional to the number of surgical events, only 3 patients of which their blood cultures reported the development, two of them presented Gram (+) and Gram (-) and the third Gram (+) and Facultative aerobes. From the tissue cultures, the biota reported was: Candida Albicans; Candida Krusei, Morganella morganii, Coryneform bacilli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Trichosporonasahii, Pseudomona aeruginosa and only one developed AeromonaHydrophila. Antibiotic was administered based on the antibiogram obtained individually with specificity for each case as reported in the cultures.

Discussion and Conclusion: CNF is an entity rarely associated with Aeromonahydrophila, it is common to find another type of microbiota in this entity, however, it should be known that this A.hydrophila bacillus is frequently isolated in contaminated water and the patient can acquire it by performing any daily activity, more if you have any injury or previous immunocompromise. The importance of medical-surgical management will determine the prognosis of the patient, the correct extension of debridement and resection will allow delimiting the CNF and the multidisciplinary management together will reduce complications (septic shock, multiple organ failure, death) if it is carried out in a timely manner.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

In the era of technological advancements, one of the most significant innovation is the “LASER”. ... more In the era of technological advancements, one of the most significant innovation is the “LASER”. An acronym “LASER” stands for “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.” Earlier, the term LASER was pronounced as “MASER” i.e. “Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.” LASER is a monochromatic and coherent light that is produced by the release of more photons which triggers a chain reaction. The laser compartment consists of six major components, which are important to understand for the production of light. LASERs have also been an integral part of dental sciences and helped to provide standard care particularly in the field of Prosthodontics [1]. Lasers interact with the biological tissues by the process of absorption, reflection, transmission, and scattering.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Introduction: Oral floor dermoid cysts are a rare entity. A cyst can cause malfunctions in the up... more Introduction: Oral floor dermoid cysts are a rare entity. A cyst can cause malfunctions in the upper aerodigestive tract and slurred speech. The treatment of choice is essentially surgical.

Case report: A 17-year-old male who presented with progressive swelling in the floor of the mouth since birth. Clinical examination revealed a painless, bulky, and symmetrical swelling in the floor of the mouth, pushing the tongue backward.

Conclusion: The recommended surgical techniques vary according to the size and anatomical situation of the cysts. The intraoral approach is preferred for cysts that do not extend beyond the mylohyoid muscle

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Effective endodontic treatment relies on a strong understanding of root canal anatomy, specific e... more Effective endodontic treatment relies on a strong understanding of root canal anatomy, specific evaluation of the pulp chamber floor, critical interpretation of radiograph, and chemo-mechanical planning accompanied by three-dimensional obturation of root canal system. The risk of extra root /canal should be considered even in teeth with a small incidence of irregular root canal morphology. Mandibular premolars have acquired the distinction for having aberrant anatomy. This article reports and discusses the successful endodontic management of mandibular first premolar with one canal bifurcating into two canals.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Background: Dental X-ray is a fundamental part of dentistry. It contributes to the establishment ... more Background: Dental X-ray is a fundamental part of dentistry. It contributes to the establishment of a definitive diagnosis and the proposed treatment plan. Several modalities are used, ranging from conventional to cone-beam computed tomography with varieties of doses absorbed by the living tissue.

Methods: Self-structured questionnaire was established and distributed among 119 dental practitioners working in private and government hospitals through Google® forms. Final-year graduate students of King Khalid University in Abha, Aseer region, Saudi Arabia, were involved as well.

Results: A total of 119 participants were included in this prospective survey with a mean ±S.D.ageof 33.30 ± 3.6. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) among the participants in their responses to the most sensitive organ to X-ray, whether the handheld portable X-ray unit was safer than the traditional one, and their knowledge about handheld portable X-ray units. Additionally, there is a significant difference in the responses to whether they used a monitoring device, the distance kept while taking X-rays, and whether they have the patients wear a thyroid collar.

Conclusions: The overall extent of awareness of the participants of the dental X-ray hazards, protection measures being followed, and the modes of updating knowledge were found to be satisfactory. The study results will help practitioners to improve their knowledge and to consider protective measures strictly.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Plasma cell mucositis (PCM) is a rare benign proliferative disorder affecting various mucosal sur... more Plasma cell mucositis (PCM) is a rare benign proliferative disorder affecting various mucosal surfaces usually seen in elderly patients. In the present case, a 66-year-old male patient reported with the complaint of bleeding from the oral cavity and enlarged gums in relation to lower right 1st& 2nd molars. Incisional biopsy of the involved mucosal area confirmed the diagnosis of plasma cell mucositis (PCM). Diagnosis of this condition is complex often needs a biopsy, histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry. Management includes conventional gingivectomy and intra lesional steroid injection. Regular follow up of plasma cell mucositis (PCM) is essential due to the possibility of its clinical persistence. There is the potential involvement of other mucosal surfaces and chances of malignant transformation.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Background: Alcohol has a negative effect on humans, whether it is on the healthy or even economi... more Background: Alcohol has a negative effect on humans, whether it is on the healthy or even economic side. It is considered a serious condition for the occurrence of many diseases threatening human life or may contribute to increasing their severity in addition to the negative impact on some parts of the human body.

Aim of the study: To evaluate the alveolar bone status by measuring the alveolar bone crest level of the interproximal teeth in alcohol drinker individuals on CBCTs.

Material and Methods: The current study included randomly selected male patients (n=294) who admitted to radiology units in some dentistry centers in Baghdad city, between the ages of 25 and 45 years. The selected male subjects were divided into three groups: control group (n=120), light alcohol drinking group (n=98) and heavy alcohol drinking group (n=76). The measurements of alveolar crest level were done on CBCT images by measuring a distance between the crest of alveolar bone and the “cementoenamel junction” in the interproximal teeth region.

Results: Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant reduction in the alveolar bone crest level in the alcohol drinker groups as compared to the control non-drinker group at p-value ?0.05. In addition, the study also showed that there was a significant reduction of alveolar bone crest level in the maxilla as compared to the mandible between the alcohol drinker groups at p-value ?0.05.

Conclusion: The study found there was a negative effect of “alcohol consumption” on the alveolar bone as it causes a reduction of alveolar bone crest level in the interproximal areas of teeth.

Clinical significance: The study confirms the damage of alveolar bone reduction as a result of the long-term consumption of alcohol.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Osteoporosis has been a cause for major concern for all the nations where the population of senio... more Osteoporosis has been a cause for major concern for all the nations where the population of senior citizens has seen a spurt on account of better healthcare. However, where a timely diagnosis cannot be made, it causes a lot of suffering to the patient. The study aims at exploring the potential of dental radiography as a tool for diagnosis where a dentist could identify groups at high risk of suffering from this ailment much before they suffer from any fracture and to prevent it from happening by mitigating the various factors that may cause it. Going beyond the conventional techniques of diagnosis, this study evaluates the efficacy of the novel methodology studied under the Osteodent Project for determining risk or vulnerability to osteoporosis through radio-morphometric and visual indices or photodensitometric analysis of trabecular patterns. Dental Radiography is not the sole diagnostic method for this ailment but an adjunct to screening techniques that can be used by a dentist for undiagnosed cases in patients who are unaware of being at risk. Since dental X-rays capture a two-dimensional image, visual examination becomes imperative to assess dimensions of bone and make requisite calculations for bone mineral density to predict the risk of osteoporosis.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

The objective of this work was to describe clinically, surgically and immediate oral rehabilitati... more The objective of this work was to describe clinically, surgically and immediate oral rehabilitation of a patient with aggressive oral squamous cell carcinoma, or the most frequent in the oral cavity, in which the majority are frequent and treated with resection and subsequent rehabilitation.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome co... more The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains a global challenge. Even after extensive research going on globally, an effective vaccine and other viable treatment options have eluded investigators. Therefore, guidelines by the higher authorities and following the precautions as well as protocols provide the best approach in controlling the spread of the disease. In this article, various treatment modalities, preventive methods, and transmission routes of COVID-19 are discussed along with the impact of COVID-19 in dental practice and remedial measures to fight against the same.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

In today's era, using the terms like "digital" or "digitization" or "3D" is not a new phenomenon... more In today's era, using the terms like "digital" or "digitization" or "3D" is not a new phenomenon. Keeping in view the exceptional innovations and an extensive research going on, the subject of "ENDODONTICS" seems to be the most blessed one out of all. Apart from the medical field, dentistry has also done wonders. The credit can be given to the researchers coming up in great numbers to prove their worth particularly in the field of Endodontics.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Background: Earlier investigations affirmed promising results in oral rehabilitation of the elder... more Background: Earlier investigations affirmed promising results in oral rehabilitation of the elderly by single implant mandibular overdentures SIMOs. However, being highly prone to fracture in the anterior region of those overdentures is a concern for clinicians.

Objectives: This crossover study aimed at clinically assessing the deformation of denture bases of various reinforcement framework materials (PEEK or metal), for single implant mandibular overdentures.

Materials and Methods: Fifteen edentulous patients received one implant in the midline regions of their mandible. Three months later, each patient had two overdentures; one was metal-reinforced (Group I), and the other was PEEK reinforced (Group II). Six linear strain gauges were affixed to both lingual and buccal surfaces of the implant overdentures. Strain registrations were carried out while the participants were clenching. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare denture strains between groups and channels.

Results: PEEK reinforcement Group (II) revealed statistically significant higher strains (p < .001) than metal reinforcement Group (I) regarding all channels. In both groups strain gauges on the lingual surface recorded compressive stresses. While the buccal gauges recorded tensile stresses.

Conclusion: Respecting single implant mandibular overdentures, metal reinforcement is recommended to be used compared to PEEK reinforcement as it was associated with reduced strains.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Congenital missing permanent second molar is an extremely rare condition. Non syndromic mandibula... more Congenital missing permanent second molar is an extremely rare condition. Non syndromic mandibular second molar agenesis associated with other anomalies has occasionally been reported in literature, but isolated sporadic cases are rarely observed. Number of interactions between genetic and environmental factors during the process of tooth development might be the causative etiology for agenesis. This report presents an isolated case of hypodontia with absence of bilateral mandibular second molar agenesis in a healthy 18 year old female patient is presented and literature review on prevalence of most missing teeth with incidence of missing second molar in various regions of the world and in various regions of Indian continent is presented. No such case has been reported in Indian literature so far.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Unique is a method that could help diagnosing a psychiatry condition, such as autism, by properly... more Unique is a method that could help diagnosing a psychiatry condition, such as autism, by properly completing a patient's clinical history, with a comprehensive physical examination. It is important to diagnose individuals with autism spectrum, since providing a good oral health care to these people requires that the dentist has specialized knowledge, an increased awareness and care while performing the treatment, and even patient support strategies which must be adapted to each case.

Every patient with autism is different to the rest, which makes their diagnosis and treatment difficult. Likewise, not all dentists are qualified to provide a good oral health care to patients diagnosed with autism spectrum, so many families must fight with that barrier every day. Finally, not every person with autism, or their families, are able to afford the cost of dental care with a qualified dentist, which is an important concern for them.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Around 50-200 million children in the age group of 0-19 years worldwide are diagnosed with cancer... more Around 50-200 million children in the age group of 0-19 years worldwide are diagnosed with cancer every year. The success rate of eradicating childhood cancer in developing countries is around 80% depending on the stage at which it is diagnosed. The current oncological therapies of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and bone transplant have helped increase the number of pediatric cancer survivors exponentially. However, these modalities have necessitated the long term medical and dental follow-up. The various anomalies that occur in patients after the treatment affect general health like auditory defects, weight gain, precocious puberty and dental development like stunted root development, trismus, which deter the patient from leading a normal life. Since the growth of the dentition continues up to 14-18 years of age, the paediatric cancer survivors present with a spectrum of ailments from simple xerostomia to osteoradionecrosis and agenesis of teeth. The patients have the manifestations of the previous dental ailments and the deleterious effects of oncological therapy. Hence, orthodontic evaluation and therapy for these pediatric cancer survivors become essential to correct the dental deformities. The different features like mucositis, xerostomia, gingivitis that are typically seen in cancer survivors, can affect not only the length of the orthodontic treatment but also the oral hygiene of the patient in general. Hence, this review article aims to highlight the anomalies seen due to the onco-therapy, a few preventive measures that can be exercised to maintain the patientâ€™s dental hygiene, the factors that are to be assessed prior to the commencement of the therapy and the effects of orthodontic therapy on the oral cavity.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Osseous crown-lengthening is often needed to enhance the appearance of a patient's smile, prevent... more Osseous crown-lengthening is often needed to enhance the appearance of a patient's smile, prevent the violation of biologic width, and/or provide sufficient tooth structure for the placement of final restorations. The present technique for osseous crown lengthening typically involves flap surgery, a procedure that frequently is associated with postoperative complications that can interfere with the aesthetic outcome, such as infection, bleeding, and change in tissue position during the healing process. The erbium laser enables the clinician to offer the patient a minimally invasive alternative to osseous crown lengthening negating the adverse effects associated with conventional treatment. Other advantages of using the laser for osseous crown lengthening includes: hemostasis, improved visualization, fewer postoperative complications and recession.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Introduction: The microorganisms own different resistance mechanisms that allow them to resist th... more Introduction: The microorganisms own different resistance mechanisms that allow them to resist the chemo-mechanical cleanliness of root canal and antibiotic therapies causing the persistence of apical lesions.

Methods: This clinical case describes a male patient diagnosed with pulp necrosis in the right lower central incisor due to trauma, which developed apical periodontitis manifesting itself extra orally. Root canal treatment along with antibiotic therapy was performed, but because the infectious process persisted, endodontic retreatment and a new antibiotic therapy were carried out, however, the clinical evolution was not favorable. For this reason, the intentional replantation was chosen as the outright treatment, performing apicectomy and curettage of the periapical lesion, from which the isolation and taxonomic study of microorganisms were carried out, with the respective antibiogram.

Results: In the 10-day clinical follow-up, the extraoral infectious process disappeared almost completely and 6 months later, a complete repair of the bone tissue was observed on the tomography.

Conclusion: A better understanding of the persistence of apical periodontitis was achieved by taxonomic identification of bacteria and the intentional replantation allowed to remove the apical biofilm gaining an excellent wound healing.

Facial beauty and attractiveness have been linked to social perception, where people with more at... more Facial beauty and attractiveness have been linked to social perception, where people with more attractive faces are perceived to have higher athletic, social, and leadership skills. Smile and eyes were reported to be the most important factors regarding the hierarchy of characteristics for determining facial beauty, the purpose of this study was to determine the changes in the facial skin, facial aesthetic, oral mucosa. And record the changes in the facial expressions as a result of the effect of local anesthetic prior to the oral surgery and assess if the smile would be influenced by the local anesthetics, This Clinical study is performed in Oral and maxillofacial surgery department and dental clinics of Saudi Arabia. After the administration of the local anesthetic (4.0 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1: 80000 epinephrine) 9.8% of the patient showed an immediate area of facial blanching; perioral (4.9%), cheeks (3.3%), and periorbital (1.6%). whereas 90.2% of the examined patients showed no facial skin blanching, upon examination Signs indicating blanching were observed and area of skin blanching was noted in the forehead, periorbital, nose, chin, cheeks, perioral and periauricular areas of skin.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

The personality of an individual is often judged by his looks. A beautiful smile brings immense p... more The personality of an individual is often judged by his looks. A beautiful smile brings immense pleasure, not only to the viewer but also to the wearer of the smile. Time and again in dentistry, esthetics has been the prime area of focus. Prosthodontic rehabilitation also involves esthetics as its key factor, which is challenging especially in patients with congenital diseases or syndromes. Ectodermal dysplasia is one such hereditary condition associated with failure of the development of ectoderm in the embryonic stage and can cause multiple abnormalities. The ectodermal structures like skin, nails, hair, sweat glands, and teeth are particularly affected. The management of ectodermal dysplasia is quite complex and multidisciplinary owing to the abnormal morphology in craniofacial structures, a wide array of dentofacial defects, and age of the affected individuals, as most of them are very young when they report for or are evaluated for treatment. The deciduous as well as the permanent dentition in these patients may present with anodontia, hypodontia or oligodontia or combination of these. Hypodontia is one of the most common intraoral finding among these scenarios. Therefore, the affected patients obviously require absolute attention towards prosthodontic treatments throughout their developmental years till their adulthood.

This report presents a case of an adult diagnosed with having ectodermal dysplasia with hypodontia. By appropriate modification and customization, the prosthodontic management was meticulously planned for the young patient which involved a full mouth rehabilitation with tooth supported fixed prosthesis in the maxillary and mandibular arch. The devised treatment plan had a key impact on the psychological, the masticatory function, speech and facial esthetics of the patient.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) is a public health emergency of global con... more The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) is a public health emergency of global concern. Based on the data published by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), the majority of patients were asymptomatic or having mild symptoms but can release an enormous amount of viral load. It posed a worldwide challenge for containment of the infection of COVID-19. As, oral health care providers work in close proximity to the patients' mouth, they are at higher risk for infection. The aim of this article is to emphasize on special measures to be taken for prevention and potential interventions.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Purpose: The goal of this study was to compare and evaluate stress transmitted to an overdenture ... more Purpose: The goal of this study was to compare and evaluate stress transmitted to an overdenture abutment tooth supported by polyethylene ribbon bar reinforced composite resin of hybrid type, the hybrid type includes Nano-hybrid composite and Micro-hybrid composite.

Methods: Edentulous educational acrylic model modified to receive two canine teeth and duplicated to ten models. Polyvinyl silicon impression material was packed to simulate mucosa covering the ridge. The canines prepared to receive a metal jacket and then infibra ribbon bar constructed on the abutments, mandibular overdenture constructed to each model over the bar, the ten models divided equally into two groups,

Group I: Five models received mandibular overdenture supported by two canines splinted with ribbon fiber bar reinforced with Nano-hybrid composite.

Group II: Five models received mandibular overdenture supported by two canines, splinted with ribbon fiber bar reinforced with Micro-hybrid composite.

Installation of strain gauges around each surface of the abutment, Universal testing machine used to apply load to each model Unilateral (50 N) and bilateral (100 N) vertical static load applied at 1st molar area to measure µ-strains at buccal, lingual, mesial and distal surfaces of the abutment. the outcomes collected and statistically analyzed to compare between the two groups.

Result: -Infibra ribbon bar reinforced by Nano-hybrid composite and infibra ribbon bar reinforced by micro-hybrid composite exhibits No significant difference of microstrain transmitted to overdenture abutment except the labial surface.

- Under bilateral loading, Infibra ribbon bar reinforced with a Nano-hybrid composite bar transmit higher microstrain to all labial, lingual, and mesial surfaces of overdenture abutment than infibra ribbon bar reinforced with Micro-hybrid composite except the distal surface.

Conclusion: -Infibra ribbon bar reinforced with hybrid type composite decrease stresses transmitted to mandibular overdenture abutment

-Regarding stress distribution, Micro-hybrid composite is the material of choice to construct infibra ribbon bar over Nano-hybrid composite.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Objective: The study aimed to study facial skin carcinoma among Yemenis to determine, the types, ... more Objective: The study aimed to study facial skin carcinoma among Yemenis to determine, the types, sites, the relation of this disease to the age and gender, and to define the possible risk factors associated with the development of facial skin carcinoma.

Material and methods: The study is a prospective descriptive hospital-based- study carried out at Al-gomhori- Teaching Hospital in the Sana'a Republic of Yemen. The material consisted of 126 cases of Yemen patients who attending to the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery and to the consultant unit of the head and neck surgery and diagnosed clinically, radiographically and histopathological as having facial skin carcinoma. Patients who had previous treatment (surgical, radiation or chemotherapy) or who had recurrent cancer were excluded. Data: were collected from history (using a questionnaire sheet), clinical examination of patients and from the histopathology results of the biopsies. Data were analysis using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).

Results: In this study126 cases were reported, 81 cases (64.3%) were males and 45 cases (35.7%) were females, male to female ratio was 1.8:1. Carcinoma of the Facial skin is still remaining the disease of elderly patients, particularly those who have a history of long-standing exposure to sunlight. The patient's age was ranged from 8 to 92 years, the mean age for both gender was64.29 ± 15.33 years. The majority of patients (95%) were over the age of 40 years. Basal cell carcinoma was the communist type, accounting 74.6%. Sqaumous cell carcinoma was the second type of facial skin carcinoma, accounting for 25.4%. Naso-labial region and infera-orbital region were the most involving sites, accounting 20.6% and 19.8% respectively. Outdoor works (long-standing exposure to sunlight) was the main risk factor that plays an important role to developing 68.1% of basal cell carcinoma and 75.0% of sqaumous cell carcinoma.

Conclusion: Carcinoma of the facial skin in Yemen as in all countries still remains the disease of the elderly patients, 95% were over the age of 40 years. Males were affected more than females. M:F ratio was 1.8:1. Basal cell carcinoma was the most common type, accounting 74.6%. Naso-labial region and the naso-labial region were the most involving sites, accounting 20.6% and 19.8% respectively. Prolonged exposure to sunlight (outdoor work) was the main risk factor that plays an important role to development of facial skin carcinoma among Yemenis.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Purpose: Evaluation of implant overdenture retention at 23mm standard inter-implant distance usin... more Purpose: Evaluation of implant overdenture retention at 23mm standard inter-implant distance using OT Equator and locator attachments.

Materials and methods: Twelve completely edentulous patients were selected for this study. For all patients, conventional complete dentures were constructed. Mandibular dentures were replicated into stereolithographic implant placement guide using CBCT. Every participant received 2-implants in the anterior mandibular area with inter-implant distance of 23 mm. After the osseointegration period, the mandibular conventional dentures were converted into implant retained overdentures attached with Locator attachment for (group I) (six patients) and OT Equator attachments for (group II) (six patients). Retention was evaluated for conventional mandibular complete dentures (T0), 3-months (T3) and, 6-months (T6) after overdenture insertion using digital force-meter.

Results: Results revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between the study groups representing mean retention force (P<0.05) except at T0 (baseline evaluation with conventional dentures) with higher mean values for group I (Locator attachment) than group II (OT Equator attachment).

Conclusion: Regarding the limitations of this study:

-Inter-implant distance of 23 mm for 2-implant overdentures could be considered a reliable modality for edentulous mandible.

-Locator attachment may be preferable than OT Equator attachment regarding 2-implant overdenture retention at 23 mm inter-implant distance.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Background: Oral health instructions refer to dental hygiene and care instructions that are devis... more Background: Oral health instructions refer to dental hygiene and care instructions that are devised by dental health practitioners to the people that prevent them from periodontal diseases. The majority of the Qatari people need healthy, painless teeth, and are willing to seek information and professional help from the dentists/ oral hygienists.

Objectives: To analyse the attitudes of Qatari people towards oral hygiene instructions.

Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted among 859 Qatari adults, aged between 18 and 72 years to analyse their attitudes towards oral health instructions. The data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, Chi-square test and analysis of residual tests. The quantitative research design is based on the data collection method carried out at Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) where participants were recruited who were receiving dental appointments, as well as public and private dental clinics.

Results: Findings of the study identified that Qatari people above 27 years of age, received formal education more than High school are more likely to show positive response on the instructions given by dentists or oral hygienists. It could be concluded that Qatari people need formal education and knowledge regarding the importance of oral health instructions so that they could follow the instructions for sufficient oral health and hygiene. Starting with formal education from Kindergarten will increase the knowledge of the importance of oral health that will lead to an increase in the attitudes toward oral hygiene instructions.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Background: Even though the decompression of the cellulitis phase of Ludwig's angina (LA) by surg... more Background: Even though the decompression of the cellulitis phase of Ludwig's angina (LA) by surgical or pharmacological approach is well documented, it is unclear which approach is more effective.

Objective: We aim to compare the outcome of treatment between surgical versus pharmacological decompression in patients with LA.

Subjects and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was designed. Data were collected from the case notes of patients that met the inclusion criteria from 2004 to 2018 at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.The data were age, gender, type of decompression approach, length of hospital stay (LOS) and airway compromise.

Result: A total of 62 patients comprising 37(59.7%) surgical decompression group and 25(40.3%) pharmacological decompression group were studied. Thirty-six (58.1%) males and 26 (41.9%) females were studied. Their mean age and standard deviation were 40.6 years and 11.9 years respectively. The mean length of hospital stays between the pharmacological and surgical decompression groups were 8.05 days and 13.8 days respectively. The incidence of airway compromise in the surgical decompression group was 19.9% lower than that of the pharmacological decompression group (P=0.47), which was not significant. The type of decompression approach also failed to influence the incidence of airway compromise (P = 0.41).

Conclusion: The use of surgical versus pharmacological decompression does not significantly alter the incidence of airway compromise in the management of LA. The Patients that had surgical decompression had a shorter stay in the hospital as compared to those who had pharmacological decompression. This was not statistically significant.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Aim: The extrusion of sodium hypochlorite through the apical foramen is an accident that can occu... more Aim: The extrusion of sodium hypochlorite through the apical foramen is an accident that can occur during the endodontic treatment although is relatively uncommon, Due to the severe tissue damage that is caused by the solution, the management becomes important to prevent serious sequalae. Low-level laser therapy might be useful to treat damaged soft tissues because of its bio modulatory effects, which may reduce edema and prevent infection.

Methods: In this clinical case, the accidental leakage of 5% sodium hypochlorite during the preparation of the root canal of an upper left canine is reported. The accident caused immediate and intense pain and severe edema and ecchymosis. The conventional treatment protocol was applied along with low-level laser therapy.

Results: Clinical examination revealed the healing of soft tissue in thirteen days, besides a significant pain reduction in three days after laser therapy was applied.

Conclusion: The combination of low-level laser therapy with a conventional treatment protocol could be a useful tool to manage such an accident.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Objective: To show the consequence of two thicknesses of ceramic on the polymerization of resin c... more Objective: To show the consequence of two thicknesses of ceramic on the polymerization of resin cement light cured when three different lithium silicate ceramics were used.

Materials and Methods: 42 ceramic slices were prepared from three types of ceramics, Emax CAD, Celtra Duo CAD and Vita suprinity CAD (n=14). They were further divided into two subgroups according to thicknesses into sub group thickness 0.5mm and sub group thickness 1mm (n=7). Teflon moulds were fabricated with specific dimensions, where the ceramic disc was placed followed by light cured resin cement Bisco choice 2 veneer and a glass slab with finger pressure applied. Curing with Ascent® PX LED light cure unit for 20 seconds took place, where the tip placed over the ceramic sample directly. Cement film was then separated from the ceramic disk and subjected to analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope. Uncured cement samples were also subjected to analysis.

Results: Celtra DUO CAD ceramic showed higher degree of polymerization that of Emax and Vita suprinity while the difference between Emax and Suprinity on the degree of polymerization was not significant. Also, ceramic thicknesses had a significant effect on the degree of polymerization of the resin cement.

Conclusion: Thickness of ceramics up to 1mm affects the polymerization of resin cement significantly.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of aging and different surface treatments on micro-shear bond str... more Purpose: To evaluate the effect of aging and different surface treatments on micro-shear bond strength of two resin cements to resin nano-ceramic composite blocks using an in-vitro study.

Materials and methods: Blocks of resin nano-ceramic (Lava Ultimate, 3M, St Paul, Minnesota, USA) were used to prepare eight plates having the following dimensions: (14mm Ã— 12mm - 2mm). After plates preparation they were assigned to two main groups according to the surface treatment applied, either hydrofluoric acid etching and silane or sandblasting and silane. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the surface topography of the Lava-Ultimate plates before and after application of surface treatments. Two resin cements were used; dual cured adhesive resin cement (Bifix QM, VOCO, Cuxhafen, Germany) and dual cured self-adhesive resin cement (Bifix SE, VOCO, Cuxhafen, Germany) to create a five resin micro-cylinders received on each lava ultimate plate. Ten specimens from each subgroup were tested after 24 hours and the other ten specimens were tested after aging in saline for 6 months. Micro-shear bond strength test was applied until failure. . Multi-factorial ANOVA test and One-way ANOVA followed by pair-wise Tukey's post-hoc tests were used to analyze the data.

Results: Both resin cements showed statistically significant decrease on bond strength after aging. Before aging, both surface treatments with adhesive resin cement showed statistically significant higher micro-shear bond strength mean values than with self-adhesive resin cement. After aging sandblasting showed a statistically significant higher micro-shear bond strength mean values with adhesive resin cement, while hydrofluoric acid etching revealed a statistically non-significant higher values with adhesive resin cement than self-adhesive resin cement.

Conclusion: For both surface treatments and resin cements aging had a detrimental effect on micro- shear bond strength.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2020

Background: Stroke had been the leading cause of death in industrialized countries, following car... more Background: Stroke had been the leading cause of death in industrialized countries, following cardiovascular disease and cancer. Aim and Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the fact that dental practitioners as health care providers ought to play their part in the early detection of patients at risk of having a cerebrovascular stroke.

Materials and Methods: Initial study design consisted of 1000 panoramic radiographs (PRs), which were taken for patients visiting the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. Two examiners reviewed all the radiographs. Sixty-one patients were found to have suspected carotid artery calcifications. Out of them, only 43 patients were subjected to Doppler ultrasound for confirmation of the carotid artery calcifications (CAC's).

Results: Out of the 61 patients suspected of having carotid calcifications, 30 were male (49.2%) and 31 were female (50.8%) P value=0.844.Patients with age group between 51-61 had higher incidence of calcifications on orthopanograph (OPG). Mean age of the patients with calcifications on OPG was 56.67 ± SD of 10.15 (p=0.004). Of the final 43 subjects, only 11 patients were confirmed to have positive carotid calcifications in Doppler ultrasonography study. Out of 11 patients, only 9 patients had atherosclerotic plaques that were not hemodynamically important and 2 patients had less than 50% carotid artery stenosis. Based on the Kappa value of 0.397, the level of agreement would be moderate with p value <0.001.

Conclusion: Our study suggests that panoramic radiography can be a significant measure for detecting stroke prone patient. The role of Dental practitioners can be extended further, and overcome certain obstacles before panoramic radiography can be implemented as a new screening method for patients at risk of having a stroke.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Objective: Overall aim of this prospective, randomized, positive controlled, double-blind in vivo... more Objective: Overall aim of this prospective, randomized, positive controlled, double-blind in vivo study was to identify the effects of a test dental gel containing 2.6% edathamil with an added carrier and permeability enhancer vs. a positive control dentifrice on periodontal health measures in patients with Stage II and III periodontitis.

Methods: In this prospective double-blinded, randomized study, 33 subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to brushing their teeth with either the test gel (LivFresh®, Livionex Dental Gel, Los Gatos, CA 95030) or the positive control toothpaste (Crest ProHealth®, P&G, Cincinnati, OH 45202). Full-mouth gingival index, modified sulcus bleeding index, and periodontal pocket probing depths were recorded for all teeth at baseline, and on days 90 and 180. Subjects brushed with the study material twice a day.

Results: The test dental gel reduced gingival inflammation and bleeding, as well as periodontal pocket probing depths significantly more than a control dentifrice.

Conclusions: In this pilot study in subjects with Stage II and III periodontitis, a test dental gel was found to improve gingival inflammation and bleeding, as well as periodontal pocket depths significantly better than a control dentifrice.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of erosion in the permanent den... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of erosion in the permanent dentition of 12-year-old schoolchildren in the municipality of Joacaba (SC-Brazil) and identify the factors associated with this condition. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 222, 12-year-old schoolchildren in the municipality. The presence and severity of erosion were evaluated by the O'Brien index for the four maxillary incisors and first permanent molars A questionnaire was also applied to trace the hygiene-diet and health profile of the participants in relation to tooth erosion. The data obtained were statistically analyzed by the Chi-square test and logistic regression models (a=5%). The prevalence of erosion was 9% (CI95%, 0.53-3.46%), with lesions restricted to enamel. The presence of erosion was shown to be associated with variables related to the school children's general health, oral hygiene and dietary habits. Only the variables acidity (OR=5.86; CI95%:1.65-20.77), habit of having a beverage at night (OR=5.49; CI95%:1.60-18.33) and not using dental floss (OR=4.44; CI95%:1.18-16.63) remained after analysis of the multiple logistic regression model. The presence of tooth erosion value was lower than that verified in the literature for the age-range of the study. The risk of developing tooth erosion was higher in children who had the habit of ingesting a beverage at night, those who did not use dental floss and reported having acidity.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

The treatment of periodontal diseases, mainly of their origin, with the most common clinical mani... more The treatment of periodontal diseases, mainly of their origin, with the most common clinical manifestation in form of gingival inflammation, is manifold and powerful, including: mechanical therapy, antibiotic, antiseptic and various approaches to treatment, which are recommended to be used within a short period of time. New therapeutic approaches have been proven as alternative treatment to conventional therapy, or in combination with conventional therapies, to reduce the number of periodontopathic pathogens in gingival sulcus.

HBOT has a detrimental effect on periodontal microorganisms, as well as beneficial effects on the healing of periodontal tissue, increasing oxygen pressure in gingival pockets. Our study is aimed at reviewing the current published literature on hyperbaric oxygen therapy and focuses on role of HBOT as a therapeutic measure for the individual with periodontal disease in general and for the impact on the recovery of gingival inflammation.

HBOT and periodontal treatment together, reduce up to 99% of the gram-negative anaerobic load of subgingival flora. HBOT, significantly reduces subgingival anaerobic flora. Clinical effects in 2-year follow-up of treated patients are sensitive. Reduction of gingival hemorrhage indexes, depth of peritoneum, plaque index, occurs in cases of combination of HBOT and detraction. Reduced load persists up to 2 months after therapy. The significant increase in connective tissue removal starts at the end of 2nd week, to achieve the maximum in week 3-6 of application. HBOT used for re-implantation, stimulates the healing of periodontal membrane, pulp, prevents root resorption, healing of periodontal lining tissues. HBOT, significantly reduces the hemorrhage index with 1.2 value difference, 0.7mm probe depth, reduces gingival fluid by 2. HGH exposure is increased by gingival blood flow, with a difference of 2 in measured value. The therapeutic effects of HBOT in the value of the evaluation index can be saved up to 1-year post treatment.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Background: Several methods have been employed for diagnosing inflammatory conditions including b... more Background: Several methods have been employed for diagnosing inflammatory conditions including biomarkers, enzymes and various other clinical parameters. Dermatoglyphics is one such field which has gained entry in Forensic Medicine, Forensic Odontology and in General Medicine for diagnosing chronic inflammatory conditions. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition associated with destruction of periodontal tissues. This study aimed to assess the relationship between the fingerprint patterns and chronic periodontitis

Methods: A total of 60 patients, belonging to both healthy and chronic periodontitis subjects were assessed by a commercially available fingerprint scanner. All the fingerprint images were assessed for the fingerprint pattern and the ridge count manually. The results were tabulated as percentage frequency distribution for the type of fingerprint pattern. The ridge count is shown as mean ± SD. Unpaired t test was applied to test for statistical significance.

Results: The frequency distribution showed equal percentage of Radial Loop type of fingerprint pattern in subjects of both Health and Chronic Periodontitis. Statistical analysis showed Plain Whorl type of fingerprint pattern more significant in subjects having Chronic Periodontitis

Conclusion: It was concluded that there might be a relationship between type of fingerprint pattern to the chances of a person having Chronic Periodontitis.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Oro-antral communication (OAC) may develop as a complication of dental extraction, trauma, infect... more Oro-antral communication (OAC) may develop as a complication of dental extraction, trauma, infection or neoplasm. Buccal fat pad (BFP) has been increasingly used for the closure of OAC. However, some complications can be seen for pedicled buccal fad pad flap (PBFPF), such as infection, limitation in mouth opening, hematoma, and swelling. Nevertheless, there are no previous reports of subcutaneous emphysema after PBFPF. In this paper; a complication developed in the early period after use of PBFPF for closure of OAF was illustrated with special emphasis showing the strength of BFP against tension forces.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Background: Veneered all-ceramic restorations are associated with a high incidence of chipping an... more Background: Veneered all-ceramic restorations are associated with a high incidence of chipping and veneer delamination from the inner core. Monolithic all-ceramic crowns facilitate the fabrication process and minimize residual stresses between core and veneer. A new material,zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate(ZRL), Celtra Duo was recently introduced for fabrication of monolithic anterior crowns to overcome the aesthetic drawbacks of traditional zirconia and also to improve the strength of the lithium disilicate.

Aim of the study: To examine the marginal fit of CAD/CAM: zirconia reinforced lithium disilicatand to evaluate it with Lithium silicate glass-ceramic crowns.

Materials and methods: Thirty monolithic ceramic specimens will be fabricated and divided into THREE main groups; Group I: CAD/CAM ZLS Celtra Duo milled and polished, Group II CAD /CAM ZLS Celtra Duo milled and glazed & Group III: CAD/CAM Lithium silicate glass-ceramic (e.max CAD). For evaluation of the marginal fit 30 ceramic crown specimens ten specimens from each material(N=10), subgroups Ia, IIa, IIIa will be fabricated according to the manufacturers' instructions and thermocycled to simulate one year clinical service. Marginal fit will be measured for the same specimens by using CBCT (Ia, IIa, IIIa). For evolution of marginal fit 30 ceramic crowns will be fabricated, ten crowns from each material (N=10), subgroups Ia, IIa, IIIa.

Results: Will be arrangeand statistically analyzed.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Aim: This study determines molecular docking to know the selected active compounds of lemon grass... more Aim: This study determines molecular docking to know the selected active compounds of lemon grass against bacterial receptor proteins of Porphyromonasgingivalis and the minimum inhibitory concentration of lemon grass extract against P. gingivalis.

Materials and methods: The lemon grass essential oil extraction was subjected for evaporation to remove the methanol and was collected for analysis by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GCMS) to know the compounds of lemon grass which was effective against peptidyl-arginine deiminase of P. gingivalis. Molecular docking technique was done to study these compounds and their interactions with the target protein in the test organism. Finally, minimum inhibitory concentration was done to know the antibacterial activity of lemon grass oil components against P. gingivalis.

Results: A total of 15 compounds were obtained after GCMS analysis but 3 main compounds were selected i.e. Citronellol, D-Limonene and Geraniol. D- limomonene exhibited good binding with a score of -6.05. Geraniol and Citronellol exhibited a binding score of -5.84 and -5.32 respectively for P.gingivalis.

200µl of extract of lemon grass caused 50.2% reduction in number of colonies of P. gingivalis.

Conclusion: The active ingredients from lemongrass oil containing Citronellol, D-Limonene and Geraniol showed antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis with MIC of 20µl/ml.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Background: Lingual Frenulum connects the base of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Tongue-Ti... more Background: Lingual Frenulum connects the base of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Tongue-Tie (Ankyglossia) is a congenital anomaly characterized by short lingual frenulum which restricts the mobility of tongue tip.

Material and Methods: This study was done to determine the prevalence of ankyglossia among the population of North India. 500 subjects of both sexes aged between 18-70 years formed the sample size.

Results: The results were obtained after classification of ankyglossia by Kotlow by measuring the length of free tongue and by measuring the length of lingual frenulum (indirect method) as suggested by Ruffoli et al. Inadequate tongue mobility was seen only in subjects with lingual frenulum<0.5mm.

Conclusion: It should be stated that despite the reduced length the short lingual frenum is not always inelastic or fibrotic. It may allow a normal lingual mobility hence not necessitating a reduction intervention and also the effects of ankyglossia can be mitigated by the elasticity of the floor of the mouth and help the lingual mobility.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Objective: To describe the distribution of risk, diagnosis and pharmacological treatments for dia... more Objective: To describe the distribution of risk, diagnosis and pharmacological treatments for diabetes and hypertension after seven years among patients provided with opportunistic medical screening in a dental setting.

Material and Methods: The initial screening's 170 participants were asked to take part in a seven-year follow-up study. Data were collected through self-reported information in a written health declaration. Outcome measures:

Number of study participants who had passed away

Prescription of antidiabetics or antihypertensives

Changes in weight and height to calculate body mass index (BMI)

Results: The follow-up study consisted of 151 participants. Twenty had passed away. The risk needs for medicating with antihypertensive drugs after seven years for those not receiving pharmacological treatment at the initial screening was 3.7 times greater (p=0.025 CI 1.2-11.3) for participants with a diastolic blood pressure (BP) ?90 mm Hg (85 for diabetics) than for the others. The risk was 3.9 times greater (p=0.020 CI 1.2-12.6) for those with a systolic BP of 140-159 mm Hg and 54.2 times greater (p<0.0001 CI 9.8-300.3) for those with a systolic BP ? 160 mm Hg than for those with a systolic BP 140 mm Hg. There were no changes in BMI.

Conclusion: At least one in ten cases of incorrect medication or undiagnosed hypertension may be identifiable through opportunistic medical screening

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Endodontic treatment of two maxillaryincisors with dens invaginatus is reported. Invaginated teet... more Endodontic treatment of two maxillaryincisors with dens invaginatus is reported. Invaginated teeth present technical difficulties with respect to their management because of complicated canal morphology. This case was treated by conventional root canal treatment. The signs and symptoms ceased after the treatment. At follow up examination after 18 and 20 month the teeth were asymptomatic and radiographically showed sound periodontal and periapical tissue.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Despite its limitations and drawbacks the Miller' classification system continues to be the most ... more Despite its limitations and drawbacks the Miller' classification system continues to be the most popular system for classifying gingival recession defects (GRDs), however, recent studies have challenged the use of Miller's classification system and many new classification systems have been proposed. Mahajan's classification system is a modification of Miller's classification and has been found to be reliable in identifying GRD. Since predicting the pathogenesis and prognosis of the disease process in GRDs is an essential requirement for a valid classification system and till date no study is available in the literature which assesses the predictive capacity of the modified Millers classification, the present study was done to evaluate the same. A total of 21 GRDs were classified according to the modified Miller's classification and were treated subsequently. At the end of the study the modified Miller's classification system was found to have satisfactory predictive value and the post operative results correlated well with the pre-treatment prognosis for various recession classes.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Preservation of the dental extraction sockets through bone grafting has been a key procedure to m... more Preservation of the dental extraction sockets through bone grafting has been a key procedure to maintain the volumetric aspect of the bone walls. This has been proven successful in bone preservation for future implant insertion or prosthetic treatment. Several materials of bone allograft, xenografts, synthetics and membranes were successful in socket preservation however the healing duration and the outcome of bone formed differs. Ten patients selected with posterior extraction sockets for the augmentation procedure, the bone graft mass mixed with Amnio-Spark fluid* (*Salvin Dental Specialties, Charlotte, NC, USA) and the wound secured with sutures and left to heal with no covering membrane. Post-operative visits scheduled at two, four and twelve weeks' intervals for monitoring of the healing and core biopsies were harvested from the augmented extraction sockets and examined histologically at the twelve's week.

At two weeks, there was considerable formation of tissue covering the bone graft material which continued to progress into keratinized tissue in four weeks. Core bone biopsies taken at twelve weeks demonstrated a pattern of viable bone formation with minor remnants of the bone graft material. This case series will demonstrate the effectiveness of the amnio- fluid in rapid formation of gingival tissue on top of the augmented extraction socket wounds. Additionally, it will histologically confirm expedited bone remodeling into the extraction socket following the augmentation.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a non-neoplastic lesion that affects children and young ad... more Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a non-neoplastic lesion that affects children and young adults. Various treatment modalities have been suggested for CGCG. The most commonly applied is surgery with possible variable recurrence rates. Other treatment modalities such as calcitonin and intralesional steroid have been used with good results. In the current case report, a 14-year old boy presented with an aggressive CGCG of the mandible that had been treated with six weekly intralesional injections of steroids that provided very good results.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

In this current issue, some interesting facts will be discussed on dental anxiety and the importa... more In this current issue, some interesting facts will be discussed on dental anxiety and the importance of ergonomics, an exercise in dentistry. Sterility of the root canals has emerged as the most important factor for the success of a root canal treatment. It is important to learn, how, many factors govern the changing pattern of intra alveolar extractions. Non-surgical treatment of aggressive central giant cell granuloma and latest innovations in mandibular 3rd molar surgery will be discussed.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Post-operative pain and swelling is one of the common complications following mandibular third mo... more Post-operative pain and swelling is one of the common complications following mandibular third molar surgery leading to very disturbing days immediately following third molar extraction. On considering the impact of such post-operative sequelae on the patient's quality of life, it is necessary to exercise preventive measures to minimize the occurrence of such complications / untoward events. Although many retractors are already in application for retraction of tissues during the third molar extraction, this manuscript describes an innovative multifunctional concept "Nyer Zet-ractor" designed for retraction and isolation without limiting the accessibility to the surgical area in mandibular third molar surgery.

The "Nyer Zet-ractor"described in this manuscript is an innovative device which provides the advantages like clear access, continuous visibility and excellent isolation of the surgical site unlike conventional retractors with minimal retractive forces thereby reducing post-operative pain and swelling. Nyer Zet-ractor implements a multifunctional concept of retraction making it an efficient, easy to use, and exerts a known and finite amount of force, thereby avoiding tissue damage.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Introduction: Though changing patterns of tooth extraction have been reported in the literature w... more Introduction: Though changing patterns of tooth extraction have been reported in the literature which included the age, gender, tooth type and indications for extraction, there is still a paucity of studies that have examined the variation and changes in the pattern of tooth extraction over a period of time in a given nation. We, therefore, accessed the pattern and indications of tooth loss in the patients who presented at oral surgery clinic for intra-alveolar tooth extraction over a twelve-month period.
Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of adult patient's tooth extraction between September 2015 and August 2016. Patients' demographic and clinical data were collected with a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Variables were subjected to Pearson's chi-square test and P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: A total of 240 adults aged range between 18 to 75 years of age with a mean age of 36.64 years were included in the analysis. Maxillary teeth (231) and mandibular teeth (326) were extracted in 203 and 263 patients respectively. Caries and its sequelae, 223(93%) were the predominant indications for tooth extractions. The lower second molar (25%), and upper third molar (20%) had the highest frequencies. More female (126, 52.5%) than male (114, 47.5%) had extraction done, the difference is however not statistically significant (X2 =1.67, P-Value = 0.195)
Conclusions: Dental caries and their sequelae are the most frequent cause of tooth extraction. Tooth extraction was more in Patients in the fourth decade as well as in the Female gender, even though the difference between male and female is not statistically significant. And there is increased in number of male who had extraction done compared to what obtained in the past decades. The left side of the mouth appeared to be more affected.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Background: Malocclusion is recognized as one of the most common dental problems affecting young ... more Background: Malocclusion is recognized as one of the most common dental problems affecting young adults and adolescence globally. Oral functions and facial aesthetics are influenced by the severity of malocclusion and it's of great concern to the individual, their families and health authorities as well. Most of the reported studies for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are from the eastern, southern and central regions. To the best of our knowledge, no data is available for the northern region of Hail; therefore the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion among the population of Hail city.

Methodology: Descriptive study having a cross-sectional study, a convenient sample size of 504 Saudi populations between the age group of 13-50 years. Informed consent was taken from the participants before conducting the examination, parents consent was sought for children. Malocclusion was recorded as described by WHO, oral health Survey, and basic methods. Each subject was examined for the type of malocclusion according to Angle's classification.

Results: Most predominant malocclusions was Angle's Class I 41.7% in females and 26.2% in males.15.4% males and 23.3% females had excessive overjet (>2mm) compared to 38% males and (24.3%) females who had reduced overjet (2mm) whereas 32.3% males and 20.5% females had reduced overbite (<1 mm), the anterior crossbite was reported in 5.6%males and (1.3%) females and open bite in 5.6% males and 5.5 % females.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the prevalence of malocclusion in the Hail region of Saudi Arabia is comparable with that of other regional studies. Most of the study participants exhibited Angles class I occlusal features with normal overjet and overbite.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Work-related back pain has the highest proportion of approximately 60% followed by neck pain. The... more Work-related back pain has the highest proportion of approximately 60% followed by neck pain. The objective of this review is to make the dentists aware of the effectiveness of ergonomics, education and exercise to prevent premature disability resulting from neck and back pain. Dentists have a high global prevalence of musculoskeletal (MSD) disorders and low back pain (LBP) is leading amongst those followed by neck pain. There are ample pieces of evidence about the role of ergonomics, education and exercises in primary and secondary prevention of musculoskeletal pain. These interventions can be introduced to dentists as primary prevention to avoid neck and back problems.

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, 2019

Fear to dental drill and fill is common and widespread throughout the world population. It affect... more Fear to dental drill and fill is common and widespread throughout the world population. It affects quite a large population of all ages all over the globe. Many patients go untreated because anxiety or stress is commonly associated with dental settings [1]. Special needs people, such as pregnant mothers, old people or disabled children are much affected. The question arises is what has been done scientifically to reduce the negative impact associated with dental anxiety? How successful we are in controlling it? What are the most productive ways to enhance patient's confidence against it? The severity of anxiety may vary among people.