Diana Muir Appelbaum - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Books by Diana Muir Appelbaum

Research paper thumbnail of Reflections in Bullough's Pond; Economy and Ecosystem in New England

Papers by Diana Muir Appelbaum

Research paper thumbnail of Islamic Supremacy Alive and Well in Ankara

Middle East Quarterly, 2013

Turkey, Past and FutureSupersessionism refers to the belief that Christians have superseded Jews ... more Turkey, Past and FutureSupersessionism refers to the belief that Christians have superseded Jews in a new covenant with God. Islam, too, sees itself as superseding all previous divine revelation but, unlike Christianity, which canonized the Old Testament embedding long centuries of pre-Christian history into the Christian narrative, Islam freely erases history itself. But Kemalist Turkey appeared to offer a revolutionary break with Islamic tradition when it established a secular republic on the ashes of the Ottoman caliphate. For decades it has been held up as a model of a modem, westernized, Middle Eastern democracy, that happened to have a Muslim majority. Closer examination, however, reveals substantial "continuity between the late Ottoman Empire" and the republic1 as Turkish treatment of religious and ethnic minorities exposes an unacknowledged streak of Islamic supersessionism.ISLAM IC SUPERSESSIONISMIslamic supersession can be understood in two senses, as replacement and as erasure. Going forward, Islam will supplant all other faiths. But Islam also controls the time before the birth of Muhammad; it claims to have preexisted all other faiths with the Qur'an preexisting all other scripture. Because Islam has always existed, all children are born Muslim although their parents may rear them in another faith. The proof text is in the reported words of Muhammad: "Every child is born according to God's plan; then his parents make him a Jew, a Christian, or a Magian [Zoroastrian]."2 The claim that Islam has always existed effectively erases all that went before Muhammad. The notion that Islam is the final, true faith, divinely ordained to rule everywhere, has driven Islamic imperialism for 1 ,400 years.3Supersessionist erasure can also be enacted on the landscape. The ancient pagan shrine in Mecca was converted into the Muslim Kaaba. But the Muslim claim is not that monotheism has replaced pagan worship at the Kaaba in the way that a thousand Christian churches were built on pagan altars, but rather that the Kaaba was the "first house" of God (Qur'an 3:9697) built by Abraham and Ishmael.The Temple Mount in Jerusalem was superseded by the erection of the Dome of the Rock, bolstered by the myth of Muhammad's "Night Journey" to Jerusalem, erasing the pre-Islamic history of the temple and, with it, all Christian and Jewish claims.4 In later cases, however, sites are incorporated into Islam as symbols of Islamic imperial triumph. So it was when the great cathedral of St. Sophia in Constantinople, originally built in 360, was converted into a mosque by Sultan Mehmet ? in 1453.The fact that Christians and Jews continued to live under Muslim rule reinforced Islamic triumphalist beliefs because as "protected people" (or dhimmis), they publicly acknowledged their legal and institutional inferiority to Muslims. But with the rise of European nationalism during the nineteenth century, Islam encountered Christians and eventually Jews who claimed political and religious equality with Muslims and even rights to sovereignty in lands that had hitherto been part of the domain of Islam. Christian or Jewish sovereignty and equality challenge Islamic supersessionism.Nowhere was this clearer than in the Turkish republic. Modern Turkey not only inherited supersessionist attitudes from Islam, it continued the policies of the Ottoman Empire in this regard.OTTOMAN HISTORYTurkic speaking tribes reached Anatolia from Central Asia by the eleventh century, by which time they had already adopted Islam. By the twelfth century, after Anatolia slipped away from Seljuk Turk control, various tribes and strongmen had established principalities that conducted raids or ghaza against infidels and one another in the name of Islam and in search of riches and territory. One of these principalities, founded by Osman I in northwestern Anatolia, would become the core of a dynasty that would last for centuries. …

Research paper thumbnail of Jewish Identity and Egyptian Revival Architecture

Journal of Jewish Identities, 2012

Between 1798 and 1806, a highly unusual synagogue complex was built around a courtyard in the cit... more Between 1798 and 1806, a highly unusual synagogue complex was built around a courtyard in the city of Karlsruhe, capital of the Grand Duchy of Baden. An enormous pair of Egyptian-style trapezoidal pylons flanked a gate that led to a courtyard, open to the sky and lined with a Doric colonnade. Buildings on three sides of the courtyard contained the rabbi's home, a school, and community offices. At the far end of the courtyard, a Grecian pediment topped the façade of the synagogue proper. The Karlsruhe synagogue (destroyed by fire in 1871) was a thoughtful attempt on the part of architect Friedrich Weinbrenner to employ a style that would evoke Jewish ancientness and also allow him to work in two avant-garde modes: Greek and Egyptian revival. Weinbrenner also attempted to evoke the Temple of Solomon itself in the layout of the Karlsruhe complex. First Kings specifies that the Temple have three parts, the ulam (a porch or vestibule, perhaps roofless), the hekhal (great hall), and the dvir (Holy of Holies), separated from the hekhal by a parochet, or curtain. At the ulam stood a pair of named columns, Boaz and Jachin. The text does not make clear whether these columns were free-standing or structural, or whether they were inside or in front of the building. Architect Weinbrenner built Boaz and Jachin as pylons in the style of the entrance to the Temple at Karnak, Egypt, the ulam as a roofless courtyard, the hekhal as the synagogue building and, inside that, the Holy of Holies as the curtained Torah Ark. Greek revival architecture was still new in Image 1. Egyptian-inspired pylons at synagogue complex, Karlsruhe. Synagogue façade and pediment visible through arch.

Research paper thumbnail of Giants in the Land

Research paper thumbnail of Biblical nationalism and the sixteenth-century states

National Identities, Dec 1, 2013

The emergence of Protestant nations in sixteenth-century Europe was driven by the sudden rediscov... more The emergence of Protestant nations in sixteenth-century Europe was driven by the sudden rediscovery of biblical nationalism, a political model that did not separate the religious from the political. Biblical nationalism was new because pre-Reformation Europeans encountered the Hebrew Bible through paraphrases and abridgments. Full-text Bibles revealed a programmatic nationalism backed by unmatched authority as the word of God to readers primed by Reformation theology to seek models in the Bible for the reform of their own societies. Sixteenth-century biblical nationalism was the unintended side effect of a Reformation intended to save souls.

Research paper thumbnail of Turkey , Past and Future Islamic Supremacy Alive and Well in Ankara

Supersessionism refers to the belief that Christians have superseded Jews in a new covenant with ... more Supersessionism refers to the belief that Christians have superseded Jews in a new covenant with God. Islam, too, sees itself as superseding all previous divine revelation but, unlike Christianity, which canonized the Old Testament embedding long centuries of pre-Christian history into the Christian narrative, Islam freely erases history itself. But Kemalist Turkey appeared to offer a revolutionary break with Islamic tradition when it established a secular republic on the ashes of the Ottoman caliphate. For decades it has been held up as a model of a modern, westernized, Middle Eastern democracy, that happened to have a Muslim majority. Closer examination, however, reveals substantial “continuity between the late Ottoman Empire” and the republic1 as Turkish treatment of religious and ethnic minorities exposes an unacknowledged streak of Islamic supersessionism.

Research paper thumbnail of Laws of Nature

The Women's Review of Books, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of The Level of the Poverty Line: A Historical Survey

Social Service Review, Sep 1, 1977

Since the turn of the century, American social scientists have established poverty lines, budgets... more Since the turn of the century, American social scientists have established poverty lines, budgets delineating the minimum amount which a family requires to achieve an adequate standard of living. This article assesses the historical trend of such studies, demonstrating that the actual level of living deemed necessary for poverty-level families has risen during the past seventy years. Poverty-level families, however, have been considered to need less than working-class families by a relatively constant ratio. Thus, while the level of living provided by a poverty-line budget has improved, the status of these families relative to the rest of society has remained static. In this, the poverty line reflects not what the poor need, but what those who determine such things believe they should have.

Research paper thumbnail of 11 Proclaiming Thanksgiving throughout the Land

New York University Press eBooks, Dec 31, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of The Glorious Fourth: An American Holiday, an American History

Journal of the Early Republic, 1989

A unique study of Americana, this is an entertaining exploration of the ways in which America com... more A unique study of Americana, this is an entertaining exploration of the ways in which America commemorates its independence anniversaries. The history of Independence Day is traced from the declaration of American independence on 4th July 1776 to the recent surge of bicentennial patriotism.

Research paper thumbnail of Thanksgiving: An American Holiday, an American History

Thanksgiving: An American Holiday, An American History. by Diana Karter Appelbaum. Facts on File ... more Thanksgiving: An American Holiday, An American History. by Diana Karter Appelbaum. Facts on File Publications 1984. ... Everyone went to meeting on thanksgiving days, and no one thought of doing anything livelier afterward than eating dinner at home with the family. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Review of Inter/Nationalism: Decolonizing Native America and Palestine

Middle East Quarterly, Jun 1, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of The Value of the Nation-State

Historically Speaking, 2005

... 1 Henry Charles Lea, A History ofthe Inquisition ofSpain, 4 vols. ... 5 Jaime Contreras and G... more ... 1 Henry Charles Lea, A History ofthe Inquisition ofSpain, 4 vols. ... 5 Jaime Contreras and GustavHenningsen, "44,000 Cases of the Spanish Inquisition (1540-1700): Analysis of a Historical Data Bank," in Gustav Henningsen and John Tedeschi, eds., in association with Charles ...

Research paper thumbnail of National Myth of the American Indian

Research paper thumbnail of Fabricating Zionist Intentions

Middle East Quarterly, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of The Glorious Fourth: An American Holiday, an American History

Journal of the Early Republic, 1989

A unique study of Americana, this is an entertaining exploration of the ways in which America com... more A unique study of Americana, this is an entertaining exploration of the ways in which America commemorates its independence anniversaries. The history of Independence Day is traced from the declaration of American independence on 4th July 1776 to the recent surge of bicentennial patriotism.

Research paper thumbnail of Thanksgiving: An American Holiday, An American History

Thanksgiving: An American Holiday, An American History. by Diana Karter Appelbaum. Facts on File ... more Thanksgiving: An American Holiday, An American History. by Diana Karter Appelbaum. Facts on File Publications 1984. ... Everyone went to meeting on thanksgiving days, and no one thought of doing anything livelier afterward than eating dinner at home with the family. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Giants in the Land

Research paper thumbnail of Review of Inter/Nationalism: Decolonizing Native America and Palestine

Middle East Quarterly, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of 11 Proclaiming Thanksgiving throughout the Land

Research paper thumbnail of Reflections in Bullough's Pond; Economy and Ecosystem in New England

Research paper thumbnail of Islamic Supremacy Alive and Well in Ankara

Middle East Quarterly, 2013

Turkey, Past and FutureSupersessionism refers to the belief that Christians have superseded Jews ... more Turkey, Past and FutureSupersessionism refers to the belief that Christians have superseded Jews in a new covenant with God. Islam, too, sees itself as superseding all previous divine revelation but, unlike Christianity, which canonized the Old Testament embedding long centuries of pre-Christian history into the Christian narrative, Islam freely erases history itself. But Kemalist Turkey appeared to offer a revolutionary break with Islamic tradition when it established a secular republic on the ashes of the Ottoman caliphate. For decades it has been held up as a model of a modem, westernized, Middle Eastern democracy, that happened to have a Muslim majority. Closer examination, however, reveals substantial "continuity between the late Ottoman Empire" and the republic1 as Turkish treatment of religious and ethnic minorities exposes an unacknowledged streak of Islamic supersessionism.ISLAM IC SUPERSESSIONISMIslamic supersession can be understood in two senses, as replacement and as erasure. Going forward, Islam will supplant all other faiths. But Islam also controls the time before the birth of Muhammad; it claims to have preexisted all other faiths with the Qur'an preexisting all other scripture. Because Islam has always existed, all children are born Muslim although their parents may rear them in another faith. The proof text is in the reported words of Muhammad: "Every child is born according to God's plan; then his parents make him a Jew, a Christian, or a Magian [Zoroastrian]."2 The claim that Islam has always existed effectively erases all that went before Muhammad. The notion that Islam is the final, true faith, divinely ordained to rule everywhere, has driven Islamic imperialism for 1 ,400 years.3Supersessionist erasure can also be enacted on the landscape. The ancient pagan shrine in Mecca was converted into the Muslim Kaaba. But the Muslim claim is not that monotheism has replaced pagan worship at the Kaaba in the way that a thousand Christian churches were built on pagan altars, but rather that the Kaaba was the "first house" of God (Qur'an 3:9697) built by Abraham and Ishmael.The Temple Mount in Jerusalem was superseded by the erection of the Dome of the Rock, bolstered by the myth of Muhammad's "Night Journey" to Jerusalem, erasing the pre-Islamic history of the temple and, with it, all Christian and Jewish claims.4 In later cases, however, sites are incorporated into Islam as symbols of Islamic imperial triumph. So it was when the great cathedral of St. Sophia in Constantinople, originally built in 360, was converted into a mosque by Sultan Mehmet ? in 1453.The fact that Christians and Jews continued to live under Muslim rule reinforced Islamic triumphalist beliefs because as "protected people" (or dhimmis), they publicly acknowledged their legal and institutional inferiority to Muslims. But with the rise of European nationalism during the nineteenth century, Islam encountered Christians and eventually Jews who claimed political and religious equality with Muslims and even rights to sovereignty in lands that had hitherto been part of the domain of Islam. Christian or Jewish sovereignty and equality challenge Islamic supersessionism.Nowhere was this clearer than in the Turkish republic. Modern Turkey not only inherited supersessionist attitudes from Islam, it continued the policies of the Ottoman Empire in this regard.OTTOMAN HISTORYTurkic speaking tribes reached Anatolia from Central Asia by the eleventh century, by which time they had already adopted Islam. By the twelfth century, after Anatolia slipped away from Seljuk Turk control, various tribes and strongmen had established principalities that conducted raids or ghaza against infidels and one another in the name of Islam and in search of riches and territory. One of these principalities, founded by Osman I in northwestern Anatolia, would become the core of a dynasty that would last for centuries. …

Research paper thumbnail of Jewish Identity and Egyptian Revival Architecture

Journal of Jewish Identities, 2012

Between 1798 and 1806, a highly unusual synagogue complex was built around a courtyard in the cit... more Between 1798 and 1806, a highly unusual synagogue complex was built around a courtyard in the city of Karlsruhe, capital of the Grand Duchy of Baden. An enormous pair of Egyptian-style trapezoidal pylons flanked a gate that led to a courtyard, open to the sky and lined with a Doric colonnade. Buildings on three sides of the courtyard contained the rabbi's home, a school, and community offices. At the far end of the courtyard, a Grecian pediment topped the façade of the synagogue proper. The Karlsruhe synagogue (destroyed by fire in 1871) was a thoughtful attempt on the part of architect Friedrich Weinbrenner to employ a style that would evoke Jewish ancientness and also allow him to work in two avant-garde modes: Greek and Egyptian revival. Weinbrenner also attempted to evoke the Temple of Solomon itself in the layout of the Karlsruhe complex. First Kings specifies that the Temple have three parts, the ulam (a porch or vestibule, perhaps roofless), the hekhal (great hall), and the dvir (Holy of Holies), separated from the hekhal by a parochet, or curtain. At the ulam stood a pair of named columns, Boaz and Jachin. The text does not make clear whether these columns were free-standing or structural, or whether they were inside or in front of the building. Architect Weinbrenner built Boaz and Jachin as pylons in the style of the entrance to the Temple at Karnak, Egypt, the ulam as a roofless courtyard, the hekhal as the synagogue building and, inside that, the Holy of Holies as the curtained Torah Ark. Greek revival architecture was still new in Image 1. Egyptian-inspired pylons at synagogue complex, Karlsruhe. Synagogue façade and pediment visible through arch.

Research paper thumbnail of Giants in the Land

Research paper thumbnail of Biblical nationalism and the sixteenth-century states

National Identities, Dec 1, 2013

The emergence of Protestant nations in sixteenth-century Europe was driven by the sudden rediscov... more The emergence of Protestant nations in sixteenth-century Europe was driven by the sudden rediscovery of biblical nationalism, a political model that did not separate the religious from the political. Biblical nationalism was new because pre-Reformation Europeans encountered the Hebrew Bible through paraphrases and abridgments. Full-text Bibles revealed a programmatic nationalism backed by unmatched authority as the word of God to readers primed by Reformation theology to seek models in the Bible for the reform of their own societies. Sixteenth-century biblical nationalism was the unintended side effect of a Reformation intended to save souls.

Research paper thumbnail of Turkey , Past and Future Islamic Supremacy Alive and Well in Ankara

Supersessionism refers to the belief that Christians have superseded Jews in a new covenant with ... more Supersessionism refers to the belief that Christians have superseded Jews in a new covenant with God. Islam, too, sees itself as superseding all previous divine revelation but, unlike Christianity, which canonized the Old Testament embedding long centuries of pre-Christian history into the Christian narrative, Islam freely erases history itself. But Kemalist Turkey appeared to offer a revolutionary break with Islamic tradition when it established a secular republic on the ashes of the Ottoman caliphate. For decades it has been held up as a model of a modern, westernized, Middle Eastern democracy, that happened to have a Muslim majority. Closer examination, however, reveals substantial “continuity between the late Ottoman Empire” and the republic1 as Turkish treatment of religious and ethnic minorities exposes an unacknowledged streak of Islamic supersessionism.

Research paper thumbnail of Laws of Nature

The Women's Review of Books, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of The Level of the Poverty Line: A Historical Survey

Social Service Review, Sep 1, 1977

Since the turn of the century, American social scientists have established poverty lines, budgets... more Since the turn of the century, American social scientists have established poverty lines, budgets delineating the minimum amount which a family requires to achieve an adequate standard of living. This article assesses the historical trend of such studies, demonstrating that the actual level of living deemed necessary for poverty-level families has risen during the past seventy years. Poverty-level families, however, have been considered to need less than working-class families by a relatively constant ratio. Thus, while the level of living provided by a poverty-line budget has improved, the status of these families relative to the rest of society has remained static. In this, the poverty line reflects not what the poor need, but what those who determine such things believe they should have.

Research paper thumbnail of 11 Proclaiming Thanksgiving throughout the Land

New York University Press eBooks, Dec 31, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of The Glorious Fourth: An American Holiday, an American History

Journal of the Early Republic, 1989

A unique study of Americana, this is an entertaining exploration of the ways in which America com... more A unique study of Americana, this is an entertaining exploration of the ways in which America commemorates its independence anniversaries. The history of Independence Day is traced from the declaration of American independence on 4th July 1776 to the recent surge of bicentennial patriotism.

Research paper thumbnail of Thanksgiving: An American Holiday, an American History

Thanksgiving: An American Holiday, An American History. by Diana Karter Appelbaum. Facts on File ... more Thanksgiving: An American Holiday, An American History. by Diana Karter Appelbaum. Facts on File Publications 1984. ... Everyone went to meeting on thanksgiving days, and no one thought of doing anything livelier afterward than eating dinner at home with the family. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Review of Inter/Nationalism: Decolonizing Native America and Palestine

Middle East Quarterly, Jun 1, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of The Value of the Nation-State

Historically Speaking, 2005

... 1 Henry Charles Lea, A History ofthe Inquisition ofSpain, 4 vols. ... 5 Jaime Contreras and G... more ... 1 Henry Charles Lea, A History ofthe Inquisition ofSpain, 4 vols. ... 5 Jaime Contreras and GustavHenningsen, "44,000 Cases of the Spanish Inquisition (1540-1700): Analysis of a Historical Data Bank," in Gustav Henningsen and John Tedeschi, eds., in association with Charles ...

Research paper thumbnail of National Myth of the American Indian

Research paper thumbnail of Fabricating Zionist Intentions

Middle East Quarterly, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of The Glorious Fourth: An American Holiday, an American History

Journal of the Early Republic, 1989

A unique study of Americana, this is an entertaining exploration of the ways in which America com... more A unique study of Americana, this is an entertaining exploration of the ways in which America commemorates its independence anniversaries. The history of Independence Day is traced from the declaration of American independence on 4th July 1776 to the recent surge of bicentennial patriotism.

Research paper thumbnail of Thanksgiving: An American Holiday, An American History

Thanksgiving: An American Holiday, An American History. by Diana Karter Appelbaum. Facts on File ... more Thanksgiving: An American Holiday, An American History. by Diana Karter Appelbaum. Facts on File Publications 1984. ... Everyone went to meeting on thanksgiving days, and no one thought of doing anything livelier afterward than eating dinner at home with the family. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Giants in the Land

Research paper thumbnail of Review of Inter/Nationalism: Decolonizing Native America and Palestine

Middle East Quarterly, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of 11 Proclaiming Thanksgiving throughout the Land

Research paper thumbnail of Reflections in Bullough's Pond: Economy and Ecosystem in New England. By Diana Muir. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 2000. x + 312 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, index. $26.00

Environmental History, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Steven Salaita's Scholarship. Review of "The Holy Land in Transit: Colonialism and the Quest for Canaan"

The Holy Land in Transit: Colonialism and the Quest for Canaan

Research paper thumbnail of A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History, by Nicholas Wade; The Son Also Rises: Surnames and the History of Social Mobility, by Gregory Clark; The Chosen Few: How Education Shaped Jewish History, by Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein

Research paper thumbnail of A Problematic Reading of the Genetic History of the Jews

Research paper thumbnail of Legal Immigration, Ethnic Change and Culture Replacement on the Mexican-American Border

This article presents a little-known example of ethnic change and culture replacement resulting f... more This article presents a little-known example of ethnic change and culture replacement resulting from legal immigration to a liberal, democratic nation state. For over a decade the legislature and government of a border state supported immigration and a rapid path to citizenship in the interest of economic development. The state government thwarted federal attempts to enforce laws protecting human rights when they contravened the customs and legal practices of the major immigrant ethnie. This immigrant ethnic group rapidly achieved majority status, took power, seceded form the federal state, and imposed their imported language, culture, and laws on Texas, reducing the erstwhile staatsvolk to disfavored minority status.