Don Harris - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Don Harris

Human Factors and Ergonomics in Practice, 2016

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable ef... more This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2011

The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), based upon Reason's model of human ... more The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), based upon Reason's model of human error in an organizational context is currently the most widely used human factors accident analysis framework, however it has been criticised for merely categorising accident data rather than analysing it. Previous research has established statistical associations between the levels and categories within HFACS but has not specified a mechanism by which one category influences subsequent behaviour. This paper extends the approach in two ways. Using the categories of control flaws derived from Leveson's Systems-Theoretical Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) approach it describes the mechanisms by which categories within HFACS are associated with other categories lower in the organizational hierarchy. It also provides a mechanism by which active failures can promulgate across organizations. The revised methodology HFACS-X (eXtended) is illustrated using the case study of the Uberlingen mid-air collision on

International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2021

The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology, 2019

This paper advances live (L), virtual (V), and constructive (C) simulation methodologies by intro... more This paper advances live (L), virtual (V), and constructive (C) simulation methodologies by introducing a new LVC simulation framework for the development of air combat tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP). In the framework, TTP is developed iteratively in separate C-, V-, and L-simulation stages. This allows the utilization of the strengths of each simulation class while avoiding the challenges of pure LVC simulations. The C-stage provides the optimal TTP with respect to the probabilities of survival ( Ps) and kill ( Pk) of aircraft without considering the human–machine interaction (HMI). In the V-stage, the optimal TTP is modified by assessing its applicability with Pk and Ps, as well as HMI measures regarding pilots’ situation awareness, mental workload, and TTP adherence. In the L-stage, real aircraft are used to evaluate whether the developed TTP leads to acceptable Pk, Ps, and HMI measures in a real-life environment. The iterative nature of the framework enables that V- o...

Ergonomics, 2019

His research interests include decision analysis, dynamic optimization, simulation-optimization a... more His research interests include decision analysis, dynamic optimization, simulation-optimization and human performance in complex systems.

Cognition, Technology & Work, 2017

This document is the author's post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the p... more This document is the author's post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published version if you wish to cite from it.

Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 2007

Aviation accident rates vary in different regions; Asia and Africa have higher rates than Europe ... more Aviation accident rates vary in different regions; Asia and Africa have higher rates than Europe and America. There has been a great deal of discussion about the role of culture in aviation mishaps; however, culture is rarely mentioned as a contributory factor in accidents. It is hypothesized that different cultures will show different patterns in the underlying causal factors in aircraft accidents. Using a meta-analysis of previously published results, this research examined statistical differences in the 18 categories of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) across accidents in the Republic of China (Taiwan), India, and the United States. Seven HFACS categories exhibited significant differences between these three regions. These were mostly concerned with contributory factors at the higher organizational levels. The differences were related to organizational processes, organizational climate, resource management, inadequate supervision, physical/mental limit...

Applied Ergonomics, 2021

A new technique for the assessment of Team Situation Awareness (TSA) accuracy based upon post tas... more A new technique for the assessment of Team Situation Awareness (TSA) accuracy based upon post task Critical Decision Method structured interviews was developed and tested using 39 combat-ready F/A-18 pilots. Pilots undertook a number of simulated air combat scenarios, flying in flights of four aircraft against a formation of enemy aircraft. Results showed a strong curvilinear relationship where high TSA accuracy resulted in higher performance in some areas of air combat, measured with friendly losses and kills. There were diminishing returns in performance as TSA accuracy increased. This may explain why previous studies on air combat have found relatively weak relationships between situation awareness and performance where the relationship has been assumed to be linear.

In flight operations, pilots are confronted with many problems that occur in continually changing... more In flight operations, pilots are confronted with many problems that occur in continually changing situations that create a level of stress and lead to accidents. To make rapid decisions, pilots make decisions using a holistic process involving situation recognition and pattern matching. This research investigated 157 pilots from a B747 fleet to find out how pilots make in-flight decision in such stressful situations. The research method is based upon evaluating the situational awareness, risk management, response time and applicability of four different decision-making mnemonics in six in-flight scenarios. The data obtained in this research suggests that the FOR-DEC may be suitable as a basis for providing training which will be applicable for covering all basic types of decision. FOR-DEC was evaluated as the most applicable mnemonic-based decision making process across the six different scenarios used. It also had significantly superior performance compared with the other three mnemonic-based methods evaluated (SHOR, PASS & DESIDE) when making recognition-primed decisions, response selection decisions, non-diagnostic procedural decisions, and problem-solving decisions.

Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance, 2021

BACKGROUND: Normative performance (NP) describes the pilots’ adherence to tactics, techniques, an... more BACKGROUND: Normative performance (NP) describes the pilots’ adherence to tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs). Until now, there has not been a global NP measurement technique for beyond visual range (BVR) air combat, and the methodology and technology related to the evaluation of NP have fallen behind the pace of the overall technical progress of distributed mission operations (DMO) training.METHODS: Platform-independent core air combat tasks were identified. The execution of these tasks is directed with TTPs. BVR air combat missions were flown in a DMO simulator system and the design NP was varied between missions. Observers viewed debriefs of these missions and attempted to identify TTP-regulated air combat tasks. Once identified, they scored the pilots’ NP in those tasks. The scoring was based on the level of TTP adherence and the impact a nonadherence had on the mission accomplishment.RESULTS: All observers were able to identify most of the TTP-regulated air combat tasks....

Contents: Product Design and Analysis: The user in control: from HMI to JCS, Erik Hollnagel Augme... more Contents: Product Design and Analysis: The user in control: from HMI to JCS, Erik Hollnagel Augmenting mediaspace: a socio-cognitive engineering approach, Chris Baber, Huw Bristow, Sean-Le Cheng, Anna Hedley, Yuri Kuriyama, Marc Lien, James Pollard and Phil Sorrell A requirements analysis of personal mobile computers for police officers, Chris Baber, David Haniff, Mike Sharples, Michael Boardman and Amber Price The impact of cultural differences on the design of self-service technology, Nicholas A. Bradley, Ronald W. McLeod and Eleanor Forrest Using an adaptable communication protocol for enhanced quality of perception, George Ghinea and Johnson P. Thomas Error in engineering design as failure in distributed cognition, Jerry S. Busby and Ralph E. Hibberd Computer assisted learning of accident causation by engineers, Ralph E. Hibberd and Jerry S. Busby Usability engineering for payload interfaces in space stations: handbook and example, Mark A. Neerincx, Mark Ruijsendaal, Jorgen Flen...

Applied ergonomics, 2016

In 2013, Louise Ellman MP chaired a 'Parliament Talks Road Transport' event, hosted by Coventry U... more In 2013, Louise Ellman MP chaired a 'Parliament Talks Road Transport' event, hosted by Coventry University that discussed key issues in transport for the UK in the 21st Century. This was part of a wider series of activities highlighting Parliament's role in debating and challenging government policy and raised issues that relate to universal concerns for transport around the world:

This paper outlines the usage of a Work Domain Analysis (WDA) for the assessment of operational i... more This paper outlines the usage of a Work Domain Analysis (WDA) for the assessment of operational information requirements for pilots during Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM). A-CDM presents unique challenges for decision support during dispatch of aircraft and passengers. Decisions by participating airport partners require an understanding of own capabilities as well as the capabilities of participating actors like pilots, air traffic controllers, or other actors involved. While some situations can be pre-planned, decision makers during turn-round operation will always be faced with unanticipated situations resulting from unknown variables in the environment or technological capabilities. Work Domain Analysis (WDA) is a technique which allows to model systems by using event-independent representations that can be used to cope with such unanticipated situations. However, to confirm that this technique can be applied usefully, an early validation is required to ascertain that the WDA is relevant to the problem context. This paper presents an approach for confirming a WDA by using pilots as subject matter experts (SMEs) during aircraft turn-round. Firstly, pilots' operational information requirements were identified via an Abstraction-Decomposition Space (ADS) of the A-CDM system developed by the analysis. Then, pilots were asked via a survey to report about events where problems with operational information sharing were encountered during turn-round. Finally, these events experienced by the pilots were mapped through the pilots' information requirements derived from the ADS. The results reveal that pilots' information requirements are not entirely satisfied by current approach to A-CDM and provide confirmation for the usefulness of the WDA to the proposed application as a technique for an A-CDM interface design cycle.

This research analyzed 523 accidents in the R.O.C. Air Force between 1978 and 2002 using the Huma... more This research analyzed 523 accidents in the R.O.C. Air Force between 1978 and 2002 using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework described by Wiegmann & Shappell (2003). This study provides an understanding, based upon empirical evidence, of how actions and decisions at higher levels in the organization to result in operational errors and accidents. Suggestions are made about intervention strategies focusing on the categories at higher levels of HFACS. Specific targets for remedial safety actions should be aimed in the areas that share the strongest and greatest number of significant associations with ‘Organizational Influences’ (for example, ‘organizational process’, ‘inadequate supervision’ and ‘Crew Resource Management’). The greatest gains in safety benefit could be achieved by targeting these areas. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates that the HFACS framework is a useful tool for guiding accident investigations and for targeting potentially ...

Human factors and aerospace safety, 2005

On May 25, 2002, China Airlines Flight CI-611, a Boeing 747-200, crashed into the Taiwan Strait a... more On May 25, 2002, China Airlines Flight CI-611, a Boeing 747-200, crashed into the Taiwan Strait after experiencing an in-flight break-up at an altitude of 34,900 ft. This paper uses this accident as a case study to illustrate the various layers and dimensions of safety culture. An open system model of safety culture called the ripple model is used to demonstrate that there is a complex interrelationship between concerns, influences and subsequent actions that needs to be understood in examining safety culture. Indeed, it is suggested that the study of safety culture within an organization is meaningless without reference to a wider context that includes not only line personnel, middle management and senior management, but also regulators, government and society.

Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Cognition and Design

The future commercial flight deck will need to consider the effects of global economic drivers in... more The future commercial flight deck will need to consider the effects of global economic drivers in its design. These issues will considerably alter operating concepts and have a knock-on effect to the human aspects of design and operations. It is argued that 'user-centered' design is limited in considering such factors and a more 'use centered' design approach is required.