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This paper examines the use of health care alternatives by a culturally-conservative Canadian Ind... more This paper examines the use of health care alternatives by a culturally-conservative Canadian Indian man who suffers from statis ulcers, a disorder he has attributed to both natural and unnatural origins. A case study is presented that utilizes a conceptual framework from medical anthropology. This case study illustrates the cultural and social determinants of health seeking; the perceived etiology, degree of impairment, and the efficacy of the treatment and its cultural relevance are all found to be significant factors in the selection of therapeutic resources. Ritualized performances of Native shamans are found to be an integral part of the healing process. Cet article s'intéresse aux soins que pratique un homme d'origine indienne du Canada. Cet homme, qui respecte des usages 'traditionnels', souffre d'ulcères, fait qu'il attribue autant à des facteurs naturels qu'à d'autres. En présentant cette étude de cas, nous suivons un cadre conceptuel propre à l'anthropologie médicale. Sont mis à jour les déterminants culturels et sociaux intervenant dans la cure; l'étiologie retenue, le degré de maladie, l'efficacité du traitement choisi et les interférences culturelles appa raissent comme autant de facteurs significatifs lors du processus de sélection des thérapies. Les rituels des cha mans indiens font aussi partie de ce processus de guérison.
National Museums of Canada eBooks, 1978
BC Studies: The British Columbian Quarterly, 2007
A mong the many contributions Wayne Suttles made to the study of indigenous Northwest Coast cultu... more A mong the many contributions Wayne Suttles made to the study of indigenous Northwest Coast cultures before his death in 2005 was a model of Coast Salish social relations that has become the predominant theory of the region's Aboriginal social organization. His ideas, some of which evolved from collaborative work with the late William W. Elmendorf, were first presented in a series of articles published in the early 1960s (Suttles 1960, 1963, 1968, 1987b; Elmendorf 1960). Suttles proposed that Coast Salish society divided itself into localized units integrated by a regional network that served to redistribute people, food, and information throughout the larger area. Marriage ties established economic connections and led to social and political alliances, thereby permitting an individual's participation in activities beyond one's own village and, in Suttles' view, minimizing risk in an unpredictably varying natural environment. The existence of such networks has become a "given" of Northwest Coast ethnography, and numerous researchers have addressed broader issues that arise from Suttles' insight, not just among the Coast Salish but also throughout the region generally. Certainly things have changed since Barnes (1972, 5) highlighted the distinction between the analytical as opposed to metaphorical uses of the network concept, remarking at that time that "the supply of mathematical tools available far outstrips the supply of social data to which the tools might be applied." Over the next several decades, anthropologists began combining traditional ethnographic approaches with formal mathematical models to examine the relationships among social entities and to move research from consideration of the attributes of social units to the relations among such entities. Collections such as that compiled by Schweizer and White
Journal of American Folklore, Oct 1, 1979
This thesis describes the aboriginal and contemporary social organization of the Coast Salish p... more This thesis describes the aboriginal and contemporary social organization of the Coast Salish people of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State, with a focus on the Squamish Nation whose Reserves are situated in North Vancouver and the Howe Sound area. It is based on field research undertaken over a 30-year period and on published and unpublished sources. The thesis explores the construction of kinship and social groups among the Coast Salish, and the transformation of these relationships over time and in various historical circumstances, from the mid-19th century to the present day. Drawing upon the theoretical approaches of William Davenport (1959), Raymond Firth (1963) and Anthony Cohen (1985), among others, the thesis discusses key components of Coast Salish social organization and identity, including a group's contrasting identity and relation to the groups within its ambit of comparison, the association of specific social units with territory, and...
THE KWÁKWEKEW'AKW OF NORTHERN VANCOUVER ISLAND. .. . 2.1 Identity of the Tlatlasikwala Nation .
Abstract : The study area is along the Similkameen River, from its mouth just below the town of O... more Abstract : The study area is along the Similkameen River, from its mouth just below the town of Oroville and upstream as far as the Canadian border, including the Palmer Lake area. In this report, the history of Indian land use along the lower Similkameen is examined, focusing on the approximately 50 Indian place names recorded in the study area. Information is provided both from interviews with contemporary Okanagan-Colville Indian consultants, and from the pertinent literature. The information contained in this report will be used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to establish an inventory of cultural resource sites which will assist in defining the history of human use of the study area. Contents: A Brief History of the Nicola-Similkameen Indians; The Okanagan Indians of the Similkameen and Okanogan Rivers; Native Food Resources, Lower Similkameen River-Palmer Lake Area; Native Knowledge of the Lower Similkameen River-Palmer Lake Area.
Culture
This paper examines the use of health care alternatives by a culturally-conservative Canadian Ind... more This paper examines the use of health care alternatives by a culturally-conservative Canadian Indian man who suffers from statis ulcers, a disorder he has attributed to both natural and unnatural origins. A case study is presented that utilizes a conceptual framework from medical anthropology. This case study illustrates the cultural and social determinants of health seeking; the perceived etiology, degree of impairment, and the efficacy of the treatment and its cultural relevance are all found to be significant factors in the selection of therapeutic resources. Ritualized performances of Native shamans are found to be an integral part of the healing process.
Land and Territoriality , 2002
Land and Territoriality resource specialists implementing policies and regulations find themselve... more Land and Territoriality resource specialists implementing policies and regulations find themselves targets of criticism from disgruntled parties on all sides of the debate. On the resource-rich northwest coast of North America, where the stakes of land use are unquestionably high, the land-use rhetoric is malleable and changeable, resulting often in discursive polari~ation open to debate and interpretation. The discourse of land use is not by any means one-sided. Governments speak of 'multiuse', emphasizing the professed inclusiveness of their policies by calling competing interests 'stakeholders', as they try to reconcile the needs and concerns of indigenous communities-possessing special legal rights-with those of other citizens. Increasingly present in these deliberations is the aboriginal people's reliance upon equivocal metaphors to assert, within a localized political arena, positions accenting 'tradition'. Reference to the past, is, of course, mandatory, although the symbols invoked have varying relationships to past cultural practices and beliefs. For example, in a recent article on the use of tree symbolism in northwest coast political discourse, anthropologist Marie Mauze writes: forests symbolise cultural renewal, as well as the strength of Indian identity. Trees and forests, as synecdoche or metonymy for the whole Northwest Coast Indian culture, are today endowed with a mystical aura. Doubtless these representations are influenced by ideas borrowed from the North American pan-Indian movement and from the many environmentalist groups now existing throughout North America (Mauze 1998: 234). We can extend Mauze's comments on the use of tree symbolism in contemporary Native political life more generally to the association of Native people with the landscape. Just as the traditional and contemporary differ in the way of conceptualizing the mode ofrelation between trees and human beings (Mauze 1998: 235) so, too, do traditional and contemporary discourses differ in the way they speak of the 'landscape', and, in particular, places of cultural significance. Native people and governments alike employ the concept of 'tradition' to identify which places and resources within a colonized landscape warrant recognition. However, as incidents in other parts of the world have recently demonstrated (e.g., Hanson 1989; Linnekin 1992; Thomas 1992; Gable et al. 1992), the pragmatic and political aspects of defining 'traditional' raise issues of cultural construction that often become focal points of discussion. Though these general remarks could apply to any area of the northwest coast, I focus here on the territory of the Coast Salish, a region some 300 miles long, transected by the Canada-US border and hemmed by the Pacific Ocean and the Coastal Mountains. This is an area where I have extensive experience conducting land-use research for First Nations, 1 governments and corporations. The topic of the present chapter brings to the fore some of the thornier issues inherent in land-use disputes that have occurred in the northwest. My intent is to look at why, from an anthropological perspective, some of these problems occur.
Canadian Encyclopedia, 2002
Reports of the Lillooet Archaeological Project
American Antiquity, 2015
While there is increasing recognition among archaeologists of the extent to which non-agricultura... more While there is increasing recognition among archaeologists of the extent to which non-agricultural societies have managed their terrestrial ecosystems, the traditional management of marine ecosystems has largely been ignored. In this paper, we bring together Indigenous ecological knowledge, coastal geomorphological observations, and archaeological data to document how Northwest Coast First Nations cultivated clams to maintain and increase productivity. We focus on “clam gardens,” walled intertidal terraces constructed to increase bivalve habitat and productivity. Our survey and excavations of clam gardens in four locations in British Columbia provide insights into the ecological and social context, morphology, construction, and first reported ages of these features. These data demonstrate the extent of traditional maricultural systems among coastal First Nations and, coupled with previously collected information on terrestrial management, challenge us to broaden our definition of “f...
The Journal of American Folklore, 1896
This paper examines the use of health care alternatives by a culturally-conservative Canadian Ind... more This paper examines the use of health care alternatives by a culturally-conservative Canadian Indian man who suffers from statis ulcers, a disorder he has attributed to both natural and unnatural origins. A case study is presented that utilizes a conceptual framework from medical anthropology. This case study illustrates the cultural and social determinants of health seeking; the perceived etiology, degree of impairment, and the efficacy of the treatment and its cultural relevance are all found to be significant factors in the selection of therapeutic resources. Ritualized performances of Native shamans are found to be an integral part of the healing process. Cet article s'intéresse aux soins que pratique un homme d'origine indienne du Canada. Cet homme, qui respecte des usages 'traditionnels', souffre d'ulcères, fait qu'il attribue autant à des facteurs naturels qu'à d'autres. En présentant cette étude de cas, nous suivons un cadre conceptuel propre à l'anthropologie médicale. Sont mis à jour les déterminants culturels et sociaux intervenant dans la cure; l'étiologie retenue, le degré de maladie, l'efficacité du traitement choisi et les interférences culturelles appa raissent comme autant de facteurs significatifs lors du processus de sélection des thérapies. Les rituels des cha mans indiens font aussi partie de ce processus de guérison.
National Museums of Canada eBooks, 1978
BC Studies: The British Columbian Quarterly, 2007
A mong the many contributions Wayne Suttles made to the study of indigenous Northwest Coast cultu... more A mong the many contributions Wayne Suttles made to the study of indigenous Northwest Coast cultures before his death in 2005 was a model of Coast Salish social relations that has become the predominant theory of the region's Aboriginal social organization. His ideas, some of which evolved from collaborative work with the late William W. Elmendorf, were first presented in a series of articles published in the early 1960s (Suttles 1960, 1963, 1968, 1987b; Elmendorf 1960). Suttles proposed that Coast Salish society divided itself into localized units integrated by a regional network that served to redistribute people, food, and information throughout the larger area. Marriage ties established economic connections and led to social and political alliances, thereby permitting an individual's participation in activities beyond one's own village and, in Suttles' view, minimizing risk in an unpredictably varying natural environment. The existence of such networks has become a "given" of Northwest Coast ethnography, and numerous researchers have addressed broader issues that arise from Suttles' insight, not just among the Coast Salish but also throughout the region generally. Certainly things have changed since Barnes (1972, 5) highlighted the distinction between the analytical as opposed to metaphorical uses of the network concept, remarking at that time that "the supply of mathematical tools available far outstrips the supply of social data to which the tools might be applied." Over the next several decades, anthropologists began combining traditional ethnographic approaches with formal mathematical models to examine the relationships among social entities and to move research from consideration of the attributes of social units to the relations among such entities. Collections such as that compiled by Schweizer and White
Journal of American Folklore, Oct 1, 1979
This thesis describes the aboriginal and contemporary social organization of the Coast Salish p... more This thesis describes the aboriginal and contemporary social organization of the Coast Salish people of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State, with a focus on the Squamish Nation whose Reserves are situated in North Vancouver and the Howe Sound area. It is based on field research undertaken over a 30-year period and on published and unpublished sources. The thesis explores the construction of kinship and social groups among the Coast Salish, and the transformation of these relationships over time and in various historical circumstances, from the mid-19th century to the present day. Drawing upon the theoretical approaches of William Davenport (1959), Raymond Firth (1963) and Anthony Cohen (1985), among others, the thesis discusses key components of Coast Salish social organization and identity, including a group's contrasting identity and relation to the groups within its ambit of comparison, the association of specific social units with territory, and...
THE KWÁKWEKEW'AKW OF NORTHERN VANCOUVER ISLAND. .. . 2.1 Identity of the Tlatlasikwala Nation .
Abstract : The study area is along the Similkameen River, from its mouth just below the town of O... more Abstract : The study area is along the Similkameen River, from its mouth just below the town of Oroville and upstream as far as the Canadian border, including the Palmer Lake area. In this report, the history of Indian land use along the lower Similkameen is examined, focusing on the approximately 50 Indian place names recorded in the study area. Information is provided both from interviews with contemporary Okanagan-Colville Indian consultants, and from the pertinent literature. The information contained in this report will be used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to establish an inventory of cultural resource sites which will assist in defining the history of human use of the study area. Contents: A Brief History of the Nicola-Similkameen Indians; The Okanagan Indians of the Similkameen and Okanogan Rivers; Native Food Resources, Lower Similkameen River-Palmer Lake Area; Native Knowledge of the Lower Similkameen River-Palmer Lake Area.
Culture
This paper examines the use of health care alternatives by a culturally-conservative Canadian Ind... more This paper examines the use of health care alternatives by a culturally-conservative Canadian Indian man who suffers from statis ulcers, a disorder he has attributed to both natural and unnatural origins. A case study is presented that utilizes a conceptual framework from medical anthropology. This case study illustrates the cultural and social determinants of health seeking; the perceived etiology, degree of impairment, and the efficacy of the treatment and its cultural relevance are all found to be significant factors in the selection of therapeutic resources. Ritualized performances of Native shamans are found to be an integral part of the healing process.
Land and Territoriality , 2002
Land and Territoriality resource specialists implementing policies and regulations find themselve... more Land and Territoriality resource specialists implementing policies and regulations find themselves targets of criticism from disgruntled parties on all sides of the debate. On the resource-rich northwest coast of North America, where the stakes of land use are unquestionably high, the land-use rhetoric is malleable and changeable, resulting often in discursive polari~ation open to debate and interpretation. The discourse of land use is not by any means one-sided. Governments speak of 'multiuse', emphasizing the professed inclusiveness of their policies by calling competing interests 'stakeholders', as they try to reconcile the needs and concerns of indigenous communities-possessing special legal rights-with those of other citizens. Increasingly present in these deliberations is the aboriginal people's reliance upon equivocal metaphors to assert, within a localized political arena, positions accenting 'tradition'. Reference to the past, is, of course, mandatory, although the symbols invoked have varying relationships to past cultural practices and beliefs. For example, in a recent article on the use of tree symbolism in northwest coast political discourse, anthropologist Marie Mauze writes: forests symbolise cultural renewal, as well as the strength of Indian identity. Trees and forests, as synecdoche or metonymy for the whole Northwest Coast Indian culture, are today endowed with a mystical aura. Doubtless these representations are influenced by ideas borrowed from the North American pan-Indian movement and from the many environmentalist groups now existing throughout North America (Mauze 1998: 234). We can extend Mauze's comments on the use of tree symbolism in contemporary Native political life more generally to the association of Native people with the landscape. Just as the traditional and contemporary differ in the way of conceptualizing the mode ofrelation between trees and human beings (Mauze 1998: 235) so, too, do traditional and contemporary discourses differ in the way they speak of the 'landscape', and, in particular, places of cultural significance. Native people and governments alike employ the concept of 'tradition' to identify which places and resources within a colonized landscape warrant recognition. However, as incidents in other parts of the world have recently demonstrated (e.g., Hanson 1989; Linnekin 1992; Thomas 1992; Gable et al. 1992), the pragmatic and political aspects of defining 'traditional' raise issues of cultural construction that often become focal points of discussion. Though these general remarks could apply to any area of the northwest coast, I focus here on the territory of the Coast Salish, a region some 300 miles long, transected by the Canada-US border and hemmed by the Pacific Ocean and the Coastal Mountains. This is an area where I have extensive experience conducting land-use research for First Nations, 1 governments and corporations. The topic of the present chapter brings to the fore some of the thornier issues inherent in land-use disputes that have occurred in the northwest. My intent is to look at why, from an anthropological perspective, some of these problems occur.
Canadian Encyclopedia, 2002
Reports of the Lillooet Archaeological Project
American Antiquity, 2015
While there is increasing recognition among archaeologists of the extent to which non-agricultura... more While there is increasing recognition among archaeologists of the extent to which non-agricultural societies have managed their terrestrial ecosystems, the traditional management of marine ecosystems has largely been ignored. In this paper, we bring together Indigenous ecological knowledge, coastal geomorphological observations, and archaeological data to document how Northwest Coast First Nations cultivated clams to maintain and increase productivity. We focus on “clam gardens,” walled intertidal terraces constructed to increase bivalve habitat and productivity. Our survey and excavations of clam gardens in four locations in British Columbia provide insights into the ecological and social context, morphology, construction, and first reported ages of these features. These data demonstrate the extent of traditional maricultural systems among coastal First Nations and, coupled with previously collected information on terrestrial management, challenge us to broaden our definition of “f...
The Journal of American Folklore, 1896
Ray's (1936b) article included a list of Lakes place names and a map of Lakes territory. More rec... more Ray's (1936b) article included a list of Lakes place names and a map of Lakes territory. More recently, Wilson Duff (1965:32) had identified the Lakes as an "Okanagan-speaking tribe now centred south of border on Colville Reservation." According to Duff, the Lakes had occupied the Arrow Lakes area but were now "extinct" in British Columbia. None of these works, however, provided the around Rossland with their parents to pick huckleberries (until approximately 1930), none of them was familiar with the Arrow Lakes region, and two had never even been "up to Canada", little more than 30 kilometres (about 20 miles) north from Kelly Hill.