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This study explains how gender conditions in different social contexts shaped the reproductive be... more This study explains how gender conditions in different social contexts shaped the reproductive behavior of wives in five Nigerian ethnic groups in 1991. Data were obtained from the 1991 Survey of Womens Status and Fertility among the Hausa Ibo Yoruba Ijaw and Kanuri ethnic groups and from married nonpregnant wives aged 15-40 years. Determinants include demand for no more children modern contraception and pro-attitude toward contraception. Womens status refers to decision-making autonomy and income. Context was expected to influence reproductive behavior directly and conditionally through the links between individual characteristics and reproduction. Controlling for the empowerment context eliminated significant ethnic differences in demand for children and reduced ethnic differences in attitudes toward birth control. Wifes socioeconomic status explained ethnic group differences in modern contraception. The analysis of the role of residence in 22 empowerment contexts revealed that empowerment had a positive effect on demand for children and contraceptive use. Empowerment was more important than wifes socioeconomic status or household autonomy in determining demand for children. Formal education despite low autonomy encouraged innovation. At the individual level wifes socioeconomic status and household autonomy in low autonomy contexts had the strongest effects on demand for children. There was no effect in high autonomy contexts. The reproductive behavior of noneducated wives varied widely across contexts. This study affirms the importance of analysis of micro and macro data.
Migration Today, 1985
EJ324737 - Hispanic Immigration to the Northeast In the 1970s.
International …, 1992
This chapter reviews research on the functioning of migrant networks and identifies analytic issu... more This chapter reviews research on the functioning of migrant networks and identifies analytic issues that require focused attention in order to specify the impact of migrant networks on migration systems. Two sets of literature are used. The first consists of work conducted on migration networks...that raises questions and calls for specification of the range of mechanisms through which networks influence both the shape and magnitude of migration flows and the nature of evolution of both the origin and destination communities....The second body of literature consists of work on social networks from contexts other than migration. The geographical scope is worldwide. (EXCERPT)
Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 2000
This paper describes how the composition of elderly immigrants is changing and how elderly immigr... more This paper describes how the composition of elderly immigrants is changing and how elderly immigrants differ from natives in terms of living arrangement and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. The determinants of living alone are investigated for 11 ethnic origin categories and natives. The analysis utilizes data from two samples of the 1990 U.S. Census: the PUMS-A 5% sample and an independent 3% sample of households containing at least one member 60 or more years ofage. Between 1970 and 1990 immigrants from Asia and Latin America moved from forming a minor component of the elderly to being a significant and rapidly growing part of the elderly population which is also expanding rapidly. Elderly immigrants from developing countries have distinctly different living arrangement profiles from natives and from other immigrant elderly. They are significantly more likely to be living with children as well as with others, and distinctly less likely to be living alone or with spou...
Two articles are presented in this research bulletin. The first, entitled "Acculturation in Puert... more Two articles are presented in this research bulletin. The first, entitled "Acculturation in Puerto Rican Families," assesses the degree of acculturation of 100 sets of married children of 100 Puerto Rican families living in New York City. Attitudes toward language, identity, and values are used as criteria. The specific values the study investigates are: (1) attitudes toward the family; (2) the presence or absence of a fatalistic outlook; (3) attitudinal preferences for Puerto Rican ways; (4) response to the "modernity" of American society; (5) trust of people outside the Puerto Rican group. The study concludes that the married children are much closer to mainland values and ideas than their parents are, but notes that none of the 100 chose an entirely American identity, indicating that, despite generational differences, they have still retained Puerto Rican culture as part of their identity. The second article, entitled "Kinship Networks and the Settlement Process: Dominican and Colombian Immigrants in New York City," uses recent data from a survey of Dominican and Colombian immigrants in New York City to examine the relationship between kinship networks and the migration and settlement process. The data show that chain migration characterizes these flows, inasmuch as these particular migrants are well linked into a migration system in which some relatives and friends precede them, some come with them, and still others subsequently join then in New York. Relatives present at the time of arrival provide multiple forms of assistance, particularly with accommodation and employment searches. Iii addition to receiving assistance during their settlement the migrants, particularly male migrants, continue to be an important link to relatives in the home country: they provide help for relatives who wish to migrate to New York and regularly send remittances to relatives in the home country. Furthermore, analysis of the data clearly demonstrates that familial aid received at the time of first arrival in the United States does have an impact on the subsequent course of events in the life-cycle of the immigrant. When the aid is more extensive, a tendency to remain within the protective confines of the immigrant community results, even when the different backgrounds among the migrants are taken into account.
For thirteen Hispanic, Asian, and Caribbean immigrant groups, this paper examines the process of ... more For thirteen Hispanic, Asian, and Caribbean immigrant groups, this paper examines the process of immigrant dispersion during the 1990s, focusing on place factors associated with settlement in areas where no group members lived in 1990. The objective is to evaluate the relative importance of economic, demographic, social and co-ethnic correlates of pioneer settlement in new destinations and the extent to which these processes vary across immigrant groups. Using confidential decennial Census data, each of 741 labor markets are classified as unsettled or “empty” for each immigrant group if it had no members there in 1990. For each of the 13 groups, Zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regressions are estimated to specify the characteristics of labor markets that received higher counts of pioneer settlers. The major determinants include distance from a group’s closest top-5 gateway, size of population in 1990, economic characteristics, native-born population growth, and the settlement history of...
The author analyzes fertility data from the 1970 U. S. Census Public Use Sample for various ethni... more The author analyzes fertility data from the 1970 U. S. Census Public Use Sample for various ethnic groups in an attempt to evaluate the "social characteristics" thesis and the "minority status" thesis of fertility differentials and to reveal areas where further study might yield results. The population examined was 35-40 year old currently married women from six ethnic backgrounds: native white native black Japanese Cuban Mexican and Puerto Rican. Criteria and parameters used to categorize the women with respect to social characteristics and the method of analysis are described and the results set forth in tables and discussed. The author concludes that characteristics that seem to be significant in the fertility level of some groups are not significant for others and that neither the social characteristics thesis nor the minority status thesis nor both can completely explain differentials. It is suggested that study of the cultural paterns or the history of mino...
The effects of womens economic independence on fertility processes at the individual level were i... more The effects of womens economic independence on fertility processes at the individual level were investigated among the Yoruba in Nigerias Ondo and Oyo States. Although Yoruba women traditionally have engaged in farming and trading activities and are now increasing their participation in the modern sector of the economy this autonomy occurs within the context of a patriarchal society. The mean number of children ever born to currently married women 35-40 years of age was 6.1 in rural areas of both states. According to a Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in Ondo in 1986 and a less complete survey conducted in rural Oyo in 1990 women who entered first unions since 1970 did so at an average of 1 year later. The oldest mean age at marriage was found among women who worked and kept most of their income followed by women who did not work and then by women who worked but turned over most of their earnings to relatives. An 8-item index measuring the extent to which women share re...
This monograph compares foster care systems of New York City and the southern region of New Jerse... more This monograph compares foster care systems of New York City and the southern region of New Jersey, focusing on each system's impact on the foster care experiences of Black, Hispanic, and White Children. Recognizing that minority children move through * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that cah be made * * from the original document.
Ciencia y Sociedad
Este artículo aborda el tema de “mujeres, y empleo: un examen de la relación entre tipos de emple... more Este artículo aborda el tema de “mujeres, y empleo: un examen de la relación entre tipos de empleo y formación de la familia”. El punto de partida: la búsqueda de estrategias sociales que puedan acelerar una declinación en las tasas de fecundidad, los encargados de trazar las políticas han comenzado a examinar las contribuciones potenciales de aumentos en la participación femenina en la fuerza de trabajo. En efecto, el empleo y los roles femeninos surgieron como unas importantes adiciones posibles a los programas comprensivos de control poblacional y de desarrollo en la Conferencia Mundial de Bucarest en 1974. Con la excepción de un relativamente pequeño número de administradoras y funcionarías, las oficinistas tienen la más baja fecundidad. Este hallazgo aporta argumentos para la conclusión de que el empleo no necesita ser del más alto status ni requiere de un largo entrenamiento para tener un impacto reductor de la fecundidad en un país en desarrollo.
International Migration Review
Demographic Research, 2016
BACKGROUND Research on immigrant dispersion to new U.S. destinations has not addressed the questi... more BACKGROUND Research on immigrant dispersion to new U.S. destinations has not addressed the question of how place and individual characteristics influence pioneer settlement. While origin-group social networks influence immigrants' settlement choices upon U.S. arrival and secondary destination decisions within the USA, other factors must be important when immigrants move to places where they have no compatriots. OBJECTIVE By examining national origin differences in pioneer migration for ten Asian and Latin American national origin groups, our goal was to determine whether and how they differed in their pioneer settlement responses to economic, demographic, social, and pan-ethnic labor markets conditions. METHODS We used 1990 and 2000 confidential decennial census data because they have sufficient sample cases and geographic detail to study national origin differences. We estimated two types of model for each origin group: a zero-inflated Poisson model that identifies the place characteristics associated with higher pioneer settlement counts in the 1990s and a logistic regression model that identifies the individual characteristics of immigrants who settled pioneer places. RESULTS The major context correlates of pioneer settlement were 1990 population size, the panethnic presence of foreign-born from each group's origin region (Asia or Latin America), and the lack of a significant agricultural presence in the labor force. The logistic models indicated that pioneers were likely to be internal migrants rather than recent immigrants, fluent English speakers, and residents of relatively dispersed places prior to moving to pioneer labor markets.
Oxford Scholarship Online, Feb 15, 2018
Below is a selection of extracts from HEI web-sites, generally from the International or Study Ab... more Below is a selection of extracts from HEI web-sites, generally from the International or Study Abroad offices, which illustrate the approach HEIs take to providing relevant information and 'selling' mobility to their students. The examples range from those which are factual and downbeat to those which attempt to enthuse and excite students. They replicate many of the messages conveyed by the quotes given in Chapter 5, stressing above all the positive aspects of a foreign stay. 'Studying abroad is also a superb chance to discover a different culture, make new friends and learn a foreign language. … Students who study abroad under the SOCRATES programme are often more employable upon graduation as they have gained confidence, understanding and have proven they are not afraid to take on a new challenge.' University of Paisley 'Just think about it: this is a fantastic opportunity to spread your wings and learn about other cultures as part of your studies.'
International Migration Review
The history of the border region between Mexico and Texas reflects the conflict and change produc... more The history of the border region between Mexico and Texas reflects the conflict and change produced by its transition to that status from one where it was a distant outpost of Mexico and located far from the borders of the United States. Using the tools of quantitative history, Hinojosa's book seeks to add descriptive flesh to our sparse knowledge of the lives of the settlers in the heart of this border region. His historical reconstruction traverses several key transitions in the history of Mexico, the United States and the region. The account be~ins Vom Bauem zum Industriearbeiter: Zur kollektiven Lebensgeschichte der Arbeitsmigranten aus .der Turkei. By Hans-Gunter Kleff. Ingelheim: Manthano Verlag. Pp. 329.
This study explains how gender conditions in different social contexts shaped the reproductive be... more This study explains how gender conditions in different social contexts shaped the reproductive behavior of wives in five Nigerian ethnic groups in 1991. Data were obtained from the 1991 Survey of Womens Status and Fertility among the Hausa Ibo Yoruba Ijaw and Kanuri ethnic groups and from married nonpregnant wives aged 15-40 years. Determinants include demand for no more children modern contraception and pro-attitude toward contraception. Womens status refers to decision-making autonomy and income. Context was expected to influence reproductive behavior directly and conditionally through the links between individual characteristics and reproduction. Controlling for the empowerment context eliminated significant ethnic differences in demand for children and reduced ethnic differences in attitudes toward birth control. Wifes socioeconomic status explained ethnic group differences in modern contraception. The analysis of the role of residence in 22 empowerment contexts revealed that empowerment had a positive effect on demand for children and contraceptive use. Empowerment was more important than wifes socioeconomic status or household autonomy in determining demand for children. Formal education despite low autonomy encouraged innovation. At the individual level wifes socioeconomic status and household autonomy in low autonomy contexts had the strongest effects on demand for children. There was no effect in high autonomy contexts. The reproductive behavior of noneducated wives varied widely across contexts. This study affirms the importance of analysis of micro and macro data.
Migration Today, 1985
EJ324737 - Hispanic Immigration to the Northeast In the 1970s.
International …, 1992
This chapter reviews research on the functioning of migrant networks and identifies analytic issu... more This chapter reviews research on the functioning of migrant networks and identifies analytic issues that require focused attention in order to specify the impact of migrant networks on migration systems. Two sets of literature are used. The first consists of work conducted on migration networks...that raises questions and calls for specification of the range of mechanisms through which networks influence both the shape and magnitude of migration flows and the nature of evolution of both the origin and destination communities....The second body of literature consists of work on social networks from contexts other than migration. The geographical scope is worldwide. (EXCERPT)
Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 2000
This paper describes how the composition of elderly immigrants is changing and how elderly immigr... more This paper describes how the composition of elderly immigrants is changing and how elderly immigrants differ from natives in terms of living arrangement and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. The determinants of living alone are investigated for 11 ethnic origin categories and natives. The analysis utilizes data from two samples of the 1990 U.S. Census: the PUMS-A 5% sample and an independent 3% sample of households containing at least one member 60 or more years ofage. Between 1970 and 1990 immigrants from Asia and Latin America moved from forming a minor component of the elderly to being a significant and rapidly growing part of the elderly population which is also expanding rapidly. Elderly immigrants from developing countries have distinctly different living arrangement profiles from natives and from other immigrant elderly. They are significantly more likely to be living with children as well as with others, and distinctly less likely to be living alone or with spou...
Two articles are presented in this research bulletin. The first, entitled "Acculturation in Puert... more Two articles are presented in this research bulletin. The first, entitled "Acculturation in Puerto Rican Families," assesses the degree of acculturation of 100 sets of married children of 100 Puerto Rican families living in New York City. Attitudes toward language, identity, and values are used as criteria. The specific values the study investigates are: (1) attitudes toward the family; (2) the presence or absence of a fatalistic outlook; (3) attitudinal preferences for Puerto Rican ways; (4) response to the "modernity" of American society; (5) trust of people outside the Puerto Rican group. The study concludes that the married children are much closer to mainland values and ideas than their parents are, but notes that none of the 100 chose an entirely American identity, indicating that, despite generational differences, they have still retained Puerto Rican culture as part of their identity. The second article, entitled "Kinship Networks and the Settlement Process: Dominican and Colombian Immigrants in New York City," uses recent data from a survey of Dominican and Colombian immigrants in New York City to examine the relationship between kinship networks and the migration and settlement process. The data show that chain migration characterizes these flows, inasmuch as these particular migrants are well linked into a migration system in which some relatives and friends precede them, some come with them, and still others subsequently join then in New York. Relatives present at the time of arrival provide multiple forms of assistance, particularly with accommodation and employment searches. Iii addition to receiving assistance during their settlement the migrants, particularly male migrants, continue to be an important link to relatives in the home country: they provide help for relatives who wish to migrate to New York and regularly send remittances to relatives in the home country. Furthermore, analysis of the data clearly demonstrates that familial aid received at the time of first arrival in the United States does have an impact on the subsequent course of events in the life-cycle of the immigrant. When the aid is more extensive, a tendency to remain within the protective confines of the immigrant community results, even when the different backgrounds among the migrants are taken into account.
For thirteen Hispanic, Asian, and Caribbean immigrant groups, this paper examines the process of ... more For thirteen Hispanic, Asian, and Caribbean immigrant groups, this paper examines the process of immigrant dispersion during the 1990s, focusing on place factors associated with settlement in areas where no group members lived in 1990. The objective is to evaluate the relative importance of economic, demographic, social and co-ethnic correlates of pioneer settlement in new destinations and the extent to which these processes vary across immigrant groups. Using confidential decennial Census data, each of 741 labor markets are classified as unsettled or “empty” for each immigrant group if it had no members there in 1990. For each of the 13 groups, Zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regressions are estimated to specify the characteristics of labor markets that received higher counts of pioneer settlers. The major determinants include distance from a group’s closest top-5 gateway, size of population in 1990, economic characteristics, native-born population growth, and the settlement history of...
The author analyzes fertility data from the 1970 U. S. Census Public Use Sample for various ethni... more The author analyzes fertility data from the 1970 U. S. Census Public Use Sample for various ethnic groups in an attempt to evaluate the "social characteristics" thesis and the "minority status" thesis of fertility differentials and to reveal areas where further study might yield results. The population examined was 35-40 year old currently married women from six ethnic backgrounds: native white native black Japanese Cuban Mexican and Puerto Rican. Criteria and parameters used to categorize the women with respect to social characteristics and the method of analysis are described and the results set forth in tables and discussed. The author concludes that characteristics that seem to be significant in the fertility level of some groups are not significant for others and that neither the social characteristics thesis nor the minority status thesis nor both can completely explain differentials. It is suggested that study of the cultural paterns or the history of mino...
The effects of womens economic independence on fertility processes at the individual level were i... more The effects of womens economic independence on fertility processes at the individual level were investigated among the Yoruba in Nigerias Ondo and Oyo States. Although Yoruba women traditionally have engaged in farming and trading activities and are now increasing their participation in the modern sector of the economy this autonomy occurs within the context of a patriarchal society. The mean number of children ever born to currently married women 35-40 years of age was 6.1 in rural areas of both states. According to a Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in Ondo in 1986 and a less complete survey conducted in rural Oyo in 1990 women who entered first unions since 1970 did so at an average of 1 year later. The oldest mean age at marriage was found among women who worked and kept most of their income followed by women who did not work and then by women who worked but turned over most of their earnings to relatives. An 8-item index measuring the extent to which women share re...
This monograph compares foster care systems of New York City and the southern region of New Jerse... more This monograph compares foster care systems of New York City and the southern region of New Jersey, focusing on each system's impact on the foster care experiences of Black, Hispanic, and White Children. Recognizing that minority children move through * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that cah be made * * from the original document.
Ciencia y Sociedad
Este artículo aborda el tema de “mujeres, y empleo: un examen de la relación entre tipos de emple... more Este artículo aborda el tema de “mujeres, y empleo: un examen de la relación entre tipos de empleo y formación de la familia”. El punto de partida: la búsqueda de estrategias sociales que puedan acelerar una declinación en las tasas de fecundidad, los encargados de trazar las políticas han comenzado a examinar las contribuciones potenciales de aumentos en la participación femenina en la fuerza de trabajo. En efecto, el empleo y los roles femeninos surgieron como unas importantes adiciones posibles a los programas comprensivos de control poblacional y de desarrollo en la Conferencia Mundial de Bucarest en 1974. Con la excepción de un relativamente pequeño número de administradoras y funcionarías, las oficinistas tienen la más baja fecundidad. Este hallazgo aporta argumentos para la conclusión de que el empleo no necesita ser del más alto status ni requiere de un largo entrenamiento para tener un impacto reductor de la fecundidad en un país en desarrollo.
International Migration Review
Demographic Research, 2016
BACKGROUND Research on immigrant dispersion to new U.S. destinations has not addressed the questi... more BACKGROUND Research on immigrant dispersion to new U.S. destinations has not addressed the question of how place and individual characteristics influence pioneer settlement. While origin-group social networks influence immigrants' settlement choices upon U.S. arrival and secondary destination decisions within the USA, other factors must be important when immigrants move to places where they have no compatriots. OBJECTIVE By examining national origin differences in pioneer migration for ten Asian and Latin American national origin groups, our goal was to determine whether and how they differed in their pioneer settlement responses to economic, demographic, social, and pan-ethnic labor markets conditions. METHODS We used 1990 and 2000 confidential decennial census data because they have sufficient sample cases and geographic detail to study national origin differences. We estimated two types of model for each origin group: a zero-inflated Poisson model that identifies the place characteristics associated with higher pioneer settlement counts in the 1990s and a logistic regression model that identifies the individual characteristics of immigrants who settled pioneer places. RESULTS The major context correlates of pioneer settlement were 1990 population size, the panethnic presence of foreign-born from each group's origin region (Asia or Latin America), and the lack of a significant agricultural presence in the labor force. The logistic models indicated that pioneers were likely to be internal migrants rather than recent immigrants, fluent English speakers, and residents of relatively dispersed places prior to moving to pioneer labor markets.
Oxford Scholarship Online, Feb 15, 2018
Below is a selection of extracts from HEI web-sites, generally from the International or Study Ab... more Below is a selection of extracts from HEI web-sites, generally from the International or Study Abroad offices, which illustrate the approach HEIs take to providing relevant information and 'selling' mobility to their students. The examples range from those which are factual and downbeat to those which attempt to enthuse and excite students. They replicate many of the messages conveyed by the quotes given in Chapter 5, stressing above all the positive aspects of a foreign stay. 'Studying abroad is also a superb chance to discover a different culture, make new friends and learn a foreign language. … Students who study abroad under the SOCRATES programme are often more employable upon graduation as they have gained confidence, understanding and have proven they are not afraid to take on a new challenge.' University of Paisley 'Just think about it: this is a fantastic opportunity to spread your wings and learn about other cultures as part of your studies.'
International Migration Review
The history of the border region between Mexico and Texas reflects the conflict and change produc... more The history of the border region between Mexico and Texas reflects the conflict and change produced by its transition to that status from one where it was a distant outpost of Mexico and located far from the borders of the United States. Using the tools of quantitative history, Hinojosa's book seeks to add descriptive flesh to our sparse knowledge of the lives of the settlers in the heart of this border region. His historical reconstruction traverses several key transitions in the history of Mexico, the United States and the region. The account be~ins Vom Bauem zum Industriearbeiter: Zur kollektiven Lebensgeschichte der Arbeitsmigranten aus .der Turkei. By Hans-Gunter Kleff. Ingelheim: Manthano Verlag. Pp. 329.