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Papers by Douglass Williams
Earth Interactions, Jul 1, 2004
Over the past two decades, forests in the southeastern United States have undergone dramatic chan... more Over the past two decades, forests in the southeastern United States have undergone dramatic changes as the result of urban sprawl and conversion to intensively managed pine plantations. The Cumberland Plateau, an important ecoregion in the southeastern United States, contains some of the largest remaining tracts of privately owned, native hardwood forest in North America. These ecologically important forests have been undergoing increasingly rapid rates of hardwood-to-pine conversion, much of which has gone undetected by large-scale statewide inventories. Forest conversion in Tennessee's southern Cumberland Plateau provides a case study highlighting the need for interdisciplinary and spatially explicit assessments of the impact and drivers of land-use change at smaller scales. Aerial and satellite imagery were used to create computer-generated maps of land use and forest cover for a 243 000 ha study area within a seven-county region of the southern Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee to track and document patterns of forest change and conversion between 1981 and 2000. The ecological impact of forest harvesting and hardwood-to-pine conversion was evaluated by (i) monitoring aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity, (ii) tracking breeding-bird populations, and (iii) comparing calcium (Ca) stores and cycling in a chronosequence of hardwood to first-and second-rotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations. It was found that 14% of native forest cover had been lost since 1981, 74% of which resulted from hardwood-to-pine conversion. It was also found that the rate of conversion to pine doubled from 1997 to 2000. Water quality in streams, as measured by the abundance of critical macroinvertebrates, was significantly lower in recently logged sites than in undisturbed native forest. Surveys of breeding-bird populations showed that pine plantations of several age classes had lower species richness and evenness than did native oak-hickory forests. Despite similar soil concentrations of Ca in native hardwood, mature firstrotation, and early second-rotation pine, changes were found in aboveground Ca storage that suggest substantial system Ca losses that may limit productivity of second-rotation pine or regrowth of oak-hickory forest. As part of the ongoing research on the socioeconomic drivers of land-use change on the Cumberland Plateau, it was found that Tennessee's major forest conservation incentive program only delays forest conversion for a few years while subsidizing landowners who would not have converted their land in the absence of the program. These results demonstrate the need for more detailed and multidisciplinary research conducted at smaller scales so as to enhance the understanding of the impact and drivers of land-use change at larger scales.
Ucla School of Public Affairs, 2001
... National activist federations, such as ACORN (Association of Community Organizations for Refo... more ... National activist federations, such as ACORN (Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now), the New Party, and the Green Party have served ... New Jersey increase, they could find no significant difference in employment changes on either side of the Delaware River ...
Law <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Social Inquiry, 1992
The term law factories was used as early as 1906, when the largest firms had fewer than 20 lawy... more The term law factories was used as early as 1906, when the largest firms had fewer than 20 lawyers. C. Chamberlayne, The Soul of the Profession, 18 Green Bag 397 (1906), quoted in Robert Nelson, Partners with Power 170 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988) ( ...
Law <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Social Inquiry, 1989
... 1 Richard H. Sander is acting professor of law, University of California, Los Angeles. ... Th... more ... 1 Richard H. Sander is acting professor of law, University of California, Los Angeles. ... Thanks are also due to Bob Weil, who supplied data from a number of Altman &amp;amp;amp; Weil&amp;amp;#x27;s lawyer surveys, and Northwestern&amp;amp;#x27;s Law and Social Science Program, which provided financial support. ...
Economic Development Quarterly, 2005
Local campaigns to create high minimum wages in submetropolitan districts have become a growing p... more Local campaigns to create high minimum wages in submetropolitan districts have become a growing part of the living wage movement. In this article, the authors examine the structure and likely effects of an ambitious minimum wage ordinance adopted by the Santa Monica City Council in 2001 but narrowly defeated in a citywide referendum in November 2002. Using a range of
Earth Interactions, 2004
Over the past two decades, forests in the southeastern United States have undergone dramatic chan... more Over the past two decades, forests in the southeastern United States have undergone dramatic changes as the result of urban sprawl and conversion to intensively managed pine plantations. The Cumberland Plateau, an important ecoregion in the southeastern United States, contains some of the largest remaining tracts of privately owned, native hardwood forest in North America. These ecologically important forests have been undergoing increasingly rapid rates of hardwood-to-pine conversion, much of which has gone undetected by large-scale statewide inventories. Forest conversion in Tennessee's southern Cumberland Plateau provides a case study highlighting the need for interdisciplinary and spatially explicit assessments of the impact and drivers of land-use change at smaller scales. Aerial and satellite imagery were used to create computer-generated maps of land use and forest cover for a 243 000 ha study area within a seven-county region of the southern Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee to track and document patterns of forest change and conversion between 1981 and 2000. The ecological impact of forest harvesting and hardwood-to-pine conversion was evaluated by (i) monitoring aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity, (ii) tracking breeding-bird populations, and (iii) comparing calcium (Ca) stores and cycling in a chronosequence of hardwood to first-and second-rotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations. It was found that 14% of native forest cover had been lost since 1981, 74% of which resulted from hardwood-to-pine conversion. It was also found that the rate of conversion to pine doubled from 1997 to 2000. Water quality in streams, as measured by the abundance of critical macroinvertebrates, was significantly lower in recently logged sites than in undisturbed native forest. Surveys of breeding-bird populations showed that pine plantations of several age classes had lower species richness and evenness than did native oak-hickory forests. Despite similar soil concentrations of Ca in native hardwood, mature firstrotation, and early second-rotation pine, changes were found in aboveground Ca storage that suggest substantial system Ca losses that may limit productivity of second-rotation pine or regrowth of oak-hickory forest. As part of the ongoing research on the socioeconomic drivers of land-use change on the Cumberland Plateau, it was found that Tennessee's major forest conservation incentive program only delays forest conversion for a few years while subsidizing landowners who would not have converted their land in the absence of the program. These results demonstrate the need for more detailed and multidisciplinary research conducted at smaller scales so as to enhance the understanding of the impact and drivers of land-use change at larger scales.
Concerns about the preservation of farm and forest land in the United States in the face of devel... more Concerns about the preservation of farm and forest land in the United States in the face of development pressures have led to many land preservation policies, including preferential, or use-value (UV), taxation of property. Use-value taxation permits landowners to continue deriving income from their land without having to pay the higher taxes occasioned by rising property values, which otherwise might force them to convert their land to other uses. Tennessee's Forest Green-belt Program differs from many in that enrollment is voluntary and that it is targeted specifically to forest land owners. We developed a theoretical framework to examine the effectiveness of the program in protecting forested land as a function of several criteria: (1) owners knowing about the program, (2) owners deciding to enroll once they learn about the program, and (3) owners deciding not to convert after enrolling in the program. In addition, the Greenbelt Program was considered cost-effective only if it primarily targeted those parcels facing conversion pressure. In an application of this framework using a probit analysis of landowner survey and tax data, we found that that the Greenbelt Program failed in protecting forested lands. Few knew about the program, and not all those who knew enrolled. Finally, the large majority of enrollees reported that the Greenbelt Program failed to affect their decisions to convert land in the future, and we found no evidence that those who reported some influence of the Greenbelt Program were influenced by the program's economic incentives.
Earth Interactions, Jul 1, 2004
Over the past two decades, forests in the southeastern United States have undergone dramatic chan... more Over the past two decades, forests in the southeastern United States have undergone dramatic changes as the result of urban sprawl and conversion to intensively managed pine plantations. The Cumberland Plateau, an important ecoregion in the southeastern United States, contains some of the largest remaining tracts of privately owned, native hardwood forest in North America. These ecologically important forests have been undergoing increasingly rapid rates of hardwood-to-pine conversion, much of which has gone undetected by large-scale statewide inventories. Forest conversion in Tennessee's southern Cumberland Plateau provides a case study highlighting the need for interdisciplinary and spatially explicit assessments of the impact and drivers of land-use change at smaller scales. Aerial and satellite imagery were used to create computer-generated maps of land use and forest cover for a 243 000 ha study area within a seven-county region of the southern Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee to track and document patterns of forest change and conversion between 1981 and 2000. The ecological impact of forest harvesting and hardwood-to-pine conversion was evaluated by (i) monitoring aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity, (ii) tracking breeding-bird populations, and (iii) comparing calcium (Ca) stores and cycling in a chronosequence of hardwood to first-and second-rotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations. It was found that 14% of native forest cover had been lost since 1981, 74% of which resulted from hardwood-to-pine conversion. It was also found that the rate of conversion to pine doubled from 1997 to 2000. Water quality in streams, as measured by the abundance of critical macroinvertebrates, was significantly lower in recently logged sites than in undisturbed native forest. Surveys of breeding-bird populations showed that pine plantations of several age classes had lower species richness and evenness than did native oak-hickory forests. Despite similar soil concentrations of Ca in native hardwood, mature firstrotation, and early second-rotation pine, changes were found in aboveground Ca storage that suggest substantial system Ca losses that may limit productivity of second-rotation pine or regrowth of oak-hickory forest. As part of the ongoing research on the socioeconomic drivers of land-use change on the Cumberland Plateau, it was found that Tennessee's major forest conservation incentive program only delays forest conversion for a few years while subsidizing landowners who would not have converted their land in the absence of the program. These results demonstrate the need for more detailed and multidisciplinary research conducted at smaller scales so as to enhance the understanding of the impact and drivers of land-use change at larger scales.
Ucla School of Public Affairs, 2001
... National activist federations, such as ACORN (Association of Community Organizations for Refo... more ... National activist federations, such as ACORN (Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now), the New Party, and the Green Party have served ... New Jersey increase, they could find no significant difference in employment changes on either side of the Delaware River ...
Law <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Social Inquiry, 1992
The term law factories was used as early as 1906, when the largest firms had fewer than 20 lawy... more The term law factories was used as early as 1906, when the largest firms had fewer than 20 lawyers. C. Chamberlayne, The Soul of the Profession, 18 Green Bag 397 (1906), quoted in Robert Nelson, Partners with Power 170 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988) ( ...
Law <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Social Inquiry, 1989
... 1 Richard H. Sander is acting professor of law, University of California, Los Angeles. ... Th... more ... 1 Richard H. Sander is acting professor of law, University of California, Los Angeles. ... Thanks are also due to Bob Weil, who supplied data from a number of Altman &amp;amp;amp; Weil&amp;amp;#x27;s lawyer surveys, and Northwestern&amp;amp;#x27;s Law and Social Science Program, which provided financial support. ...
Economic Development Quarterly, 2005
Local campaigns to create high minimum wages in submetropolitan districts have become a growing p... more Local campaigns to create high minimum wages in submetropolitan districts have become a growing part of the living wage movement. In this article, the authors examine the structure and likely effects of an ambitious minimum wage ordinance adopted by the Santa Monica City Council in 2001 but narrowly defeated in a citywide referendum in November 2002. Using a range of
Earth Interactions, 2004
Over the past two decades, forests in the southeastern United States have undergone dramatic chan... more Over the past two decades, forests in the southeastern United States have undergone dramatic changes as the result of urban sprawl and conversion to intensively managed pine plantations. The Cumberland Plateau, an important ecoregion in the southeastern United States, contains some of the largest remaining tracts of privately owned, native hardwood forest in North America. These ecologically important forests have been undergoing increasingly rapid rates of hardwood-to-pine conversion, much of which has gone undetected by large-scale statewide inventories. Forest conversion in Tennessee's southern Cumberland Plateau provides a case study highlighting the need for interdisciplinary and spatially explicit assessments of the impact and drivers of land-use change at smaller scales. Aerial and satellite imagery were used to create computer-generated maps of land use and forest cover for a 243 000 ha study area within a seven-county region of the southern Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee to track and document patterns of forest change and conversion between 1981 and 2000. The ecological impact of forest harvesting and hardwood-to-pine conversion was evaluated by (i) monitoring aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity, (ii) tracking breeding-bird populations, and (iii) comparing calcium (Ca) stores and cycling in a chronosequence of hardwood to first-and second-rotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations. It was found that 14% of native forest cover had been lost since 1981, 74% of which resulted from hardwood-to-pine conversion. It was also found that the rate of conversion to pine doubled from 1997 to 2000. Water quality in streams, as measured by the abundance of critical macroinvertebrates, was significantly lower in recently logged sites than in undisturbed native forest. Surveys of breeding-bird populations showed that pine plantations of several age classes had lower species richness and evenness than did native oak-hickory forests. Despite similar soil concentrations of Ca in native hardwood, mature firstrotation, and early second-rotation pine, changes were found in aboveground Ca storage that suggest substantial system Ca losses that may limit productivity of second-rotation pine or regrowth of oak-hickory forest. As part of the ongoing research on the socioeconomic drivers of land-use change on the Cumberland Plateau, it was found that Tennessee's major forest conservation incentive program only delays forest conversion for a few years while subsidizing landowners who would not have converted their land in the absence of the program. These results demonstrate the need for more detailed and multidisciplinary research conducted at smaller scales so as to enhance the understanding of the impact and drivers of land-use change at larger scales.
Concerns about the preservation of farm and forest land in the United States in the face of devel... more Concerns about the preservation of farm and forest land in the United States in the face of development pressures have led to many land preservation policies, including preferential, or use-value (UV), taxation of property. Use-value taxation permits landowners to continue deriving income from their land without having to pay the higher taxes occasioned by rising property values, which otherwise might force them to convert their land to other uses. Tennessee's Forest Green-belt Program differs from many in that enrollment is voluntary and that it is targeted specifically to forest land owners. We developed a theoretical framework to examine the effectiveness of the program in protecting forested land as a function of several criteria: (1) owners knowing about the program, (2) owners deciding to enroll once they learn about the program, and (3) owners deciding not to convert after enrolling in the program. In addition, the Greenbelt Program was considered cost-effective only if it primarily targeted those parcels facing conversion pressure. In an application of this framework using a probit analysis of landowner survey and tax data, we found that that the Greenbelt Program failed in protecting forested lands. Few knew about the program, and not all those who knew enrolled. Finally, the large majority of enrollees reported that the Greenbelt Program failed to affect their decisions to convert land in the future, and we found no evidence that those who reported some influence of the Greenbelt Program were influenced by the program's economic incentives.