Dr. Mizan R Khan - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Dr. Mizan R Khan

Research paper thumbnail of Financing loss and damage from slow onset events in developing countries

Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Power Shift

The New Global Politics of Climate Change and the Remaking of Environmental Inequality, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Contesting Climate Injustice

The New Global Politics of Climate Change and the Remaking of Environmental Inequality, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Adaptation and international climate policy

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2013

ABSTRACT Because of the failure of the world to agree an adequate regime to limit greenhouse gas ... more ABSTRACT Because of the failure of the world to agree an adequate regime to limit greenhouse gas emissions to a safe level, adaptation to climate change has risen rapidly in UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations since 2007. We closely review the development of policies, institutions, and financing of adaptation in international agreements from 1992 to the present. We conclude that the way the treaty has been built—first as a mitigation regime with adaptation added on only later—has led to some profound problems for marrying the goals of economic development and building climate resilient societies. Particularly there are two problematic areas. First, following mitigation approaches, technical solutions are often the focus in adaptation projects, when social, political, and cultural problems lie at the roots of vulnerability and should be addressed directly. Second, early requirements that external funding would only come if the adaptation effort was clearly ‘additional’ to what would have been done without a changing climate have been extremely pernicious. By attempting to divide a development project from the ‘additional’ costs of adapting to climate change, the global policy has shaped adaptation efforts at the local level. To understand how we ended up with such quirky definitions of what counts as adaptation, we need to review the history of adaptation in the negotiated regimes. Finally, we trace the incomplete negotiations over who will pay for adaptation in developing countries, whether that funding will come as grants or loans, as private investment or public funds, and what say recipient countries will have. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:171–189. doi: 10.1002/wcc.212 The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the capacity for adaptation and collaboration in the context of freshwater pollution management in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Environmental Science & Policy

Research paper thumbnail of Ensuring Water Security for Climate Vulnerable Communities in Coastal Bangladesh

Palgrave Studies in Climate Resilient Societies

Research paper thumbnail of The intractability of loss and damage issues in climate negotiations

The impacts of human-induced climate change are manifested through losses and damages incurred du... more The impacts of human-induced climate change are manifested through losses and damages incurred due to the increasing frequency and intensity of climatic disasters all over the world. Low-income countries who have contributed the least in causing climate change, and have low financial capability, are the worst victims of this. However, since the inception of the international climate regime under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), loss and damage has been a politically charged issue. It took about two decades of pushing by the vulnerable developing countries for the agenda to formally anchor in the climate negotiations text. This was further solidified through establishment of the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) and inclusion of stand-alone Article 8 on loss and damage in the Paris Agreement. Its institutionalisation has only done the groundwork of addressing loss and damage however - the key issue of finance for loss and damage and other matters has remaine...

Research paper thumbnail of The Integration of Nature-Based Solutions into Climate Adaptation Policy and Planning in Bangladesh

Climate Change Solutions

Bangladesh is regarded as one of the most climate-vulnerable regions in South Asia due to its uni... more Bangladesh is regarded as one of the most climate-vulnerable regions in South Asia due to its unique geographical location and socio-economic conditions. Natural disasters, changing temperatures, precipitation, and sea level rise have affected agricultural production, infrastructure, and livelihoods in the country. To face these challenges, nature-based solutions (NbS) can address climate change adaptation, protection and management of natural ecosystems, and biodiversity conservation. For example, in Bangladesh, coastal mangroves can protect communities from storm surge and sea level rise, forests in hilly regions can prevent landslides, and green spaces in urban areas can reduce heat stress and promote the well-being of inhabitants. However, effective design, implementation, and upscaling of NbS requires support from national policies and plans. This study reviews relevant Bangladeshi national policies from the past three decades to investigate NbS as a potential framework to addr...

Research paper thumbnail of Climate change adaptation as a global public good: implications for financing

Climatic Change

Beginning as an afterthought in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, adaptation as an a... more Beginning as an afterthought in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, adaptation as an agenda has come a long way since 1992. With no ambitious mitigation, recent years have witnessed an increasing frequency of extreme climate events, including cross-border or borderless climate risks. Accordingly, the Paris Agreement frames adaptation as a global goal and global responsibility. However, financing for adaptation continues to remain extremely poor, relative to the estimated needs, even though the regime has obligatory provisions for support by developed countries. Why is this so? Why should the majority of the countries, with an insignificant contribution to causing the problem, suffer from increasing climate impacts? How can adaptation finance be enhanced at scale? As a response to these queries, the paper substantiates three claims: (1) that poor funding can be attributed to the territorial framing under the regime that conceptualizes adaptation largely as a local or national public good and, hence, the inefficacy of market mechanisms, (2) that it makes conceptual and political sense to consider adaptation as a global public good, and (3) that such a reframing should make a difference in boosting adaptation finance. In a multi-polar world with different views on adaptation finance, multilateral agencies should lead in promoting the proposed framing.

Research paper thumbnail of High-density population and displacement in Bangladesh

Research paper thumbnail of 17. Inside Out COPs

Negotiating Climate Change in Crisis

Research paper thumbnail of Sharing Adaptation Failure to Improve Adaptation Outcomes

Research paper thumbnail of Correction to: Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens

Climatic Change

The original article has been updated. Unfortunately the uncorrected version of the article was p... more The original article has been updated. Unfortunately the uncorrected version of the article was published online. This has been corrected.

Research paper thumbnail of Correction to: Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens

Climatic Change, Jan 8, 2020

The original article has been updated. Unfortunately the uncorrected version of the article was p... more The original article has been updated. Unfortunately the uncorrected version of the article was published online. This has been corrected.

Research paper thumbnail of Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens

Climatic Change

How much finance should be provided to support climate change adaptation and by whom? How should ... more How much finance should be provided to support climate change adaptation and by whom? How should it be allocated, and on what basis? Over the years, various actors have expressed different normative expectations on climate finance. Which of these expectations are being met and which are not; why, and with what consequences? Have new norms and rules emerged, which remain contested? This article takes stock of the first 25+ years of adaptation finance under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and seeks to understand whether adaptation finance has become more justly governed and delivered over the past quarter century. We distinguish among three “eras” of adaptation finance: (1) the early years under the UNFCCC (1992–2008); (2) the Copenhagen shift (2009–2015); and (3) the post-Paris era (2016–2018). For each era, we systematically review the justice issues raised by evolving expectations and rules over the provision, distribution, and governance of adapt...

Research paper thumbnail of Valuation approaches to ecosystem goods and services for the National Botanical Garden, Bangladesh

Environmental & Socio-economic Studies

The main attractions of national parks include their scenic beauty, security, wildlife and trees.... more The main attractions of national parks include their scenic beauty, security, wildlife and trees. For preserving and maintaining national parks, an appropriate pricing policy can be used. The current study focuses on using the travel cost method (TCM) and contingent valuation method (CVM) as a non-market valuation technique to value the National Botanical Garden in Bangladesh, a developing country where little or no previous works of this kind has been conducted before. The main objective of the paper was to suggest an appropriate entrance fee for the park by assessing the willingness to pay (WTP) from the TCM and CVM; by determining a revenue maximizing entrance fee from the CVM; and by considering socio-demographics, the characteristics of visits and the motivation of the visitors to preserve the National Botanical Garden. The study sampled 100 visitors. These visitors participated in a survey which consisted of closed questions followed by a semi structured in-depth interview. Fo...

Research paper thumbnail of Capacity building for implementation of nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement

Climate Policy

ABSTRACT The majority of developing countries have indicated capacity building as a condition for... more ABSTRACT The majority of developing countries have indicated capacity building as a condition for implementing their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. This is in the context of shortfalls in past initiatives on capacity building under different bilateral and multilateral agencies including bodies of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which can be largely attributed to their short-term, ad-hoc, supply-driven, and project-based nature. Article 11 of the Paris Agreement points to a potentially new paradigm for capacity building. Based on a review of literature on past experience, as well as analysis of countries’ capacity building perspectives in the NDCs, this paper attempts to draw lessons for better capacity building for NDC implementation. The paper aims at answering the questions: What are the capacity building needs expressed in the NDCs? Where are the matches and mismatches with past efforts, and what kind of capacity building can address the current needs? We propose a capacity building framework that addresses climate change as a long term problem. We suggest that universities in developing countries should serve as central hubs for a sustainable, institution-based capacity building system, supported by strengthened partnerships and long term financing. Finally, we suggest that, for the next round of NDCs, developing countries should be more explicit and specific in their demands and approaches to capacity building. Key policy insights The next round of developing countries’ NDCs should be more specific about their capacity building needs and align them better with the financial support system under the Paris Agreement. The capacity building needs identified in the NDCs fall short of learning from previous efforts, including that capacity building must be specific and demand-driven, to ensure country ownership. A new framework for capacity building needs to be established, with: a capacity building mechanism under the UNFCCC, developing country universities as the central hub; strengthened partnerships; and a long term financial support system. This framework should be tailored towards the differences in capacity needs among different groups of developing countries.

Research paper thumbnail of The Paris Framework for Climate Change Capacity Building

The Paris Framework for Climate Change Capacity Building

Research paper thumbnail of Toward a Binding Climate Change Adaptation Regime

Research paper thumbnail of Manufacturing Consent

The New Global Politics of Climate Change and the Remaking of Environmental Inequality, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Financing loss and damage from slow onset events in developing countries

Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Power Shift

The New Global Politics of Climate Change and the Remaking of Environmental Inequality, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Contesting Climate Injustice

The New Global Politics of Climate Change and the Remaking of Environmental Inequality, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Adaptation and international climate policy

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2013

ABSTRACT Because of the failure of the world to agree an adequate regime to limit greenhouse gas ... more ABSTRACT Because of the failure of the world to agree an adequate regime to limit greenhouse gas emissions to a safe level, adaptation to climate change has risen rapidly in UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations since 2007. We closely review the development of policies, institutions, and financing of adaptation in international agreements from 1992 to the present. We conclude that the way the treaty has been built—first as a mitigation regime with adaptation added on only later—has led to some profound problems for marrying the goals of economic development and building climate resilient societies. Particularly there are two problematic areas. First, following mitigation approaches, technical solutions are often the focus in adaptation projects, when social, political, and cultural problems lie at the roots of vulnerability and should be addressed directly. Second, early requirements that external funding would only come if the adaptation effort was clearly ‘additional’ to what would have been done without a changing climate have been extremely pernicious. By attempting to divide a development project from the ‘additional’ costs of adapting to climate change, the global policy has shaped adaptation efforts at the local level. To understand how we ended up with such quirky definitions of what counts as adaptation, we need to review the history of adaptation in the negotiated regimes. Finally, we trace the incomplete negotiations over who will pay for adaptation in developing countries, whether that funding will come as grants or loans, as private investment or public funds, and what say recipient countries will have. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:171–189. doi: 10.1002/wcc.212 The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the capacity for adaptation and collaboration in the context of freshwater pollution management in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Environmental Science & Policy

Research paper thumbnail of Ensuring Water Security for Climate Vulnerable Communities in Coastal Bangladesh

Palgrave Studies in Climate Resilient Societies

Research paper thumbnail of The intractability of loss and damage issues in climate negotiations

The impacts of human-induced climate change are manifested through losses and damages incurred du... more The impacts of human-induced climate change are manifested through losses and damages incurred due to the increasing frequency and intensity of climatic disasters all over the world. Low-income countries who have contributed the least in causing climate change, and have low financial capability, are the worst victims of this. However, since the inception of the international climate regime under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), loss and damage has been a politically charged issue. It took about two decades of pushing by the vulnerable developing countries for the agenda to formally anchor in the climate negotiations text. This was further solidified through establishment of the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) and inclusion of stand-alone Article 8 on loss and damage in the Paris Agreement. Its institutionalisation has only done the groundwork of addressing loss and damage however - the key issue of finance for loss and damage and other matters has remaine...

Research paper thumbnail of The Integration of Nature-Based Solutions into Climate Adaptation Policy and Planning in Bangladesh

Climate Change Solutions

Bangladesh is regarded as one of the most climate-vulnerable regions in South Asia due to its uni... more Bangladesh is regarded as one of the most climate-vulnerable regions in South Asia due to its unique geographical location and socio-economic conditions. Natural disasters, changing temperatures, precipitation, and sea level rise have affected agricultural production, infrastructure, and livelihoods in the country. To face these challenges, nature-based solutions (NbS) can address climate change adaptation, protection and management of natural ecosystems, and biodiversity conservation. For example, in Bangladesh, coastal mangroves can protect communities from storm surge and sea level rise, forests in hilly regions can prevent landslides, and green spaces in urban areas can reduce heat stress and promote the well-being of inhabitants. However, effective design, implementation, and upscaling of NbS requires support from national policies and plans. This study reviews relevant Bangladeshi national policies from the past three decades to investigate NbS as a potential framework to addr...

Research paper thumbnail of Climate change adaptation as a global public good: implications for financing

Climatic Change

Beginning as an afterthought in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, adaptation as an a... more Beginning as an afterthought in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, adaptation as an agenda has come a long way since 1992. With no ambitious mitigation, recent years have witnessed an increasing frequency of extreme climate events, including cross-border or borderless climate risks. Accordingly, the Paris Agreement frames adaptation as a global goal and global responsibility. However, financing for adaptation continues to remain extremely poor, relative to the estimated needs, even though the regime has obligatory provisions for support by developed countries. Why is this so? Why should the majority of the countries, with an insignificant contribution to causing the problem, suffer from increasing climate impacts? How can adaptation finance be enhanced at scale? As a response to these queries, the paper substantiates three claims: (1) that poor funding can be attributed to the territorial framing under the regime that conceptualizes adaptation largely as a local or national public good and, hence, the inefficacy of market mechanisms, (2) that it makes conceptual and political sense to consider adaptation as a global public good, and (3) that such a reframing should make a difference in boosting adaptation finance. In a multi-polar world with different views on adaptation finance, multilateral agencies should lead in promoting the proposed framing.

Research paper thumbnail of High-density population and displacement in Bangladesh

Research paper thumbnail of 17. Inside Out COPs

Negotiating Climate Change in Crisis

Research paper thumbnail of Sharing Adaptation Failure to Improve Adaptation Outcomes

Research paper thumbnail of Correction to: Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens

Climatic Change

The original article has been updated. Unfortunately the uncorrected version of the article was p... more The original article has been updated. Unfortunately the uncorrected version of the article was published online. This has been corrected.

Research paper thumbnail of Correction to: Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens

Climatic Change, Jan 8, 2020

The original article has been updated. Unfortunately the uncorrected version of the article was p... more The original article has been updated. Unfortunately the uncorrected version of the article was published online. This has been corrected.

Research paper thumbnail of Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens

Climatic Change

How much finance should be provided to support climate change adaptation and by whom? How should ... more How much finance should be provided to support climate change adaptation and by whom? How should it be allocated, and on what basis? Over the years, various actors have expressed different normative expectations on climate finance. Which of these expectations are being met and which are not; why, and with what consequences? Have new norms and rules emerged, which remain contested? This article takes stock of the first 25+ years of adaptation finance under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and seeks to understand whether adaptation finance has become more justly governed and delivered over the past quarter century. We distinguish among three “eras” of adaptation finance: (1) the early years under the UNFCCC (1992–2008); (2) the Copenhagen shift (2009–2015); and (3) the post-Paris era (2016–2018). For each era, we systematically review the justice issues raised by evolving expectations and rules over the provision, distribution, and governance of adapt...

Research paper thumbnail of Valuation approaches to ecosystem goods and services for the National Botanical Garden, Bangladesh

Environmental & Socio-economic Studies

The main attractions of national parks include their scenic beauty, security, wildlife and trees.... more The main attractions of national parks include their scenic beauty, security, wildlife and trees. For preserving and maintaining national parks, an appropriate pricing policy can be used. The current study focuses on using the travel cost method (TCM) and contingent valuation method (CVM) as a non-market valuation technique to value the National Botanical Garden in Bangladesh, a developing country where little or no previous works of this kind has been conducted before. The main objective of the paper was to suggest an appropriate entrance fee for the park by assessing the willingness to pay (WTP) from the TCM and CVM; by determining a revenue maximizing entrance fee from the CVM; and by considering socio-demographics, the characteristics of visits and the motivation of the visitors to preserve the National Botanical Garden. The study sampled 100 visitors. These visitors participated in a survey which consisted of closed questions followed by a semi structured in-depth interview. Fo...

Research paper thumbnail of Capacity building for implementation of nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement

Climate Policy

ABSTRACT The majority of developing countries have indicated capacity building as a condition for... more ABSTRACT The majority of developing countries have indicated capacity building as a condition for implementing their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. This is in the context of shortfalls in past initiatives on capacity building under different bilateral and multilateral agencies including bodies of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which can be largely attributed to their short-term, ad-hoc, supply-driven, and project-based nature. Article 11 of the Paris Agreement points to a potentially new paradigm for capacity building. Based on a review of literature on past experience, as well as analysis of countries’ capacity building perspectives in the NDCs, this paper attempts to draw lessons for better capacity building for NDC implementation. The paper aims at answering the questions: What are the capacity building needs expressed in the NDCs? Where are the matches and mismatches with past efforts, and what kind of capacity building can address the current needs? We propose a capacity building framework that addresses climate change as a long term problem. We suggest that universities in developing countries should serve as central hubs for a sustainable, institution-based capacity building system, supported by strengthened partnerships and long term financing. Finally, we suggest that, for the next round of NDCs, developing countries should be more explicit and specific in their demands and approaches to capacity building. Key policy insights The next round of developing countries’ NDCs should be more specific about their capacity building needs and align them better with the financial support system under the Paris Agreement. The capacity building needs identified in the NDCs fall short of learning from previous efforts, including that capacity building must be specific and demand-driven, to ensure country ownership. A new framework for capacity building needs to be established, with: a capacity building mechanism under the UNFCCC, developing country universities as the central hub; strengthened partnerships; and a long term financial support system. This framework should be tailored towards the differences in capacity needs among different groups of developing countries.

Research paper thumbnail of The Paris Framework for Climate Change Capacity Building

The Paris Framework for Climate Change Capacity Building

Research paper thumbnail of Toward a Binding Climate Change Adaptation Regime

Research paper thumbnail of Manufacturing Consent

The New Global Politics of Climate Change and the Remaking of Environmental Inequality, 2015