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Research paper thumbnail of Empathy Levels among Medical Students: A Psycho-Social Analysis

Annals of Psychophysiology

Empathy is an important component in a doctor-patient relationship. It is an objective and relati... more Empathy is an important component in a doctor-patient relationship. It is an objective and relatively a stable constitutional trait. The apprehension among educationalists that clinical training may have an adversative effect on medical trainees and student empathy levels, holds truth as indicated by the existing literature. Long work/study hours and sleep deprivation may be the potential reasons believed to contribute to empathy decline. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in the empathy levels among the students, during their medical school years. The opinions and observations of medical students were recorded and interpreted hoping to determine the main reasons behind the changing empathy levels (if present). A psycho-social cross-sectional analysis of medical students' empathy levels was conducted at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro. A 20 item JSPE-S (Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Student Version) self-administered structured questionnaire including 7-point Likert scale was used to evaluate empathy levels among students. Convenient sampling procedure was used. A total of 300 students were approached during their class timings at lecture halls. A prior verbal informed consent was taken and those who agreed were included in the study. The duration of study was from May, 2014 to August, 2014. Data analysis was done via SPSS 16.0.41% (n=123) out of 300 participants were male while 59% (n=177) were females. The mean empathy value of first year students (91.29) was greater than that of final year students (84.53). E.S value i.e. effect size value comes out to be 0.5, which is moderately significant. Study concluded that the students at LUMHS have the least empathy score in comparison to the standard values. This decline in the empathy levels explains the change of social behavior of the students across their medical school years. It is related to the hectic and difficult time period of their studies, their personal experience with the patients, realization of the difficulties and challenges in seeking medical services.

Research paper thumbnail of Psycho-Social Depression and Cardiovascular Health; A Study on Risk Factors in Hyderabad, Pakistan

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH (IJEHSR)

A tool has been developed for evaluation of stress by observing major signs & symptoms, and class... more A tool has been developed for evaluation of stress by observing major signs & symptoms, and classification of these symptoms in seven different classes. The tool comprised of 114 items that differentiates physical, mental, traumatic, psychosocial, nutritional, emotional & chemical stress. It will help the researchers with a tool for evaluation of cause as it is first of its kind & will help the health professionals for assessment of stressed. Preliminary data was collected from Pakistan and analyses showed that the tool has both high reliability and validity. The Cronbach reliability test was carried out and the α value obtained was between 0.954-0.916. In this study the Spearman-Brown Coefficient analysis has been used to obtain the significant level of related coefficients (0.900-0.884). The findings of this study support the use of SSS as an evaluation tool.

Research paper thumbnail of Cross-Sectional Analysis of Incidence and Extent of H.pylori Infestation among Symptomatic Population of Shaheed Benazirabad

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH (IJEHSR), 2016

Background H. Pylori or Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium of gram negative origin, found in the ... more Background H. Pylori or Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium of gram negative origin, found in the stomach and has been attributed to peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, and cancer of the stomach (ailments that formerly were not thought to occur due to microbes) ever since it was identified nearly three decades ago. Objective: Nearly half of the global population harbors H. pylori in its upper gastrointestinal tract. However, a major proportion (i.e. eighty percent) of the victims remain asymptomatic. This research aims to determine the incidence and extent of Helicobacter Pylori infestation among symptomatic population of Shaheed Benazirabad and provide the basis for future studies investigating the extent of infestation and its relationship with symptoms. Methodology This cross-sectional analysis of incidence and extent of H. Pylori infestation was done on the basis of ELISA test results from a mainstream laboratory (Arif Diagnostics) the only laboratory, equipped with the technology to carry out this test. The data of 100 symptomatic patients visiting the laboratory in the month of June, 2014 was collected and test result was analyzed on SPSS v.16.0. Results The Mean H. Pylori levels were higher in females (12.54ug/dl) than in males (8.61ug/dl). The maximum level of infestation reported in symptomatic females (58.63ug/dl) was also considerably higher than that of symptomatic males (27.54ug/dl). H. Pylori infestation was most common (37%) among individuals aged between eighteen to twenty-eight years. Individuals aged between twenty-nine to thirty-nine years immediately followed and 30% of the symptomatic patients fell within this age bracket, majority of the sufferers were males as compared to females. Conclusion On the basis of our result, we conclude that males are more prone to suffer from symptoms even at lower levels of infestation than females and the incidence and extent of peptic ulcer infestation decreased with decreasing age in our sample.

Research paper thumbnail of Relation between Quality and Quantity of Sleep and Psychological Distress among Hospitalized Patients

Annals of Psychophysiology, 2016

Background: Sleep is a fundamental component of good health, however its promotion in acute hospi... more Background: Sleep is a fundamental component of good health, however its promotion in acute hospital settings does not appear to be a priority. Causes of sleep disruption are varied and include environmental and bio-cognitive factors, including pain, bright light, noise, anxiety and stress. The environmental and bio-cognitive consequences of sleep deprivation on the health and recovery of hospital inpatients are various. Inadequate sleep can lead to both psychological and physiological consequences. Objective: This observational study was aimed at determining the pattern, quantity and quality of sleep and the prevalence, causes and effect of sleep deprivation / disturbance among patients hospitalized at the elective wards of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This observational study was conducted from August 2015 to January 2016, upon a sample of 50 patients admitted to Liaquat University Hospital (who had spent at least 4 weeks at the hospital). The sample of patients (chosen via ...

Research paper thumbnail of A Cross-Sectional Analysis Of Potential Stressors Leading to Depression Among Medical Students of Public Sector Universities of Sindh

Background: Till the 70's, it was believed that depression among students was rare or even no... more Background: Till the 70's, it was believed that depression among students was rare or even non-existent. This concept has now begun to change. Research studies that show presence of depressive problems in students have started surfacing but much more need to be explored. Objective: To find out the causes and level of stress and depression among undergraduate medical students of public sector medical universities and medical colleges of Sindh. Methods: This cross sectional psycho-social analysis included 587 undergraduate medical students from 6 public sector medical institutes of Sindh. Multistage sampling was implemented. Sampling procedure includes both stratified sampling and simple random sampling. Stratification was done on the basis of location of university and medical college and year of study. Informed consent was taken from every student. Stress and depression levels were measured in accordance to academic and non-academic stressors. Data analysis was done on SPSS vers...

Research paper thumbnail of Factors Affecting Child Gender Desirability

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH (IJEHSR), 2016

Objective To evaluate the dynamics influencing child's gender desirability among expecting female... more Objective To evaluate the dynamics influencing child's gender desirability among expecting females and ascertain the major determinants. Methodology This cross-sectional, observational study included 100 pregnant females, chosen via simple random sampling, at the OBGYN outpatient department of the Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. Data was collected via structured interview based questionnaires from 1st December 2014 to 10th February 2015 after taking the verbal informed consent. SPSS v. 19.0 and Microsoft Excel were used to analyze the obtained data. Results Four main aspects were observed to affect the child gender desirability by the parents, namely the family structure of the expecting mother, socioeconomic circumstances of the expecting mother, locality of the expecting mother and the order of the expected child. The expecting females living in a rural vicinity, having deprived socioeconomic status and a combined family structure have a greater desire for giving birth to a male child. Furthermore, they also desire their first 3 children as a minimum to be born a male child. Conclusion On the roots of our results it has been accomplished that the desire of having a male child is a social taboo of our people and society and it has been recognized as one of the key reasons of domestic cruelty and brutality on women breathing in our society. This matter requires appropriate direction, advice, guidance and counseling.

Research paper thumbnail of A Cross Sectional Analysis Of Vitamin B 12 Deficiency In Patients With Helicobacter Pylori Infection

Objective: To determine the frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with Helicobacter pyl... more Objective: To determine the frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Methodology: This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted from 01-01-2015 to 30-06-2015 at Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro / Hyderabad. All the patients of 19-60 years of age, of either gender with Helicobacter pylori infection for more than 02 weeks duration were further evaluated for serum vitamin B12 level. The data was analyzed in statistical software (SPSS) and the p-value ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: During six months study period, total 340 (225 males and 115 females) Helicobacter pylori infected patients were enrolled and entered in the study. The vitamin B12 deficiency was observed in 236 (69.4%) subjects of which 148 (65.8%) were males and 88 (76.5%) were females. The mean ±SD for age of overall population was 42.94±9.86 years while the mean age ±SD for vitamin B12 deficient and non-deficient was 40.76±8.75 and 41.38±8....

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of Vitamin D repletion on treatment of chronic lower back pain

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH (IJEHSR), 2019

Background: Chronic lower back pain is precisely a distressing condition not only because of asso... more Background: Chronic lower back pain is precisely a distressing condition not only because of associated physical debilitation but the psychological hassle as well. Along with various etiological factors, low vitamin D levels in the body is also a significant cause of this ailment. This study focuses on monitoring the effect of Vitamin D repletion on intensity of chronic (non-traumatic) lower back pain. Methodology: This longitudinal-prospective analysis was conducted upon a sample of 374 lower back pain patients presenting with vitamin D deficiency from February to October 2018. Inquiries were made regarding basic socio-demographics, history of chronic lower back pain, dietary and medicinal supplement usage, hours of sun exposure and pain levels, assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The vitamin D levels and the VAS pain score were assessed upon baseline visit to the orthopedic outpatient department and followed up after 2 months (1 st follow up visit) and 6 months (2 nd follow up visit). Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 and Microsoft Excel 2013. Results: Among the 374 respondents, 52.67% were males while 47.33% were females with the mean age of 47.5 years. The mean baseline (pre-intervention) vitamin D levels were found to be 10.3 ng/ml, which raised significantly to 34.3 ng/ml. The mean (pre-intervention) VAS score dropped significantly, from 81.9 at baseline visit to 31.4 at 2 nd follow up visit. Conclusion: It is concluded that vitamin D repletion has a marked impact on reducing the intensity of chronic lower back pain. Future studies may confirm further to validate the findings of this research.

Research paper thumbnail of Comparing Depression Levels Among Diabetics

The Professional Medical Journal, 2016

Introduction: This descriptive (cross-sectional) study compares depressionlevels among diabetic p... more Introduction: This descriptive (cross-sectional) study compares depressionlevels among diabetic patients using different treatments (insulin users v/s non-insulin) atHyderabad. Objectives: This study evaluates the depressive symptoms and their associationwith education, medication adherence, demographic variables and health complaints amongdiabetics based on type of therapy used. Setting: Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad.Material and methods: 264 patients visiting Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad and differentdiabetic clinics at Hyderabad in the months of February and March, 2014 were included in thestudy via simple random sampling. 106 patients (40.16%) of the total sample are females and158 (59.84%) are males. Patients were interviewed to attain information about age, sex, onsetand type of diabetes, type of medication used (insulin or oral hypoglycemic), glycemic control,medication adherence and diabetes associated health complaints. Results: 36.36% of thepeople in the...

Research paper thumbnail of Empathy Levels among Medical Students: A Psycho-Social Analysis

Annals of Psychophysiology

Empathy is an important component in a doctor-patient relationship. It is an objective and relati... more Empathy is an important component in a doctor-patient relationship. It is an objective and relatively a stable constitutional trait. The apprehension among educationalists that clinical training may have an adversative effect on medical trainees and student empathy levels, holds truth as indicated by the existing literature. Long work/study hours and sleep deprivation may be the potential reasons believed to contribute to empathy decline. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in the empathy levels among the students, during their medical school years. The opinions and observations of medical students were recorded and interpreted hoping to determine the main reasons behind the changing empathy levels (if present). A psycho-social cross-sectional analysis of medical students' empathy levels was conducted at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro. A 20 item JSPE-S (Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Student Version) self-administered structured questionnaire including 7-point Likert scale was used to evaluate empathy levels among students. Convenient sampling procedure was used. A total of 300 students were approached during their class timings at lecture halls. A prior verbal informed consent was taken and those who agreed were included in the study. The duration of study was from May, 2014 to August, 2014. Data analysis was done via SPSS 16.0.41% (n=123) out of 300 participants were male while 59% (n=177) were females. The mean empathy value of first year students (91.29) was greater than that of final year students (84.53). E.S value i.e. effect size value comes out to be 0.5, which is moderately significant. Study concluded that the students at LUMHS have the least empathy score in comparison to the standard values. This decline in the empathy levels explains the change of social behavior of the students across their medical school years. It is related to the hectic and difficult time period of their studies, their personal experience with the patients, realization of the difficulties and challenges in seeking medical services.

Research paper thumbnail of Psycho-Social Depression and Cardiovascular Health; A Study on Risk Factors in Hyderabad, Pakistan

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH (IJEHSR)

A tool has been developed for evaluation of stress by observing major signs & symptoms, and class... more A tool has been developed for evaluation of stress by observing major signs & symptoms, and classification of these symptoms in seven different classes. The tool comprised of 114 items that differentiates physical, mental, traumatic, psychosocial, nutritional, emotional & chemical stress. It will help the researchers with a tool for evaluation of cause as it is first of its kind & will help the health professionals for assessment of stressed. Preliminary data was collected from Pakistan and analyses showed that the tool has both high reliability and validity. The Cronbach reliability test was carried out and the α value obtained was between 0.954-0.916. In this study the Spearman-Brown Coefficient analysis has been used to obtain the significant level of related coefficients (0.900-0.884). The findings of this study support the use of SSS as an evaluation tool.

Research paper thumbnail of Cross-Sectional Analysis of Incidence and Extent of H.pylori Infestation among Symptomatic Population of Shaheed Benazirabad

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH (IJEHSR), 2016

Background H. Pylori or Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium of gram negative origin, found in the ... more Background H. Pylori or Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium of gram negative origin, found in the stomach and has been attributed to peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, and cancer of the stomach (ailments that formerly were not thought to occur due to microbes) ever since it was identified nearly three decades ago. Objective: Nearly half of the global population harbors H. pylori in its upper gastrointestinal tract. However, a major proportion (i.e. eighty percent) of the victims remain asymptomatic. This research aims to determine the incidence and extent of Helicobacter Pylori infestation among symptomatic population of Shaheed Benazirabad and provide the basis for future studies investigating the extent of infestation and its relationship with symptoms. Methodology This cross-sectional analysis of incidence and extent of H. Pylori infestation was done on the basis of ELISA test results from a mainstream laboratory (Arif Diagnostics) the only laboratory, equipped with the technology to carry out this test. The data of 100 symptomatic patients visiting the laboratory in the month of June, 2014 was collected and test result was analyzed on SPSS v.16.0. Results The Mean H. Pylori levels were higher in females (12.54ug/dl) than in males (8.61ug/dl). The maximum level of infestation reported in symptomatic females (58.63ug/dl) was also considerably higher than that of symptomatic males (27.54ug/dl). H. Pylori infestation was most common (37%) among individuals aged between eighteen to twenty-eight years. Individuals aged between twenty-nine to thirty-nine years immediately followed and 30% of the symptomatic patients fell within this age bracket, majority of the sufferers were males as compared to females. Conclusion On the basis of our result, we conclude that males are more prone to suffer from symptoms even at lower levels of infestation than females and the incidence and extent of peptic ulcer infestation decreased with decreasing age in our sample.

Research paper thumbnail of Relation between Quality and Quantity of Sleep and Psychological Distress among Hospitalized Patients

Annals of Psychophysiology, 2016

Background: Sleep is a fundamental component of good health, however its promotion in acute hospi... more Background: Sleep is a fundamental component of good health, however its promotion in acute hospital settings does not appear to be a priority. Causes of sleep disruption are varied and include environmental and bio-cognitive factors, including pain, bright light, noise, anxiety and stress. The environmental and bio-cognitive consequences of sleep deprivation on the health and recovery of hospital inpatients are various. Inadequate sleep can lead to both psychological and physiological consequences. Objective: This observational study was aimed at determining the pattern, quantity and quality of sleep and the prevalence, causes and effect of sleep deprivation / disturbance among patients hospitalized at the elective wards of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This observational study was conducted from August 2015 to January 2016, upon a sample of 50 patients admitted to Liaquat University Hospital (who had spent at least 4 weeks at the hospital). The sample of patients (chosen via ...

Research paper thumbnail of A Cross-Sectional Analysis Of Potential Stressors Leading to Depression Among Medical Students of Public Sector Universities of Sindh

Background: Till the 70's, it was believed that depression among students was rare or even no... more Background: Till the 70's, it was believed that depression among students was rare or even non-existent. This concept has now begun to change. Research studies that show presence of depressive problems in students have started surfacing but much more need to be explored. Objective: To find out the causes and level of stress and depression among undergraduate medical students of public sector medical universities and medical colleges of Sindh. Methods: This cross sectional psycho-social analysis included 587 undergraduate medical students from 6 public sector medical institutes of Sindh. Multistage sampling was implemented. Sampling procedure includes both stratified sampling and simple random sampling. Stratification was done on the basis of location of university and medical college and year of study. Informed consent was taken from every student. Stress and depression levels were measured in accordance to academic and non-academic stressors. Data analysis was done on SPSS vers...

Research paper thumbnail of Factors Affecting Child Gender Desirability

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH (IJEHSR), 2016

Objective To evaluate the dynamics influencing child's gender desirability among expecting female... more Objective To evaluate the dynamics influencing child's gender desirability among expecting females and ascertain the major determinants. Methodology This cross-sectional, observational study included 100 pregnant females, chosen via simple random sampling, at the OBGYN outpatient department of the Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. Data was collected via structured interview based questionnaires from 1st December 2014 to 10th February 2015 after taking the verbal informed consent. SPSS v. 19.0 and Microsoft Excel were used to analyze the obtained data. Results Four main aspects were observed to affect the child gender desirability by the parents, namely the family structure of the expecting mother, socioeconomic circumstances of the expecting mother, locality of the expecting mother and the order of the expected child. The expecting females living in a rural vicinity, having deprived socioeconomic status and a combined family structure have a greater desire for giving birth to a male child. Furthermore, they also desire their first 3 children as a minimum to be born a male child. Conclusion On the roots of our results it has been accomplished that the desire of having a male child is a social taboo of our people and society and it has been recognized as one of the key reasons of domestic cruelty and brutality on women breathing in our society. This matter requires appropriate direction, advice, guidance and counseling.

Research paper thumbnail of A Cross Sectional Analysis Of Vitamin B 12 Deficiency In Patients With Helicobacter Pylori Infection

Objective: To determine the frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with Helicobacter pyl... more Objective: To determine the frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Methodology: This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted from 01-01-2015 to 30-06-2015 at Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro / Hyderabad. All the patients of 19-60 years of age, of either gender with Helicobacter pylori infection for more than 02 weeks duration were further evaluated for serum vitamin B12 level. The data was analyzed in statistical software (SPSS) and the p-value ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: During six months study period, total 340 (225 males and 115 females) Helicobacter pylori infected patients were enrolled and entered in the study. The vitamin B12 deficiency was observed in 236 (69.4%) subjects of which 148 (65.8%) were males and 88 (76.5%) were females. The mean ±SD for age of overall population was 42.94±9.86 years while the mean age ±SD for vitamin B12 deficient and non-deficient was 40.76±8.75 and 41.38±8....

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of Vitamin D repletion on treatment of chronic lower back pain

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH (IJEHSR), 2019

Background: Chronic lower back pain is precisely a distressing condition not only because of asso... more Background: Chronic lower back pain is precisely a distressing condition not only because of associated physical debilitation but the psychological hassle as well. Along with various etiological factors, low vitamin D levels in the body is also a significant cause of this ailment. This study focuses on monitoring the effect of Vitamin D repletion on intensity of chronic (non-traumatic) lower back pain. Methodology: This longitudinal-prospective analysis was conducted upon a sample of 374 lower back pain patients presenting with vitamin D deficiency from February to October 2018. Inquiries were made regarding basic socio-demographics, history of chronic lower back pain, dietary and medicinal supplement usage, hours of sun exposure and pain levels, assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The vitamin D levels and the VAS pain score were assessed upon baseline visit to the orthopedic outpatient department and followed up after 2 months (1 st follow up visit) and 6 months (2 nd follow up visit). Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 and Microsoft Excel 2013. Results: Among the 374 respondents, 52.67% were males while 47.33% were females with the mean age of 47.5 years. The mean baseline (pre-intervention) vitamin D levels were found to be 10.3 ng/ml, which raised significantly to 34.3 ng/ml. The mean (pre-intervention) VAS score dropped significantly, from 81.9 at baseline visit to 31.4 at 2 nd follow up visit. Conclusion: It is concluded that vitamin D repletion has a marked impact on reducing the intensity of chronic lower back pain. Future studies may confirm further to validate the findings of this research.

Research paper thumbnail of Comparing Depression Levels Among Diabetics

The Professional Medical Journal, 2016

Introduction: This descriptive (cross-sectional) study compares depressionlevels among diabetic p... more Introduction: This descriptive (cross-sectional) study compares depressionlevels among diabetic patients using different treatments (insulin users v/s non-insulin) atHyderabad. Objectives: This study evaluates the depressive symptoms and their associationwith education, medication adherence, demographic variables and health complaints amongdiabetics based on type of therapy used. Setting: Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad.Material and methods: 264 patients visiting Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad and differentdiabetic clinics at Hyderabad in the months of February and March, 2014 were included in thestudy via simple random sampling. 106 patients (40.16%) of the total sample are females and158 (59.84%) are males. Patients were interviewed to attain information about age, sex, onsetand type of diabetes, type of medication used (insulin or oral hypoglycemic), glycemic control,medication adherence and diabetes associated health complaints. Results: 36.36% of thepeople in the...