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Papers by Dr. Rupinder Bakshi

GMC Patiala Journal of Research and Medical Education, 2024

GMC PATIALA Journal of research and medical education, Dec 3, 2021

GMC PATIALA Journal of research and medical education, Jun 1, 2019

The prevalence of extended spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) in multidrug resistant strains of gram n... more The prevalence of extended spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) in multidrug resistant strains of gram negative Bacilli isolated from different clinical samples in a tertiary hospital in Patiala, Punjab. A total of 357 clinical isolates comprising Escherichia coli (n=246), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=91) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=20) were recovered from various clinical samples over a period of one year (Jan 2012 to Dec 2012). Antibiogram profile of these isolates was determined by commonly used antibiotics, along with screening for ESBL production by the screening test as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Isolates which showed positive results with screening test were shortlisted for confirmatory tests of ESBL production by double disk approximation test and combined disk method. Out of 357 isolates, 246 E. coli isolates (69%), 91 K. pneumoniae isolates (25.5%) and 20 P. aeruginosa isolates (5.6%) were screened for ESBL production. ESBL production was observed in 48% of E. coli isolates (118/246), 44% of K. pneumoniae (40/91) and 10(50%) of P. aeruginosa isolates by combination disk method. The double disk approximation test failed to detect ESBLs in 14 isolates of E. coli. Awareness and detection of these enzymes are necessary for optimal patient care and the judicious use of antimicrobial agents must become health care priorities.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Sep 1, 2015

Urinary Tract Infections are considered as one of the most common bacterial infections with an es... more Urinary Tract Infections are considered as one of the most common bacterial infections with an estimated annual global incidence of 150 million. Antimicrobial drug resistance is one of the major threats due to wide spread usage of uncontrolled antibiotics. In this study, a total number of 9149 urine samples were collected from R.H Patiala and processed in the Department of Microbiology G. M. C Patiala (January 2013 to December 2013). Urine samples were inoculated on MacConkey's and blood agar plates and incubated at 37 0 C for 24 hrs. The organisms were identified by colony characters, Gram's staining, and biochemical reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined against various antimicrobial agents (Hi-Media Mumbai India) by Kirby Bauer DISK diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar plates. Maximum patients were in the age group of 21-30 yrs followed by 31-40 yrs. Males (34%) are less prone to urinary tract infections than females (66%). Culture was positive in 25% of the samples. Escherichia coli was the most common isolate 60.3% followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 13.5%, Proteus spp. 9% and Staphylococcus aureus 7.6%. Most of the urinary isolates were sensitive to, carbepenems, Aztreonam, Amikacin, and Piperacillin + Tazobactum. All the isolates showed a good sensitivity towards Nitrofurantoin (82%). ESBL production was found to be 70.6% in Escherichia coli and 29.4% in Klebsiella pneumonia. Susceptibility of ESBL producers to Imipenem, Nitrofurantoin and Amikacin were found to be 100%, 76%, and 75% respectively. Uropathogens are increasingly showing resistance to many antibiotics making empiric management of outpatient UTIs challenging. Ampicillin, Cotrimoxazole and Ciprofloxacin should not be used in empiric treatment. Nitrofurantoin could be used in lower urinary tract infection. Knowledge of uropathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in a geographical region will help in appropriate and judicious antibiotic usage in a health care setup.

GMC PATIALA Journal of research and medical education

Cureus

The recent emergence and re-emergence of viral infections transmitted by vectors, Zika, chikungun... more The recent emergence and re-emergence of viral infections transmitted by vectors, Zika, chikungunya, dengue, and others, is a cause for international concern. Here, we provide a summary of the current understanding of the transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, global burden, and the likelihood of future epidemics by these viruses. Arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes are challenging to diagnose and can have surprising clinical complications. Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are the most important diseases caused by arboviruses worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. These are transmitted to humans by day-biting Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. In India, the increase in the incidence of dengue and chikungunya cases is primarily linked to the dissemination of Aedes aegypti. A rapid and accurate diagnosis is paramount for effectively controlling dengue outbreaks. As there is no vaccination or specific treatment available for these viruses, vector control is the only comprehensive solution available.

Acta Scientific Ophthalmology

Introduction: Infective Keratitis refers to the diseases affecting cornea caused by infective age... more Introduction: Infective Keratitis refers to the diseases affecting cornea caused by infective agents which leads to necrosis and suppuration resulting in corneal tissue ulcers. It is a potentially blinding condition that must be treated emergently to preserve vision. Fungal corneal ulcers are the most common, accounting for 30-40% of the cases followed by bacterial, viral and amoebic corneal ulcers. Methods: It was a prospective, open labelled, interventional study including 75 patients of infective keratitis reporting to the Ophthalmology OPD at Rajindra Hospital, Patiala. Cases diagnosed with microbial keratitis were evaluated clinically using slit lamp biomicroscope and microbiologically using smears and cultures. The patients were treated accordingly and followed up to analyze the treatment response and outcomes in these patients. Results: Out of 75 patients enrolled in the study, 31 were diagnosed to have fungal keratitis (41.3%), 22 had bacterial keratitis (29.3%) and 6 had mixed infection (8%). 9 patients were diagnosed with viral keratitis based on the clinical picture. Aspergillus was the most commonly isolated fungal species followed by Fusarium and Staphylococcus was the most common isolated bacteria. Fungal keratitis took the longest to heal and had maximum complications compared to other etiologies. Conclusion: Being an agricultural state the incidence of fungal keratitis is much more in Punjab compared to other microbes. Treating a fungal corneal ulcer is very challenging inspite of the available diagnostic and treatment methods.

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery

Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, 2015

Five milliliter of venous blood sample was collected. Blood was allowed to clot for 45 min at roo... more Five milliliter of venous blood sample was collected. Blood was allowed to clot for 45 min at room temperature and serum was separated after centrifugation. Samples were tested for HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 antibodies according to NACO guidelines, using the test kits COMBAIDS ‐ RS Advantage‐ST, Signal HIV Flow Through HIV 1 and 2 Spot/Immunodot Test Kit, and BIO LINE SD HIV 1/2 3.0. 48,828 patients were tested for HIV. Out of 48828 patients, 2073 (4.25%) were HIV‐positive. The national average is 0.27%. Out of 2073 HIV‐positive patients, 1269 (61.2%) were males. The acquisition of HIV infection by heterosexual contact was found in 66.7% (1384) cases. This was followed by injecting drug users that emerged as the second most common mode of transmission in our study. Injecting drug use was reported as a risk factor in 174 cases, recording a seroprevalence of 8.4%. Similar, were the results obtained by Arora et al.,[3] who showed injecting drug use as route of transmission in 9.1% cases in their ...

Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2017

Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) have emerged as a major cause of healthcare-associat... more Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) have emerged as a major cause of healthcare-associated infections and are innately resistant to many antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of NFGNB isolated from various clinical specimens and evaluate their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. This retrospective study was done at our Department of Microbiology from December 2015 to December 2016. NFGNB were isolated from a variety of clinical specimens, plated on blood agar and MacConkey agar and incubated at 37°C for 18-24 h under aerobic conditions. Appropriate biochemical tests were done to identify the organisms isolated. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using commercially available discs on Mueller-Hinton agar. Data was analyzed using SPSS IBM version 20. Out of 19065 clinical samples, cultures were positive in 1854 samples. Out of 1854 culture-positive samples, 216 (11.6%) yielded NFGNB. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common NFGNB, isolated in 190/216 (87.96%) samples, followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (17/216, 7.87%). Overall, most of the NFGNB isolates were susceptible to polymyxin B (88.4%), imipenem (82.9%) and cefoperazone + sulbactam (50.9%), and a total of 11 (64.71%) multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (MDRAB) strains were isolated in the study. Our study showed a significantly high prevalence of NFGNB. Isolation of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and MDRAB in the present study raises the concern of rapidly emerging antibiotic resistance in this group of bacteria in our region.

Australasian Medical Journal, 2013

National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2022

Antimicrobial ResistanceEmerging Infectious DiseasesPhenotypic and Molecular Detection of Extende... more Antimicrobial ResistanceEmerging Infectious DiseasesPhenotypic and Molecular Detection of Extended Spectrum B-lactamases (ESBLs) in Clinical Isolates of Escherichia ColiRapid Detection of Extended Spectrum Β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Strains of Escherichia Coli in Urinary Tract Infections Patients in Benha University Hospital \\ Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology .2013, Vol. 22, No. 2Brazilian Journal of MicrobiologyAntimicrobial Drug ResistanceE. Coli InfectionsAntibiotic PoliciesDetection and Characterization of Extended Spectrum B-lactamase Enzymes in Clinical Isolates of Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital(SQUH)Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods EBookEnterobacteriaceae Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2012 EditionCOMPARATIVE STUDY FOR DETECTION OF EXTENDED SPECTRUM B-LACTAMASES ( ESBLS ) IN KLEBSIELLA SPECIESZoonoses Infections Affecting Humans and AnimalsInfection Contro...

Introduction & Objectives : Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections accoun... more Introduction & Objectives : Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections account for a substantial proportion of liver diseases worldwide. Because the two hepatotropic viruses share same modes of transmission, co-infection with the two viruses is not uncommon, especially in areas with a high prevalence of HBV infection and among people at high risk for parenteral infection. Material & Methods: This study was conducted from JanuaryDecember 2011 during which 170 blood samples were collected from patients suffering from chronic liver diseases (CLD) (chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis) admitted in Medicine Department. Five ml venous blood sample was collected and processed in Department of Microbiology. HBsAg was detected by using Hepacard Test and anti HCV was detected by using HCV Tridot rapid visual test (J. Mitra & Co. Ltd.). Results: Among 170 patients with CLD, HBsAg seropositivity was 28% (47/170) while anti-HCV seropositivity was 41% (70/170). Co-infection of HBsAg...

The prevalence of extended spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) in multidrug resistant strains of gram n... more The prevalence of extended spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) in multidrug resistant strains of gram negative Bacilli isolated from different clinical samples in a tertiary hospital in Patiala, Punjab. A total of 357 clinical isolates comprising Escherichia coli (n=246), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=91) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=20) were recovered from various clinical samples over a period of one year (Jan 2012 to Dec 2012). Antibiogram profile of these isolates was determined by commonly used antibiotics, along with screening for ESBL production by the screening test as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Isolates which showed positive results with screening test were shortlisted for confirmatory tests of ESBL production by double disk approximation test and combined disk method. Out of 357 isolates, 246 E. coli isolates (69%), 91 K. pneumoniae isolates (25.5%) and 20 P. aeruginosa isolates (5.6%) were screened for ESBL production. ESBL production was obs...

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Medical, Health, Biomedical, Bioengineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering, 2015

Abstract—Urinary Tract Infections are considered as one of the most common bacterial infections w... more Abstract—Urinary Tract Infections are considered as one of the most common bacterial infections with an estimated annual global incidence of 150 million. Antimicrobial drug resistance is one of the major threats due to wide spread usage of uncontrolled antibiotics. In this study, a total number of 9149 urine samples were collected from R.H Patiala and processed in the Department of Microbiology G. M. C Patiala (January 2013 to December 2013). Urine samples were inoculated on MacConkey’s and blood agar plates and incubated at 370C for 24 hrs. The organisms were identified by colony characters, Gram’s staining, and biochemical reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined against various antimicrobial agents (Hi – Media Mumbai India) by Kirby Bauer DISK diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar plates. Maximum patients were in the age group of 21-30 yrs followed by 31-40 yrs. Males (34%) are less prone to urinary tract infections than females (66%). Culture was p...

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a microbial contamination of the bladder and related organs. Stu... more Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a microbial contamination of the bladder and related organs. Study subjects were those who had no structural anomaly and no co-occurring diseases, such as diabetes, or were either immunocompromised or pregnant. Simple UTI is also defined as cystitis or inferior UTI. This study was a prospective, single center study conducted at a tertiary level clinic and its associated bacteriology laboratory. Patients whose urine tests were collected by the microbiology test center over a 6-month period were enrolled in the study. Culture and vulnerability results were obtained directly from the microbiology test center. Of the 1306 samples obtained, 888 (68%) were from females and 418 (32%) from males. This study identified the predominant UTI-causing microbes and the associated antimicrobial vulnerabilities. In males, Escherichia coli (36.8%) was the predominant microbe followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 19.8%, Proteus spp. 17.4%, Staphylococcus aureus 10.0%, Pseu...

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery

Introduction: There has been a rapid increase in the cases of viral hepatitis in Malwa region of ... more Introduction: There has been a rapid increase in the cases of viral hepatitis in Malwa region of Punjab. Quantification of seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) and their coinfection among liver disease patients in tertiary care settings is needed to know the associated disease burden. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, their coinfection, and implications in liver disease patients. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted from June 2015 to August 2015 on a total of 100 chronic liver disease (CLD) patients. Venous blood samples were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies by performing required serological tests using sandwich ELISA technique and solid-phase immunochromatography. Results: Out of 100 cases, 80 (80%) were male and 20 (20%) were female with mean age of 47.44 ± 14.56 years. Out of 100 cases of hepatic disorders, 26 were HBsAg positive and 40 were anti-HCV p...

GMC Patiala Journal of Research and Medical Education, 2024

GMC PATIALA Journal of research and medical education, Dec 3, 2021

GMC PATIALA Journal of research and medical education, Jun 1, 2019

The prevalence of extended spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) in multidrug resistant strains of gram n... more The prevalence of extended spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) in multidrug resistant strains of gram negative Bacilli isolated from different clinical samples in a tertiary hospital in Patiala, Punjab. A total of 357 clinical isolates comprising Escherichia coli (n=246), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=91) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=20) were recovered from various clinical samples over a period of one year (Jan 2012 to Dec 2012). Antibiogram profile of these isolates was determined by commonly used antibiotics, along with screening for ESBL production by the screening test as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Isolates which showed positive results with screening test were shortlisted for confirmatory tests of ESBL production by double disk approximation test and combined disk method. Out of 357 isolates, 246 E. coli isolates (69%), 91 K. pneumoniae isolates (25.5%) and 20 P. aeruginosa isolates (5.6%) were screened for ESBL production. ESBL production was observed in 48% of E. coli isolates (118/246), 44% of K. pneumoniae (40/91) and 10(50%) of P. aeruginosa isolates by combination disk method. The double disk approximation test failed to detect ESBLs in 14 isolates of E. coli. Awareness and detection of these enzymes are necessary for optimal patient care and the judicious use of antimicrobial agents must become health care priorities.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Sep 1, 2015

Urinary Tract Infections are considered as one of the most common bacterial infections with an es... more Urinary Tract Infections are considered as one of the most common bacterial infections with an estimated annual global incidence of 150 million. Antimicrobial drug resistance is one of the major threats due to wide spread usage of uncontrolled antibiotics. In this study, a total number of 9149 urine samples were collected from R.H Patiala and processed in the Department of Microbiology G. M. C Patiala (January 2013 to December 2013). Urine samples were inoculated on MacConkey's and blood agar plates and incubated at 37 0 C for 24 hrs. The organisms were identified by colony characters, Gram's staining, and biochemical reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined against various antimicrobial agents (Hi-Media Mumbai India) by Kirby Bauer DISK diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar plates. Maximum patients were in the age group of 21-30 yrs followed by 31-40 yrs. Males (34%) are less prone to urinary tract infections than females (66%). Culture was positive in 25% of the samples. Escherichia coli was the most common isolate 60.3% followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 13.5%, Proteus spp. 9% and Staphylococcus aureus 7.6%. Most of the urinary isolates were sensitive to, carbepenems, Aztreonam, Amikacin, and Piperacillin + Tazobactum. All the isolates showed a good sensitivity towards Nitrofurantoin (82%). ESBL production was found to be 70.6% in Escherichia coli and 29.4% in Klebsiella pneumonia. Susceptibility of ESBL producers to Imipenem, Nitrofurantoin and Amikacin were found to be 100%, 76%, and 75% respectively. Uropathogens are increasingly showing resistance to many antibiotics making empiric management of outpatient UTIs challenging. Ampicillin, Cotrimoxazole and Ciprofloxacin should not be used in empiric treatment. Nitrofurantoin could be used in lower urinary tract infection. Knowledge of uropathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in a geographical region will help in appropriate and judicious antibiotic usage in a health care setup.

GMC PATIALA Journal of research and medical education

Cureus

The recent emergence and re-emergence of viral infections transmitted by vectors, Zika, chikungun... more The recent emergence and re-emergence of viral infections transmitted by vectors, Zika, chikungunya, dengue, and others, is a cause for international concern. Here, we provide a summary of the current understanding of the transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, global burden, and the likelihood of future epidemics by these viruses. Arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes are challenging to diagnose and can have surprising clinical complications. Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are the most important diseases caused by arboviruses worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. These are transmitted to humans by day-biting Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. In India, the increase in the incidence of dengue and chikungunya cases is primarily linked to the dissemination of Aedes aegypti. A rapid and accurate diagnosis is paramount for effectively controlling dengue outbreaks. As there is no vaccination or specific treatment available for these viruses, vector control is the only comprehensive solution available.

Acta Scientific Ophthalmology

Introduction: Infective Keratitis refers to the diseases affecting cornea caused by infective age... more Introduction: Infective Keratitis refers to the diseases affecting cornea caused by infective agents which leads to necrosis and suppuration resulting in corneal tissue ulcers. It is a potentially blinding condition that must be treated emergently to preserve vision. Fungal corneal ulcers are the most common, accounting for 30-40% of the cases followed by bacterial, viral and amoebic corneal ulcers. Methods: It was a prospective, open labelled, interventional study including 75 patients of infective keratitis reporting to the Ophthalmology OPD at Rajindra Hospital, Patiala. Cases diagnosed with microbial keratitis were evaluated clinically using slit lamp biomicroscope and microbiologically using smears and cultures. The patients were treated accordingly and followed up to analyze the treatment response and outcomes in these patients. Results: Out of 75 patients enrolled in the study, 31 were diagnosed to have fungal keratitis (41.3%), 22 had bacterial keratitis (29.3%) and 6 had mixed infection (8%). 9 patients were diagnosed with viral keratitis based on the clinical picture. Aspergillus was the most commonly isolated fungal species followed by Fusarium and Staphylococcus was the most common isolated bacteria. Fungal keratitis took the longest to heal and had maximum complications compared to other etiologies. Conclusion: Being an agricultural state the incidence of fungal keratitis is much more in Punjab compared to other microbes. Treating a fungal corneal ulcer is very challenging inspite of the available diagnostic and treatment methods.

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery

Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, 2015

Five milliliter of venous blood sample was collected. Blood was allowed to clot for 45 min at roo... more Five milliliter of venous blood sample was collected. Blood was allowed to clot for 45 min at room temperature and serum was separated after centrifugation. Samples were tested for HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 antibodies according to NACO guidelines, using the test kits COMBAIDS ‐ RS Advantage‐ST, Signal HIV Flow Through HIV 1 and 2 Spot/Immunodot Test Kit, and BIO LINE SD HIV 1/2 3.0. 48,828 patients were tested for HIV. Out of 48828 patients, 2073 (4.25%) were HIV‐positive. The national average is 0.27%. Out of 2073 HIV‐positive patients, 1269 (61.2%) were males. The acquisition of HIV infection by heterosexual contact was found in 66.7% (1384) cases. This was followed by injecting drug users that emerged as the second most common mode of transmission in our study. Injecting drug use was reported as a risk factor in 174 cases, recording a seroprevalence of 8.4%. Similar, were the results obtained by Arora et al.,[3] who showed injecting drug use as route of transmission in 9.1% cases in their ...

Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2017

Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) have emerged as a major cause of healthcare-associat... more Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) have emerged as a major cause of healthcare-associated infections and are innately resistant to many antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of NFGNB isolated from various clinical specimens and evaluate their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. This retrospective study was done at our Department of Microbiology from December 2015 to December 2016. NFGNB were isolated from a variety of clinical specimens, plated on blood agar and MacConkey agar and incubated at 37°C for 18-24 h under aerobic conditions. Appropriate biochemical tests were done to identify the organisms isolated. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using commercially available discs on Mueller-Hinton agar. Data was analyzed using SPSS IBM version 20. Out of 19065 clinical samples, cultures were positive in 1854 samples. Out of 1854 culture-positive samples, 216 (11.6%) yielded NFGNB. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common NFGNB, isolated in 190/216 (87.96%) samples, followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (17/216, 7.87%). Overall, most of the NFGNB isolates were susceptible to polymyxin B (88.4%), imipenem (82.9%) and cefoperazone + sulbactam (50.9%), and a total of 11 (64.71%) multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (MDRAB) strains were isolated in the study. Our study showed a significantly high prevalence of NFGNB. Isolation of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and MDRAB in the present study raises the concern of rapidly emerging antibiotic resistance in this group of bacteria in our region.

Australasian Medical Journal, 2013

National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2022

Antimicrobial ResistanceEmerging Infectious DiseasesPhenotypic and Molecular Detection of Extende... more Antimicrobial ResistanceEmerging Infectious DiseasesPhenotypic and Molecular Detection of Extended Spectrum B-lactamases (ESBLs) in Clinical Isolates of Escherichia ColiRapid Detection of Extended Spectrum Β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Strains of Escherichia Coli in Urinary Tract Infections Patients in Benha University Hospital \\ Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology .2013, Vol. 22, No. 2Brazilian Journal of MicrobiologyAntimicrobial Drug ResistanceE. Coli InfectionsAntibiotic PoliciesDetection and Characterization of Extended Spectrum B-lactamase Enzymes in Clinical Isolates of Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital(SQUH)Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods EBookEnterobacteriaceae Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2012 EditionCOMPARATIVE STUDY FOR DETECTION OF EXTENDED SPECTRUM B-LACTAMASES ( ESBLS ) IN KLEBSIELLA SPECIESZoonoses Infections Affecting Humans and AnimalsInfection Contro...

Introduction & Objectives : Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections accoun... more Introduction & Objectives : Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections account for a substantial proportion of liver diseases worldwide. Because the two hepatotropic viruses share same modes of transmission, co-infection with the two viruses is not uncommon, especially in areas with a high prevalence of HBV infection and among people at high risk for parenteral infection. Material & Methods: This study was conducted from JanuaryDecember 2011 during which 170 blood samples were collected from patients suffering from chronic liver diseases (CLD) (chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis) admitted in Medicine Department. Five ml venous blood sample was collected and processed in Department of Microbiology. HBsAg was detected by using Hepacard Test and anti HCV was detected by using HCV Tridot rapid visual test (J. Mitra & Co. Ltd.). Results: Among 170 patients with CLD, HBsAg seropositivity was 28% (47/170) while anti-HCV seropositivity was 41% (70/170). Co-infection of HBsAg...

The prevalence of extended spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) in multidrug resistant strains of gram n... more The prevalence of extended spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) in multidrug resistant strains of gram negative Bacilli isolated from different clinical samples in a tertiary hospital in Patiala, Punjab. A total of 357 clinical isolates comprising Escherichia coli (n=246), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=91) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=20) were recovered from various clinical samples over a period of one year (Jan 2012 to Dec 2012). Antibiogram profile of these isolates was determined by commonly used antibiotics, along with screening for ESBL production by the screening test as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Isolates which showed positive results with screening test were shortlisted for confirmatory tests of ESBL production by double disk approximation test and combined disk method. Out of 357 isolates, 246 E. coli isolates (69%), 91 K. pneumoniae isolates (25.5%) and 20 P. aeruginosa isolates (5.6%) were screened for ESBL production. ESBL production was obs...

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Medical, Health, Biomedical, Bioengineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering, 2015

Abstract—Urinary Tract Infections are considered as one of the most common bacterial infections w... more Abstract—Urinary Tract Infections are considered as one of the most common bacterial infections with an estimated annual global incidence of 150 million. Antimicrobial drug resistance is one of the major threats due to wide spread usage of uncontrolled antibiotics. In this study, a total number of 9149 urine samples were collected from R.H Patiala and processed in the Department of Microbiology G. M. C Patiala (January 2013 to December 2013). Urine samples were inoculated on MacConkey’s and blood agar plates and incubated at 370C for 24 hrs. The organisms were identified by colony characters, Gram’s staining, and biochemical reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined against various antimicrobial agents (Hi – Media Mumbai India) by Kirby Bauer DISK diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar plates. Maximum patients were in the age group of 21-30 yrs followed by 31-40 yrs. Males (34%) are less prone to urinary tract infections than females (66%). Culture was p...

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a microbial contamination of the bladder and related organs. Stu... more Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a microbial contamination of the bladder and related organs. Study subjects were those who had no structural anomaly and no co-occurring diseases, such as diabetes, or were either immunocompromised or pregnant. Simple UTI is also defined as cystitis or inferior UTI. This study was a prospective, single center study conducted at a tertiary level clinic and its associated bacteriology laboratory. Patients whose urine tests were collected by the microbiology test center over a 6-month period were enrolled in the study. Culture and vulnerability results were obtained directly from the microbiology test center. Of the 1306 samples obtained, 888 (68%) were from females and 418 (32%) from males. This study identified the predominant UTI-causing microbes and the associated antimicrobial vulnerabilities. In males, Escherichia coli (36.8%) was the predominant microbe followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 19.8%, Proteus spp. 17.4%, Staphylococcus aureus 10.0%, Pseu...

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery

Introduction: There has been a rapid increase in the cases of viral hepatitis in Malwa region of ... more Introduction: There has been a rapid increase in the cases of viral hepatitis in Malwa region of Punjab. Quantification of seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) and their coinfection among liver disease patients in tertiary care settings is needed to know the associated disease burden. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, their coinfection, and implications in liver disease patients. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted from June 2015 to August 2015 on a total of 100 chronic liver disease (CLD) patients. Venous blood samples were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies by performing required serological tests using sandwich ELISA technique and solid-phase immunochromatography. Results: Out of 100 cases, 80 (80%) were male and 20 (20%) were female with mean age of 47.44 ± 14.56 years. Out of 100 cases of hepatic disorders, 26 were HBsAg positive and 40 were anti-HCV p...