Dr. Saumya Chaturvedi (SET Associate Professor) (original) (raw)
Papers by Dr. Saumya Chaturvedi (SET Associate Professor)
International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology
Power transformer malfunctions cause significant power outages and, as a result, material damage.... more Power transformer malfunctions cause significant power outages and, as a result, material damage. This critical issue must be resolved. Power transformers must be protected from various fault conditions and power system failure. Fuzzy logic is used in this study to detect and protect power system transformer faults. In the simulation system that diagnoses transformer faults and monitors its operating conditions, the fuzzy logic (FL) toolbox in MATLAB/ SIMULINK software was used. The input variables, current and rate of change of current with time, have been identified as "Error" and "Error-Dot" in the programme. The study's findings show that when the output response is zero, the current in the transformer is normal. This is obtained by injecting [0] and [0] input values into the system, resulting in a response of "6e(-017)," which is close to zero. If the output response is greater than zero, the transformer current is rising above normal and the protection scheme should be notified. This condition is achieved by giving the system input values of [-1.5] and [5] and expecting a response of "+5". If the response is less than zero, the transformer current is less than normal, and the protection scheme should be notified. The study concluded that electrical faults and mechanical failures in power transformers can be quickly identified using Fuzzy logic. Thus, power transformer damage is avoided by controlling relays more effectively and quickly. This has resulted in significant savings in maintenance and repair costs. It is assumed that the study was a success.
ECS transactions, Apr 24, 2022
Artificial Intelligence and Communication Technologies
Skin diseases consist of a wide range of ailments that affect the skin, including microbial infec... more Skin diseases consist of a wide range of ailments that affect the skin, including microbial infections, viral, fungal, allergies, epidermis malignancies, and parasitic diseases. In South-Asian countries like India, people don’t care much about skin conditions. In our country, people prefer home remedies to cure skin conditions instead of visiting a dermatologist which can lead to serious skin conditions. Early diagnosis of skin disease is very important as it can reduce the severity of the condition. Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer and the most prominent form of cancer. Melanoma could be diagnosed early, which would reduce overall illness and death. The odds of dying from the ailment are proportional to the extent of the malignancy, which is proportional to the length of time it has been growing. The keys to early detection are patient self-examination of the skin, full-body skin screenings by a dermatologist, and patient engagement. This work aims to categorize skin c...
International journal of health sciences
Skin diseases consists a wide range of ailments that affect the skin, including microbial infecti... more Skin diseases consists a wide range of ailments that affect the skin, including microbial infections, viral, fungal, allergies, epidermis malignancies, and parasitic diseases. In South-Asian countries like India people don’t care much about the skin conditions. In our country, people prefer home remedies to cure skin conditions instead of visiting a dermatologist which can lead to serious skin conditions. Early diagnosis of skin disease is very important as it can reduce the severity of the condition. Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer, and it is the most prominent form of cancer. Melanoma could be diagnosed early, which would reduce overall illness and death. The odds of dying from the ailment is proportional to the extent of the malignancy, which is proportional to the length of time it has been growing. The keys to early detection are patient self-examination of the skin, full-body skin screenings by a dermatologist, and patient engagement. This work aims to categorize...
International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 2021
Abstract: In the earlier days, students had to visit the college to enquire about details like co... more Abstract: In the earlier days, students had to visit the college to enquire about details like courses, fee structure, admission process and other information's about the college, which is a tiresome and long process . This is where we thought of using an intelligent bot delivering the information. College Enquiry Chatbot is a simple python web application which aims to provide the information regarding college asked by the user. Keywords: Chatbot, Python, ChatterBot, Django
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology, 2020
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021
With continuous growth of web applications around the globe, it is a challenge to find the suitab... more With continuous growth of web applications around the globe, it is a challenge to find the suitable information needed for the user in a limited time.Number of handheld mobile devices is increasing and most of the business revolves around the correct search of the data. Without a proper recommender system it is very difficult to get required information from the web applications. Web applications use recommender systems to provide suitable data to users based on their choices and interests. For different kinds of needs different types of recommender systems have been proposed. Two most basic types of recommender systems are collaborative filtering recommender system and content based recommender system. Sometimes these two recommender systems are combined to increase the efficiency of a recommender system The generated new recommender system is known as hybrid recommender system.The purpose of this paper is to help readers understand the basics of recommender systems. This paper ide...
2017 IEEE International Conference on Power, Control, Signals and Instrumentation Engineering (ICPCSI), 2017
Recommendation System is the base of E-commerce business in India and World. After The advent of ... more Recommendation System is the base of E-commerce business in India and World. After The advent of 4G technology in developed and developing countries people are using internet more than ever. Lot of options are available for almost everything on Internet. People are confused with all the options. Recommendation system makes this easier by giving users options on the basis of history of the user in the system. Now you can get choices on the basis of your likes and dislikes. But this recommendation system fails when we have no information about the user and item. In simple words because we do not have user history therefore we cannot use recommendation algorithm. In this paper we are suggesting a MBA (market basket Analysis) technique to help us solve this problem to some level. We are using data available by Amazon to develop and test our method.
Life is urgent and it is brimming with hazard. Subsequently, security precautionary measure ought... more Life is urgent and it is brimming with hazard. Subsequently, security precautionary measure ought to consistently be taken before any sort of disaster writing happens. Street mishap is one of the significant reasons forever frailty in now days. Each and every second is significant or critical to fare thee well while driving. Single minute inconsiderateness can cause lifetime lament. The vast majority of the investigations state that the greater part of the street mishaps happens because of lack of regard and latency of the driver. Drowsiness Detection System has been created, utilizing a machine vision based ideas. The framework utilizes a little camera that focuses legitimately towards the driver's face and screens the driver's eyes so as to distinguish exhaustion or drowsiness. For a situation if weariness is identified, an admonition signs or caution signal is given to make the driver aware of wake up and leave the tired state. As a matter of first importance, the framewo...
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2017
Recommendation is a very important part of our digital lives. Without recommendation one can get ... more Recommendation is a very important part of our digital lives. Without recommendation one can get lost in web of data. Movies are also very important form of entertainment. We watch most movies that are recommended by someone or others. Each person likes specific type of movies. So movie recommendation system can increase sales of a movie rent/sales shop. Websites like Netflix are using it. But there is one problem that can cause recommendation system to fail. This problem is sparsity problem. In this paper, we have used a new approach that can solve sparsity problem to a great extent.
International journal of engineering research and technology, 2018
Environmental data mining gained popularity that helps to identify environment trends and pattern... more Environmental data mining gained popularity that helps to identify environment trends and patterns .Air pollution is becoming an environmental problem that is affecting human health. Dispersion of various air pollutants such as SO2, NO2, SPM and RSPM from both mobile and stationary sources can effect air quality. This paper presents methods for determining trends of various air pollutants in time series data. Using monthly pollution data from 2010 to 2012 containing pollution parameters called as pollutants like SO2, NO2, SPM, RSPM are taken and, time series were plotted and trend analysis is performed using Sen’s slope method also called as Sen estimator method. Sen estimator method is a statistical method used to detect increasing or decreasing trend along with their magnitude and sign. This method computes slope between each data pairs and then computes median value as a slope.
The word forecast means expected outcome in the future, also known as projection. Literacy is con... more The word forecast means expected outcome in the future, also known as projection. Literacy is considered as an heart of human development. Because literacy plays a vital role in development, early formulations of literacy goals are required. Planning some improvements in education system to increase literacy rate require study, analysis and forecast of various features affecting it. Major features include population count, population density, economic conditioning and male to female ratio. Population projection is generally referred a challenging task specially in developing countries due to unavailability of reliable data .These predictions are useful to researchers, governments and various organizations for planning purpose, social and health research, for monitoring development goals and also as input for other areas of forecasting. In this paper, we provide a summary of various existing methods that have been used for population forecasting. We propose combination of these metho...
Spreading fake news has become a serious issue in the current social media world. It is broadcast... more Spreading fake news has become a serious issue in the current social media world. It is broadcasted with dishonest intentions to mislead people. This has caused many unfortunate incidents in different countries. The most recent one was the latest presidential elections where the voters were mis lead to support a leader. Twitter is one of the most popular social media platforms where users look up for real time news. We extracted real time data on multiple domains through twitter and performed analysis. The dataset was preprocessed and user_verified column played a vital role. Multiple machine algorithms were then performed on the extracted features from preprocessed dataset. Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machine had promising results with both above 92% accuracy. Naive Bayes and Long-Short Term memory didn't achieve desired accuracies. The model can also be applied to images and videos for better detection of fake news.
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Internet of Things and Machine Learning, 2017
Recommendation Systems are very important systems that saves users time and resources by saving t... more Recommendation Systems are very important systems that saves users time and resources by saving them from searching the bulk data. The best example is googling which searches and gives list of hundreds of pages. Therefore, a major challenge of Recommendation Systems can be how to make recommendations for a new user, that is called cold-start user problem in this papers we are trying to identify different kinds of cold start problems in Recommendation Systems. We are also trying to explore different types of solutions to these problems in last 10 years. are very important systems that saves users time and resources by saving them from searching the bulk data. The best example is googling which searches and gives list of hundreds of pages. Therefore, a major challenge of Recommender systems can be how to make recommendations for a new user, that is called cold-start user problem in this papers we are trying to identify different kinds of cold start problems recommender systems. We are also trying to explore different types of solutions to these problems in last 10 years.
2017 IEEE International Conference on Power, Control, Signals and Instrumentation Engineering (ICPCSI), 2017
This paper suggests use of sentiment analysis classification as an effective method for examining... more This paper suggests use of sentiment analysis classification as an effective method for examining textual data coming from variety of resources on internet. Sentiment analysis is a method of data mining that evaluates textual data consuming machine learning techniques. Due to tremendous expanse of opinions of users, their reviews, feedbacks and suggestions available over the web resources, it is so much indispensable to discover, analyze and consolidate their views for enhanced decision making. Sentiment analysis presents an effective and efficient opinion of consumers in real time which can greatly affect the decision making process for business domain. We have seen an increment in level of activity during last ten year period and emphases on exploratory research approaches. We noticed that several procedures are inattentive from the pond of Business Intelligence research. We also recognized potential zones that requisite additional exploration.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2014
Structured Query Language (SQL) injection is one of the most devastating vulnerabilities to impac... more Structured Query Language (SQL) injection is one of the most devastating vulnerabilities to impact a business, as it can lead to the exposure of sensitive information stored in an application’s database. SQL injection can compromise usernames, passwords, addresses, phone numbers, and credit card details. It is the vulnerability that results when an attacker achieves the ability to influence SQL queries that an application passes to a back-end database. The attacker can often leverage the syntax and capabilities of SQL, as well as the power and flexibility of supporting database functionality and operating system functionality available to the database to compromise the web application. In this article we demonstrate two non-web-based SQL injection attacks one of which can be carried out by executing a stored procedure with escalating privileges. We present XML-based authentication approach which can handle this problem in some way.
Cross Site Scripting (XSS) is the most popular security problem in modern web application. In Cro... more Cross Site Scripting (XSS) is the most popular security problem in modern web application. In Cross Site Scripting, attacker uses a trusted site and injects a vulnerability script in the client or server side browser. This code when executes sends a secure information to attacker. This type of attack can be blocked by using server side filters and client side filters. In this work we have developed a two pass client side filter. This filter solves the well known problem of False Positive in various client side filters. We have proposed an architecture and algorithm that solves false positive problem.
IEEE Access
Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) is a disruptive code-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NO... more Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) is a disruptive code-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme to enable future massive machine-type communication networks. As an evolved variant of code division multiple access (CDMA), multiple users in SCMA are separated by assigning distinctive sparse codebooks (CBs). Efficient multiuser detection is carried out at the receiver by employing the message passing algorithm (MPA) that exploits the sparsity of CBs to achieve error performance approaching to that of the maximum likelihood receiver. In spite of numerous research efforts in recent years, a comprehensive one-stop tutorial of SCMA covering the background, the basic principles, and new advances, is still missing, to the best of our knowledge. To fill this gap and to stimulate more forthcoming research, we provide a holistic introduction to the principles of SCMA encoding, CB design, and MPA based decoding in a self-contained manner. As an ambitious paper aiming to push the limits of SCMA, we present a survey of advanced decoding techniques with brief algorithmic descriptions as well as several promising directions. INDEX TERMS Codebook design, factor graphs, message passing algorithm (MPA), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), sparse code multiple access (SCMA).
International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology
Power transformer malfunctions cause significant power outages and, as a result, material damage.... more Power transformer malfunctions cause significant power outages and, as a result, material damage. This critical issue must be resolved. Power transformers must be protected from various fault conditions and power system failure. Fuzzy logic is used in this study to detect and protect power system transformer faults. In the simulation system that diagnoses transformer faults and monitors its operating conditions, the fuzzy logic (FL) toolbox in MATLAB/ SIMULINK software was used. The input variables, current and rate of change of current with time, have been identified as "Error" and "Error-Dot" in the programme. The study's findings show that when the output response is zero, the current in the transformer is normal. This is obtained by injecting [0] and [0] input values into the system, resulting in a response of "6e(-017)," which is close to zero. If the output response is greater than zero, the transformer current is rising above normal and the protection scheme should be notified. This condition is achieved by giving the system input values of [-1.5] and [5] and expecting a response of "+5". If the response is less than zero, the transformer current is less than normal, and the protection scheme should be notified. The study concluded that electrical faults and mechanical failures in power transformers can be quickly identified using Fuzzy logic. Thus, power transformer damage is avoided by controlling relays more effectively and quickly. This has resulted in significant savings in maintenance and repair costs. It is assumed that the study was a success.
ECS transactions, Apr 24, 2022
Artificial Intelligence and Communication Technologies
Skin diseases consist of a wide range of ailments that affect the skin, including microbial infec... more Skin diseases consist of a wide range of ailments that affect the skin, including microbial infections, viral, fungal, allergies, epidermis malignancies, and parasitic diseases. In South-Asian countries like India, people don’t care much about skin conditions. In our country, people prefer home remedies to cure skin conditions instead of visiting a dermatologist which can lead to serious skin conditions. Early diagnosis of skin disease is very important as it can reduce the severity of the condition. Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer and the most prominent form of cancer. Melanoma could be diagnosed early, which would reduce overall illness and death. The odds of dying from the ailment are proportional to the extent of the malignancy, which is proportional to the length of time it has been growing. The keys to early detection are patient self-examination of the skin, full-body skin screenings by a dermatologist, and patient engagement. This work aims to categorize skin c...
International journal of health sciences
Skin diseases consists a wide range of ailments that affect the skin, including microbial infecti... more Skin diseases consists a wide range of ailments that affect the skin, including microbial infections, viral, fungal, allergies, epidermis malignancies, and parasitic diseases. In South-Asian countries like India people don’t care much about the skin conditions. In our country, people prefer home remedies to cure skin conditions instead of visiting a dermatologist which can lead to serious skin conditions. Early diagnosis of skin disease is very important as it can reduce the severity of the condition. Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer, and it is the most prominent form of cancer. Melanoma could be diagnosed early, which would reduce overall illness and death. The odds of dying from the ailment is proportional to the extent of the malignancy, which is proportional to the length of time it has been growing. The keys to early detection are patient self-examination of the skin, full-body skin screenings by a dermatologist, and patient engagement. This work aims to categorize...
International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 2021
Abstract: In the earlier days, students had to visit the college to enquire about details like co... more Abstract: In the earlier days, students had to visit the college to enquire about details like courses, fee structure, admission process and other information's about the college, which is a tiresome and long process . This is where we thought of using an intelligent bot delivering the information. College Enquiry Chatbot is a simple python web application which aims to provide the information regarding college asked by the user. Keywords: Chatbot, Python, ChatterBot, Django
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology, 2020
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021
With continuous growth of web applications around the globe, it is a challenge to find the suitab... more With continuous growth of web applications around the globe, it is a challenge to find the suitable information needed for the user in a limited time.Number of handheld mobile devices is increasing and most of the business revolves around the correct search of the data. Without a proper recommender system it is very difficult to get required information from the web applications. Web applications use recommender systems to provide suitable data to users based on their choices and interests. For different kinds of needs different types of recommender systems have been proposed. Two most basic types of recommender systems are collaborative filtering recommender system and content based recommender system. Sometimes these two recommender systems are combined to increase the efficiency of a recommender system The generated new recommender system is known as hybrid recommender system.The purpose of this paper is to help readers understand the basics of recommender systems. This paper ide...
2017 IEEE International Conference on Power, Control, Signals and Instrumentation Engineering (ICPCSI), 2017
Recommendation System is the base of E-commerce business in India and World. After The advent of ... more Recommendation System is the base of E-commerce business in India and World. After The advent of 4G technology in developed and developing countries people are using internet more than ever. Lot of options are available for almost everything on Internet. People are confused with all the options. Recommendation system makes this easier by giving users options on the basis of history of the user in the system. Now you can get choices on the basis of your likes and dislikes. But this recommendation system fails when we have no information about the user and item. In simple words because we do not have user history therefore we cannot use recommendation algorithm. In this paper we are suggesting a MBA (market basket Analysis) technique to help us solve this problem to some level. We are using data available by Amazon to develop and test our method.
Life is urgent and it is brimming with hazard. Subsequently, security precautionary measure ought... more Life is urgent and it is brimming with hazard. Subsequently, security precautionary measure ought to consistently be taken before any sort of disaster writing happens. Street mishap is one of the significant reasons forever frailty in now days. Each and every second is significant or critical to fare thee well while driving. Single minute inconsiderateness can cause lifetime lament. The vast majority of the investigations state that the greater part of the street mishaps happens because of lack of regard and latency of the driver. Drowsiness Detection System has been created, utilizing a machine vision based ideas. The framework utilizes a little camera that focuses legitimately towards the driver's face and screens the driver's eyes so as to distinguish exhaustion or drowsiness. For a situation if weariness is identified, an admonition signs or caution signal is given to make the driver aware of wake up and leave the tired state. As a matter of first importance, the framewo...
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2017
Recommendation is a very important part of our digital lives. Without recommendation one can get ... more Recommendation is a very important part of our digital lives. Without recommendation one can get lost in web of data. Movies are also very important form of entertainment. We watch most movies that are recommended by someone or others. Each person likes specific type of movies. So movie recommendation system can increase sales of a movie rent/sales shop. Websites like Netflix are using it. But there is one problem that can cause recommendation system to fail. This problem is sparsity problem. In this paper, we have used a new approach that can solve sparsity problem to a great extent.
International journal of engineering research and technology, 2018
Environmental data mining gained popularity that helps to identify environment trends and pattern... more Environmental data mining gained popularity that helps to identify environment trends and patterns .Air pollution is becoming an environmental problem that is affecting human health. Dispersion of various air pollutants such as SO2, NO2, SPM and RSPM from both mobile and stationary sources can effect air quality. This paper presents methods for determining trends of various air pollutants in time series data. Using monthly pollution data from 2010 to 2012 containing pollution parameters called as pollutants like SO2, NO2, SPM, RSPM are taken and, time series were plotted and trend analysis is performed using Sen’s slope method also called as Sen estimator method. Sen estimator method is a statistical method used to detect increasing or decreasing trend along with their magnitude and sign. This method computes slope between each data pairs and then computes median value as a slope.
The word forecast means expected outcome in the future, also known as projection. Literacy is con... more The word forecast means expected outcome in the future, also known as projection. Literacy is considered as an heart of human development. Because literacy plays a vital role in development, early formulations of literacy goals are required. Planning some improvements in education system to increase literacy rate require study, analysis and forecast of various features affecting it. Major features include population count, population density, economic conditioning and male to female ratio. Population projection is generally referred a challenging task specially in developing countries due to unavailability of reliable data .These predictions are useful to researchers, governments and various organizations for planning purpose, social and health research, for monitoring development goals and also as input for other areas of forecasting. In this paper, we provide a summary of various existing methods that have been used for population forecasting. We propose combination of these metho...
Spreading fake news has become a serious issue in the current social media world. It is broadcast... more Spreading fake news has become a serious issue in the current social media world. It is broadcasted with dishonest intentions to mislead people. This has caused many unfortunate incidents in different countries. The most recent one was the latest presidential elections where the voters were mis lead to support a leader. Twitter is one of the most popular social media platforms where users look up for real time news. We extracted real time data on multiple domains through twitter and performed analysis. The dataset was preprocessed and user_verified column played a vital role. Multiple machine algorithms were then performed on the extracted features from preprocessed dataset. Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machine had promising results with both above 92% accuracy. Naive Bayes and Long-Short Term memory didn't achieve desired accuracies. The model can also be applied to images and videos for better detection of fake news.
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Internet of Things and Machine Learning, 2017
Recommendation Systems are very important systems that saves users time and resources by saving t... more Recommendation Systems are very important systems that saves users time and resources by saving them from searching the bulk data. The best example is googling which searches and gives list of hundreds of pages. Therefore, a major challenge of Recommendation Systems can be how to make recommendations for a new user, that is called cold-start user problem in this papers we are trying to identify different kinds of cold start problems in Recommendation Systems. We are also trying to explore different types of solutions to these problems in last 10 years. are very important systems that saves users time and resources by saving them from searching the bulk data. The best example is googling which searches and gives list of hundreds of pages. Therefore, a major challenge of Recommender systems can be how to make recommendations for a new user, that is called cold-start user problem in this papers we are trying to identify different kinds of cold start problems recommender systems. We are also trying to explore different types of solutions to these problems in last 10 years.
2017 IEEE International Conference on Power, Control, Signals and Instrumentation Engineering (ICPCSI), 2017
This paper suggests use of sentiment analysis classification as an effective method for examining... more This paper suggests use of sentiment analysis classification as an effective method for examining textual data coming from variety of resources on internet. Sentiment analysis is a method of data mining that evaluates textual data consuming machine learning techniques. Due to tremendous expanse of opinions of users, their reviews, feedbacks and suggestions available over the web resources, it is so much indispensable to discover, analyze and consolidate their views for enhanced decision making. Sentiment analysis presents an effective and efficient opinion of consumers in real time which can greatly affect the decision making process for business domain. We have seen an increment in level of activity during last ten year period and emphases on exploratory research approaches. We noticed that several procedures are inattentive from the pond of Business Intelligence research. We also recognized potential zones that requisite additional exploration.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2014
Structured Query Language (SQL) injection is one of the most devastating vulnerabilities to impac... more Structured Query Language (SQL) injection is one of the most devastating vulnerabilities to impact a business, as it can lead to the exposure of sensitive information stored in an application’s database. SQL injection can compromise usernames, passwords, addresses, phone numbers, and credit card details. It is the vulnerability that results when an attacker achieves the ability to influence SQL queries that an application passes to a back-end database. The attacker can often leverage the syntax and capabilities of SQL, as well as the power and flexibility of supporting database functionality and operating system functionality available to the database to compromise the web application. In this article we demonstrate two non-web-based SQL injection attacks one of which can be carried out by executing a stored procedure with escalating privileges. We present XML-based authentication approach which can handle this problem in some way.
Cross Site Scripting (XSS) is the most popular security problem in modern web application. In Cro... more Cross Site Scripting (XSS) is the most popular security problem in modern web application. In Cross Site Scripting, attacker uses a trusted site and injects a vulnerability script in the client or server side browser. This code when executes sends a secure information to attacker. This type of attack can be blocked by using server side filters and client side filters. In this work we have developed a two pass client side filter. This filter solves the well known problem of False Positive in various client side filters. We have proposed an architecture and algorithm that solves false positive problem.
IEEE Access
Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) is a disruptive code-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NO... more Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) is a disruptive code-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme to enable future massive machine-type communication networks. As an evolved variant of code division multiple access (CDMA), multiple users in SCMA are separated by assigning distinctive sparse codebooks (CBs). Efficient multiuser detection is carried out at the receiver by employing the message passing algorithm (MPA) that exploits the sparsity of CBs to achieve error performance approaching to that of the maximum likelihood receiver. In spite of numerous research efforts in recent years, a comprehensive one-stop tutorial of SCMA covering the background, the basic principles, and new advances, is still missing, to the best of our knowledge. To fill this gap and to stimulate more forthcoming research, we provide a holistic introduction to the principles of SCMA encoding, CB design, and MPA based decoding in a self-contained manner. As an ambitious paper aiming to push the limits of SCMA, we present a survey of advanced decoding techniques with brief algorithmic descriptions as well as several promising directions. INDEX TERMS Codebook design, factor graphs, message passing algorithm (MPA), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), sparse code multiple access (SCMA).