Dr. Siti Nuurul Huda Binti Mohammad Azmin (original) (raw)
Papers by Dr. Siti Nuurul Huda Binti Mohammad Azmin
Formation of emulsions during oil production is a costly problem, both in terms of chemicals used... more Formation of emulsions during oil production is a costly problem, both in terms of chemicals used and due to production losses. For economic purpose, pipeline consideration and for efficient refinery operations, the produced emulsions must dewatered and necessary to separate the water completely from the crude oils before transporting them. The objectives of this study was to study crude oil emulsions stability using different volume ratio of water-oil and different types of crude oils as well as to examine the performance of microwave application in demulsification of water-in-crude oil emulsions in comparison to the conventional methods. Two types of crude oils with three volume ratios of water-oil 50-50%, 30-70% and 20-80% (w/o) were used and a type of surfactant was SDDS. Two different microwave powers of 180 watt and 720 watt were used. This study revealed that the stability of the water-in-oil emulsion stabilized by ionic surfactant increases as the surfactant concentration in...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Studies on the effect of different solvent used in herbal extraction on the extraction yield have... more Studies on the effect of different solvent used in herbal extraction on the extraction yield have been commonly investigated. However, the impact of solvent property, such as boiling point attracts less attention. Besides, the measurement of the solvent boiling point requires much time and effort. Therefore, this study aims to use property models in predicting the boiling point of single and mixture solvents. Three pure property models were applied for several solvents while two mixture property models were utilised for the selected mixture solvents. The prediction data then were compared with the experimental data obtained from the previously published result. The mean relative error was computed to choose the best property model that can be applied to calculate the boiling point. In this study, the Marrero and Gani’s method was selected to be the best model in predicting boiling point for pure solvent. In contrast, Klein and Wu’s method was chosen as the best model for the boiling...
Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 2020
Agricultural wastes, including cocoa pod husk (waste from the chocolate industry) and sugarcane b... more Agricultural wastes, including cocoa pod husk (waste from the chocolate industry) and sugarcane bagasse (waste from the sugar industry), are increasing day by day. The development of food packaging biofilms from these two wastes could be beneficial to the environment and human. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop biodegradable plastic films by using cocoa pod husk and sugarcane bagasse. Cellulose and fibre were extracted from cocoa pod husk and sugarcane bagasse, respectively. The developed bioplastic films were divided into several concentration ratios of cellulose and fibre which are 100:0 (100% cellulose), 75:25 (cellulose:fibre), 50:50 (cellulose:fibre), 25:75 (cellulose:fibre), and 0:100 (100% fibre). The physicochemical properties for all bioplastic concentration ratios were determined in terms of sensory evaluation, drying time, moisture content, water absorption and water vapor permeability. From the observation and analysis of the physicochemical properties of bioplastic, we found that the most suitable bioplastic film for food packaging goes to the combination of 75% cellulose and 25% fibre bioplastic, as it demonstrated the lowest water absorption percentage and water vapor permeability.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
Zingiber officinale rhizome has been revered as a culinary and medicinal spice in many traditiona... more Zingiber officinale rhizome has been revered as a culinary and medicinal spice in many traditional cultures. The essential oil from this plant has been proven to cure diseases of fighting infections by decreasing cholesterol and enhancing weight loss. Therefore, the benefits of this plant must be fully utilised either using raw or ginger based-products. Thus, this study aims to formulate herbal ointments with different concentration of ginger oil as well as to investigate the effect of varying concentration of oil on the ointment properties. In this work, five different ointment formulations were evaluated with various ratios of ginger to virgin coconut oil. All formulated semi-solid ointments were tested for physicochemical properties including hardness, viscosity, pH and turbidity. In this study, the properties of the developed ointment were compared with the commercial product as a benchmark. The developed ointment showed a good result of pH values where all ointments are ranging...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
Virgin coconut oil, VCO is rich with lauric acid, which acts as antimicrobial and antioxidant pro... more Virgin coconut oil, VCO is rich with lauric acid, which acts as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties towards the skin. Meanwhile, a carrot is rich with vitamin A, C and E that help in nourishing and healing the skin. Studies on the combination of these two ingredients in lip balm formulation are minimal even though the beneficial effects of the VCO and carrot are well known. Thus, the main objective of this study is to use the sensory analysis as a tool to evaluate the attributes in term of appearance and texture of the developed lip balm product. The lip balm was formulated using natural ingredients such as beeswax, VCO, natural preservative and essential oils. One hundred volunteers evaluated the samples for smoothness, colour, odour, spreadability and overall acceptance. The stick formulation showed organoleptic properties with light orange colour, rose odour and uniform appearance. This sensory evaluation test used a hedonic scale from rank 1 to 5 (1-extremely dislike, 2-mod...
Chemical engineering transactions, 2021
Moisturising lip balm is an essential cosmetic product to enhance the lips appearance as well as ... more Moisturising lip balm is an essential cosmetic product to enhance the lips appearance as well as to prevent inflammation or cracked lips. Lip balm with moisturising function formulated using all-natural ingredients is very significant because of the negative side effect awareness among people on using the unnatural or chemically derived ingredients of the lip balm. However, the stability analysis of this natural lip balm must be conducted to ensure the safety of the product as well as to predict the product shelf life. This study aims to evaluate the stability of carrot lip balm in two weeks under room temperature and refrigerator condition. Three lip balms with different concentration of virgin coconut oil (VCO) to carrot (35:65, 38:62, 43:57) were formulated and tested for their physicochemical properties (texture, colour, pH and spread ability) for two weeks. Lip balms with ratios of 35:65 and 38:62 were the best formulations as they presented good result in spread ability criter...
Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS)
Most of the extraction processes of herbal phytochemicals use solvent mixtures as a phytochemical... more Most of the extraction processes of herbal phytochemicals use solvent mixtures as a phytochemical transfer mediums. It is very important to predict the stability of solvent mixtures before it is used to extract herbal phytochemicals. In order to prevent any disturbance in the herbal extraction, the solvent mixtures must be in a single liquid phase (miscible to each other). In this study, the stabilities of five binary solvents (methanol-water, methanol-ethyl acetate, methanol-acetic acid, methanol-n-propionaldehyde, and methanol-isobutyraldehyde mixtures) that could be used in the current extraction processes are evaluated. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate these binary solvents in terms of their stability using Gibbs energy of mixing. The value of the function ?Gmix/RT is calculated for each solvent mixture. Then, the graph for ?Gmix/RT versus solvent molar fraction x is plotted. From this plot and the value of function ?Gmix/RT, it can be concluded whether the solvent ...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Natural compounds from herbal plants have been extensively used for the application of various na... more Natural compounds from herbal plants have been extensively used for the application of various natural care products, including ointment. The essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus has been widely used in multiple applications such as mosquito repellent, perfumery and soap making. Besides, a small dose of this plant’s volatile oil could be applied to comfort the stomach and aid digestion. Therefore, this study aims to formulate herbal ointments with varying Cymbopogon nardus oil concentration and investigate different oil concentration effects on the ointment properties. In this study, five ointment formulations of ratio virgin coconut oil to herb, 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10, were evaluated. At the same time, five infused oil ratios to beeswax (5:95, 10:90, 15:85, 20:80 and 25:75) were used. Preparation of Cymbopogon nardus oil involved the soaking of the prepared plant in virgin coconut oil. The infused oil then was mixed with the beeswax before it was heated and left to be semi-solid...
Cogent Engineering
Abstract Nowadays, people are demanding on the naturally derived cosmetic products, including lip... more Abstract Nowadays, people are demanding on the naturally derived cosmetic products, including lip balms. However, there is a lack of studies for the physicochemical properties of the formulated lip balms. Besides, there are little publications found on the use of beetroot as an active ingredient and colourant in lip balm formulation. Thus, this study aims to formulate lip balm using beetroot; and test the physicochemical properties of formulated lip balms to get three best formulations. The stability of these best lip balms was conducted for 4 weeks in room temperature and chiller conditions. Finally, a sensory evaluation was conducted to identify consumer acceptance towards the best lip balms. Lip balms placed in room temperature were all stable while few changes occurred for the lip balms placed in a chiller. All panellist preferred the same lip balm in the sensory test. The result of this study can be extended to assess the potential of beetroot in the formulation of other cosmetic products.
Separation & Purification Reviews, 2016
Herbs are widely utilized in food and health industries. Their beneficial effects to the human bo... more Herbs are widely utilized in food and health industries. Their beneficial effects to the human body have been attributed to the presence of active phytochemical ingredients with some efficiency for disease treatment as well as for beauty and health enhancement. Public awareness on the adverse effects of synthetic chemical products also increased the demand for herbal products. Highly efficient herbal processing and extraction technologies have been developed to obtain the optimal amounts of active ingredients from herbs and cope with the rising demands for herbal products. This article reviews the state-of-the-art development in herbal processing and extraction methods from the year 1991 until 2015. We start with a brief history of herbal usage, followed by descriptions of 10 types of extraction processes and critical analysis of their relative advantages and disadvantages. Scale-up considerations of the extraction methods are shared, and a highlight of the current and future challenges facing the herbal industry is presented.
Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 2015
There are many methods to obtain herbs phytochemicals such as the use of solvents as a phytochemi... more There are many methods to obtain herbs phytochemicals such as the use of solvents as a phytochemical transfer medium in the extraction process. Currently, solvent is preliminarily selected based on the target phytochemicals and solvent polarities. This is followed by performing experiments to determine the potential solvents blends which give the highest desired phytochemicals content. The method uses a trial-and-error approach and is time consuming as well as resource intensive. The combination of property predictive models with computer-assisted search is one way to reduce the needs for huge amount of experiments needed to be conducted. Thus, the main objective of this work is to design solvent blends for the extraction of herbal phytochemicals using computer-aided approach. The methodology is divided into four levels which are pure component constraints (level 1), linear constraints (level 2), non-linear constraints (level 3) and stability checks (level 4). The proposed method has been applied to design a solvent mixture for the extraction of kaempferol from Kacip Fatimah herb as a case study. From the analysis, 12 feasible binary solvents mixture have been identified to be suitable for the extraction as it was within range of the design target. Thus, the optimal search has been performed to find the mixture solvents that can produce the highest kaempferol extraction yield with the lowest cost. Here, five binary solvents showed the highest kaempferol yield with the lowest solvent cost.
Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 2014
Abstract This study is focusing on determining the most suitable solubility parameter prediction ... more Abstract This study is focusing on determining the most suitable solubility parameter prediction model for Kacip Fatimah herb based on Group Contribution (GC) approach. Stefanis,Van Krevelen, and Marrero and Gani GC models are used to predict Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP) property of selected Kacip Fatimah active ingredients extracted using methanol solvent. From the results, solubility parameters predicted using Stefanis and Van Krevelen GC methods show high deviations with the experimental data. On the other hand, the HSP predictions using Marrero and Gani GC method is the best from the three GC Methods because it uses the data from organic compound and take into account the contribution of the third order groups. The variation in solubility parameter concludes that Van Krevelen and Stefanis GC parameter is not suitable for computing the parameter for herbs.
Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology
The trial and error solvent selection method to obtain herbal phytochemicals is time consuming an... more The trial and error solvent selection method to obtain herbal phytochemicals is time consuming and limited by effort and cost. The combination of property prediction models with computer-assisted search is one way to overcome these drawbacks. Thus, the main objective of this work is to present a computer-aided methodology for the design of solvent blends in extracting herb phytochemicals optimally with cost evaluation. The methodology can be summarised into two main stages, namely, model-based design and experimental-verification stages. The result discussed in this paper is only for the first stage. The extraction of kaempferol from Kacip Fatimah herb is used as a base case study that follows all of the listed tasks. Five optimal binary solvent blends have been identified namely, methanol:isobutyraldehyde (M:IB), methanol:n-propionaldehyde (M:PP), methanol:water (M:W), methanol: ethyl acetate (M:EA) and methanol: acetic acid (M:AA). The M:IB solvent blend is able to extract the hig...
Cogent Engineering , 2020
Nowadays, people are demanding on the naturally derived cosmetic products, including lip balms. H... more Nowadays, people are demanding on the naturally derived cosmetic products, including lip balms. However, there is a lack of studies for the physicochemical properties of the formulated lip balms. Besides, there are little publications found on the use of beetroot as an active ingredient and colourant in lip balm formulation. Thus, this study aims to formulate lip balm using beetroot; and test the physicochemical properties of formulated lip balms to get three best formulations. The stability of these best lip balms was conducted for 4 weeks in room temperature and chiller conditions. Finally, a sensory evaluation was conducted to identify
consumer acceptance towards the best lip balms. Lip balms placed in room temperature were all stable while few changes occurred for the lip balms placed in a chiller. All panellist preferred the same lip balm in the sensory test. The result of this study can be extended to assess the potential of beetroot in the formulation of other cosmetic products.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
Virgin coconut oil, VCO is rich with lauric acid, which acts as antimicrobial and antioxidant pro... more Virgin coconut oil, VCO is rich with lauric acid, which acts as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties towards the skin. Meanwhile, a carrot is rich with vitamin A, C and E that help in nourishing and healing the skin. Studies on the combination of these two ingredients in lip balm formulation are minimal even though the beneficial effects of the VCO and carrot are well known. Thus, the main objective of this study is to use the sensory analysis as a tool to evaluate the attributes in term of appearance and texture of the developed lip balm product. The lip balm was formulated using natural ingredients such as beeswax, VCO, natural preservative and essential oils. One hundred volunteers evaluated the samples for smoothness, colour, odour, spreadability and overall acceptance. The stick formulation showed organoleptic properties with light orange colour, rose odour and uniform appearance. This sensory evaluation test used a hedonic scale from rank 1 to 5 (1-extremely dislike, 2-moderately dislike, 3-neither like or dislike, 4-moderately like, 5-extremely like). In this study, panellists tended to vote more on formulation with a high concentration of carrot. The formulated lip balm has acceptable characteristics in term of texture, especially in smoothness, colour, odour and spreadability. Overall, the panellists were satisfied with the product and agreed that the product has the potential to be marketed.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Studies on the effect of different solvent used in herbal extraction on the extraction yield have... more Studies on the effect of different solvent used in herbal extraction on the extraction yield have been commonly investigated. However, the impact of solvent property, such as boiling point attracts less attention. Besides, the measurement of the solvent boiling point requires much time and effort. Therefore, this study aims to use property models in predicting the boiling point of single and mixture solvents. Three pure property models were applied for several solvents while two mixture property models were utilised for the selected mixture solvents. The prediction data then were compared with the experimental data obtained from the previously published result. The mean relative error was computed to choose the best property model that can be applied to calculate the boiling point. In this study, the Marrero and Gani's method was selected to be the best model in predicting boiling point for pure solvent. In contrast, Klein and Wu's method was chosen as the best model for the boiling point prediction of mixture solvents. The selection of the best property model was made by choosing the lowest mean relative error.
Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2021
Moisturising lip balm is an essential cosmetic product to enhance the lips appearance as well as ... more Moisturising lip balm is an essential cosmetic product to enhance the lips appearance as well as to prevent inflammation or cracked lips. Lip balm with moisturising function formulated using all-natural ingredients is very significant because of the negative side effect awareness among people on using the unnatural or chemically derived ingredients of the lip balm. However, the stability analysis of this natural lip balm must be conducted to ensure the safety of the product as well as to predict the product shelf life. This study aims to evaluate the stability of carrot lip balm in two weeks under room temperature and refrigerator condition. Three lip balms with different concentration of virgin coconut oil (VCO) to carrot (35:65, 38:62, 43:57) were formulated and tested for their physicochemical properties (texture, colour, pH and spread ability) for two weeks. Lip balms with ratios of 35:65 and 38:62 were the best formulations as they presented good result in spread ability criteria in the stability test. From the observations, lip balms showed some changes at different temperature and time because of the degradation of natural ingredients. The product shelf life can be predicted from this stability test.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Natural compounds from herbal plants have been extensively used for the application of various na... more Natural compounds from herbal plants have been extensively used for the application of various natural care products, including ointment. The essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus has been widely used in multiple applications such as mosquito repellent, perfumery and soap making. Besides, a small dose of this plant's volatile oil could be applied to comfort the stomach and aid digestion. Therefore, this study aims to formulate herbal ointments with varying Cymbopogon nardus oil concentration and investigate different oil concentration effects on the ointment properties. In this study, five ointment formulations of ratio virgin coconut oil to herb,
Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology, 2018
Formation of emulsions during oil production is a costly problem, both in terms of chemicals used... more Formation of emulsions during oil production is a costly problem, both in terms of chemicals used and due to production losses. For economic purpose, pipeline consideration and for efficient refinery operations, the produced emulsions must dewatered and necessary to separate the water completely from the crude oils before transporting them. The objectives of this study was to study crude oil emulsions stability using different volume ratio of water-oil and different types of crude oils as well as to examine the performance of microwave application in demulsification of water-in-crude oil emulsions in comparison to the conventional methods. Two types of crude oils with three volume ratios of water-oil 50-50%, 30-70% and 20-80% (w/o) were used and a type of surfactant was SDDS. Two different microwave powers of 180 watt and 720 watt were used. This study revealed that the stability of the water-in-oil emulsion stabilized by ionic surfactant increases as the surfactant concentration in...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Studies on the effect of different solvent used in herbal extraction on the extraction yield have... more Studies on the effect of different solvent used in herbal extraction on the extraction yield have been commonly investigated. However, the impact of solvent property, such as boiling point attracts less attention. Besides, the measurement of the solvent boiling point requires much time and effort. Therefore, this study aims to use property models in predicting the boiling point of single and mixture solvents. Three pure property models were applied for several solvents while two mixture property models were utilised for the selected mixture solvents. The prediction data then were compared with the experimental data obtained from the previously published result. The mean relative error was computed to choose the best property model that can be applied to calculate the boiling point. In this study, the Marrero and Gani’s method was selected to be the best model in predicting boiling point for pure solvent. In contrast, Klein and Wu’s method was chosen as the best model for the boiling...
Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 2020
Agricultural wastes, including cocoa pod husk (waste from the chocolate industry) and sugarcane b... more Agricultural wastes, including cocoa pod husk (waste from the chocolate industry) and sugarcane bagasse (waste from the sugar industry), are increasing day by day. The development of food packaging biofilms from these two wastes could be beneficial to the environment and human. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop biodegradable plastic films by using cocoa pod husk and sugarcane bagasse. Cellulose and fibre were extracted from cocoa pod husk and sugarcane bagasse, respectively. The developed bioplastic films were divided into several concentration ratios of cellulose and fibre which are 100:0 (100% cellulose), 75:25 (cellulose:fibre), 50:50 (cellulose:fibre), 25:75 (cellulose:fibre), and 0:100 (100% fibre). The physicochemical properties for all bioplastic concentration ratios were determined in terms of sensory evaluation, drying time, moisture content, water absorption and water vapor permeability. From the observation and analysis of the physicochemical properties of bioplastic, we found that the most suitable bioplastic film for food packaging goes to the combination of 75% cellulose and 25% fibre bioplastic, as it demonstrated the lowest water absorption percentage and water vapor permeability.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
Zingiber officinale rhizome has been revered as a culinary and medicinal spice in many traditiona... more Zingiber officinale rhizome has been revered as a culinary and medicinal spice in many traditional cultures. The essential oil from this plant has been proven to cure diseases of fighting infections by decreasing cholesterol and enhancing weight loss. Therefore, the benefits of this plant must be fully utilised either using raw or ginger based-products. Thus, this study aims to formulate herbal ointments with different concentration of ginger oil as well as to investigate the effect of varying concentration of oil on the ointment properties. In this work, five different ointment formulations were evaluated with various ratios of ginger to virgin coconut oil. All formulated semi-solid ointments were tested for physicochemical properties including hardness, viscosity, pH and turbidity. In this study, the properties of the developed ointment were compared with the commercial product as a benchmark. The developed ointment showed a good result of pH values where all ointments are ranging...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
Virgin coconut oil, VCO is rich with lauric acid, which acts as antimicrobial and antioxidant pro... more Virgin coconut oil, VCO is rich with lauric acid, which acts as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties towards the skin. Meanwhile, a carrot is rich with vitamin A, C and E that help in nourishing and healing the skin. Studies on the combination of these two ingredients in lip balm formulation are minimal even though the beneficial effects of the VCO and carrot are well known. Thus, the main objective of this study is to use the sensory analysis as a tool to evaluate the attributes in term of appearance and texture of the developed lip balm product. The lip balm was formulated using natural ingredients such as beeswax, VCO, natural preservative and essential oils. One hundred volunteers evaluated the samples for smoothness, colour, odour, spreadability and overall acceptance. The stick formulation showed organoleptic properties with light orange colour, rose odour and uniform appearance. This sensory evaluation test used a hedonic scale from rank 1 to 5 (1-extremely dislike, 2-mod...
Chemical engineering transactions, 2021
Moisturising lip balm is an essential cosmetic product to enhance the lips appearance as well as ... more Moisturising lip balm is an essential cosmetic product to enhance the lips appearance as well as to prevent inflammation or cracked lips. Lip balm with moisturising function formulated using all-natural ingredients is very significant because of the negative side effect awareness among people on using the unnatural or chemically derived ingredients of the lip balm. However, the stability analysis of this natural lip balm must be conducted to ensure the safety of the product as well as to predict the product shelf life. This study aims to evaluate the stability of carrot lip balm in two weeks under room temperature and refrigerator condition. Three lip balms with different concentration of virgin coconut oil (VCO) to carrot (35:65, 38:62, 43:57) were formulated and tested for their physicochemical properties (texture, colour, pH and spread ability) for two weeks. Lip balms with ratios of 35:65 and 38:62 were the best formulations as they presented good result in spread ability criter...
Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS)
Most of the extraction processes of herbal phytochemicals use solvent mixtures as a phytochemical... more Most of the extraction processes of herbal phytochemicals use solvent mixtures as a phytochemical transfer mediums. It is very important to predict the stability of solvent mixtures before it is used to extract herbal phytochemicals. In order to prevent any disturbance in the herbal extraction, the solvent mixtures must be in a single liquid phase (miscible to each other). In this study, the stabilities of five binary solvents (methanol-water, methanol-ethyl acetate, methanol-acetic acid, methanol-n-propionaldehyde, and methanol-isobutyraldehyde mixtures) that could be used in the current extraction processes are evaluated. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate these binary solvents in terms of their stability using Gibbs energy of mixing. The value of the function ?Gmix/RT is calculated for each solvent mixture. Then, the graph for ?Gmix/RT versus solvent molar fraction x is plotted. From this plot and the value of function ?Gmix/RT, it can be concluded whether the solvent ...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Natural compounds from herbal plants have been extensively used for the application of various na... more Natural compounds from herbal plants have been extensively used for the application of various natural care products, including ointment. The essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus has been widely used in multiple applications such as mosquito repellent, perfumery and soap making. Besides, a small dose of this plant’s volatile oil could be applied to comfort the stomach and aid digestion. Therefore, this study aims to formulate herbal ointments with varying Cymbopogon nardus oil concentration and investigate different oil concentration effects on the ointment properties. In this study, five ointment formulations of ratio virgin coconut oil to herb, 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10, were evaluated. At the same time, five infused oil ratios to beeswax (5:95, 10:90, 15:85, 20:80 and 25:75) were used. Preparation of Cymbopogon nardus oil involved the soaking of the prepared plant in virgin coconut oil. The infused oil then was mixed with the beeswax before it was heated and left to be semi-solid...
Cogent Engineering
Abstract Nowadays, people are demanding on the naturally derived cosmetic products, including lip... more Abstract Nowadays, people are demanding on the naturally derived cosmetic products, including lip balms. However, there is a lack of studies for the physicochemical properties of the formulated lip balms. Besides, there are little publications found on the use of beetroot as an active ingredient and colourant in lip balm formulation. Thus, this study aims to formulate lip balm using beetroot; and test the physicochemical properties of formulated lip balms to get three best formulations. The stability of these best lip balms was conducted for 4 weeks in room temperature and chiller conditions. Finally, a sensory evaluation was conducted to identify consumer acceptance towards the best lip balms. Lip balms placed in room temperature were all stable while few changes occurred for the lip balms placed in a chiller. All panellist preferred the same lip balm in the sensory test. The result of this study can be extended to assess the potential of beetroot in the formulation of other cosmetic products.
Separation & Purification Reviews, 2016
Herbs are widely utilized in food and health industries. Their beneficial effects to the human bo... more Herbs are widely utilized in food and health industries. Their beneficial effects to the human body have been attributed to the presence of active phytochemical ingredients with some efficiency for disease treatment as well as for beauty and health enhancement. Public awareness on the adverse effects of synthetic chemical products also increased the demand for herbal products. Highly efficient herbal processing and extraction technologies have been developed to obtain the optimal amounts of active ingredients from herbs and cope with the rising demands for herbal products. This article reviews the state-of-the-art development in herbal processing and extraction methods from the year 1991 until 2015. We start with a brief history of herbal usage, followed by descriptions of 10 types of extraction processes and critical analysis of their relative advantages and disadvantages. Scale-up considerations of the extraction methods are shared, and a highlight of the current and future challenges facing the herbal industry is presented.
Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 2015
There are many methods to obtain herbs phytochemicals such as the use of solvents as a phytochemi... more There are many methods to obtain herbs phytochemicals such as the use of solvents as a phytochemical transfer medium in the extraction process. Currently, solvent is preliminarily selected based on the target phytochemicals and solvent polarities. This is followed by performing experiments to determine the potential solvents blends which give the highest desired phytochemicals content. The method uses a trial-and-error approach and is time consuming as well as resource intensive. The combination of property predictive models with computer-assisted search is one way to reduce the needs for huge amount of experiments needed to be conducted. Thus, the main objective of this work is to design solvent blends for the extraction of herbal phytochemicals using computer-aided approach. The methodology is divided into four levels which are pure component constraints (level 1), linear constraints (level 2), non-linear constraints (level 3) and stability checks (level 4). The proposed method has been applied to design a solvent mixture for the extraction of kaempferol from Kacip Fatimah herb as a case study. From the analysis, 12 feasible binary solvents mixture have been identified to be suitable for the extraction as it was within range of the design target. Thus, the optimal search has been performed to find the mixture solvents that can produce the highest kaempferol extraction yield with the lowest cost. Here, five binary solvents showed the highest kaempferol yield with the lowest solvent cost.
Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 2014
Abstract This study is focusing on determining the most suitable solubility parameter prediction ... more Abstract This study is focusing on determining the most suitable solubility parameter prediction model for Kacip Fatimah herb based on Group Contribution (GC) approach. Stefanis,Van Krevelen, and Marrero and Gani GC models are used to predict Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP) property of selected Kacip Fatimah active ingredients extracted using methanol solvent. From the results, solubility parameters predicted using Stefanis and Van Krevelen GC methods show high deviations with the experimental data. On the other hand, the HSP predictions using Marrero and Gani GC method is the best from the three GC Methods because it uses the data from organic compound and take into account the contribution of the third order groups. The variation in solubility parameter concludes that Van Krevelen and Stefanis GC parameter is not suitable for computing the parameter for herbs.
Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology
The trial and error solvent selection method to obtain herbal phytochemicals is time consuming an... more The trial and error solvent selection method to obtain herbal phytochemicals is time consuming and limited by effort and cost. The combination of property prediction models with computer-assisted search is one way to overcome these drawbacks. Thus, the main objective of this work is to present a computer-aided methodology for the design of solvent blends in extracting herb phytochemicals optimally with cost evaluation. The methodology can be summarised into two main stages, namely, model-based design and experimental-verification stages. The result discussed in this paper is only for the first stage. The extraction of kaempferol from Kacip Fatimah herb is used as a base case study that follows all of the listed tasks. Five optimal binary solvent blends have been identified namely, methanol:isobutyraldehyde (M:IB), methanol:n-propionaldehyde (M:PP), methanol:water (M:W), methanol: ethyl acetate (M:EA) and methanol: acetic acid (M:AA). The M:IB solvent blend is able to extract the hig...
Cogent Engineering , 2020
Nowadays, people are demanding on the naturally derived cosmetic products, including lip balms. H... more Nowadays, people are demanding on the naturally derived cosmetic products, including lip balms. However, there is a lack of studies for the physicochemical properties of the formulated lip balms. Besides, there are little publications found on the use of beetroot as an active ingredient and colourant in lip balm formulation. Thus, this study aims to formulate lip balm using beetroot; and test the physicochemical properties of formulated lip balms to get three best formulations. The stability of these best lip balms was conducted for 4 weeks in room temperature and chiller conditions. Finally, a sensory evaluation was conducted to identify
consumer acceptance towards the best lip balms. Lip balms placed in room temperature were all stable while few changes occurred for the lip balms placed in a chiller. All panellist preferred the same lip balm in the sensory test. The result of this study can be extended to assess the potential of beetroot in the formulation of other cosmetic products.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
Virgin coconut oil, VCO is rich with lauric acid, which acts as antimicrobial and antioxidant pro... more Virgin coconut oil, VCO is rich with lauric acid, which acts as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties towards the skin. Meanwhile, a carrot is rich with vitamin A, C and E that help in nourishing and healing the skin. Studies on the combination of these two ingredients in lip balm formulation are minimal even though the beneficial effects of the VCO and carrot are well known. Thus, the main objective of this study is to use the sensory analysis as a tool to evaluate the attributes in term of appearance and texture of the developed lip balm product. The lip balm was formulated using natural ingredients such as beeswax, VCO, natural preservative and essential oils. One hundred volunteers evaluated the samples for smoothness, colour, odour, spreadability and overall acceptance. The stick formulation showed organoleptic properties with light orange colour, rose odour and uniform appearance. This sensory evaluation test used a hedonic scale from rank 1 to 5 (1-extremely dislike, 2-moderately dislike, 3-neither like or dislike, 4-moderately like, 5-extremely like). In this study, panellists tended to vote more on formulation with a high concentration of carrot. The formulated lip balm has acceptable characteristics in term of texture, especially in smoothness, colour, odour and spreadability. Overall, the panellists were satisfied with the product and agreed that the product has the potential to be marketed.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Studies on the effect of different solvent used in herbal extraction on the extraction yield have... more Studies on the effect of different solvent used in herbal extraction on the extraction yield have been commonly investigated. However, the impact of solvent property, such as boiling point attracts less attention. Besides, the measurement of the solvent boiling point requires much time and effort. Therefore, this study aims to use property models in predicting the boiling point of single and mixture solvents. Three pure property models were applied for several solvents while two mixture property models were utilised for the selected mixture solvents. The prediction data then were compared with the experimental data obtained from the previously published result. The mean relative error was computed to choose the best property model that can be applied to calculate the boiling point. In this study, the Marrero and Gani's method was selected to be the best model in predicting boiling point for pure solvent. In contrast, Klein and Wu's method was chosen as the best model for the boiling point prediction of mixture solvents. The selection of the best property model was made by choosing the lowest mean relative error.
Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2021
Moisturising lip balm is an essential cosmetic product to enhance the lips appearance as well as ... more Moisturising lip balm is an essential cosmetic product to enhance the lips appearance as well as to prevent inflammation or cracked lips. Lip balm with moisturising function formulated using all-natural ingredients is very significant because of the negative side effect awareness among people on using the unnatural or chemically derived ingredients of the lip balm. However, the stability analysis of this natural lip balm must be conducted to ensure the safety of the product as well as to predict the product shelf life. This study aims to evaluate the stability of carrot lip balm in two weeks under room temperature and refrigerator condition. Three lip balms with different concentration of virgin coconut oil (VCO) to carrot (35:65, 38:62, 43:57) were formulated and tested for their physicochemical properties (texture, colour, pH and spread ability) for two weeks. Lip balms with ratios of 35:65 and 38:62 were the best formulations as they presented good result in spread ability criteria in the stability test. From the observations, lip balms showed some changes at different temperature and time because of the degradation of natural ingredients. The product shelf life can be predicted from this stability test.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Natural compounds from herbal plants have been extensively used for the application of various na... more Natural compounds from herbal plants have been extensively used for the application of various natural care products, including ointment. The essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus has been widely used in multiple applications such as mosquito repellent, perfumery and soap making. Besides, a small dose of this plant's volatile oil could be applied to comfort the stomach and aid digestion. Therefore, this study aims to formulate herbal ointments with varying Cymbopogon nardus oil concentration and investigate different oil concentration effects on the ointment properties. In this study, five ointment formulations of ratio virgin coconut oil to herb,
Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology, 2018