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Papers by Dr. Vidya Hegde

Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology and Research

Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology

Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 2022

Background: The National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment in India suppor... more Background: The National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment in India supports the management of various conditions of the eye including cataracts. Objective: The objective of this study is to estimate out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) and factors associated with it among patients admitted for cataract surgery under District Blindness Control Society (DBCS) scheme. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a Medical College Hospital of Coastal Karnataka, South India. Data were collected using a predesigned semi-structured interview schedule from 100 patients admitted for cataract surgery under DBCS scheme. Costs were reported as median values with interquartile range (IQR) and compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Median total cost incurred by the patient was INR 1700 (IQR 1052–2575). Median direct costs (1425, IQR 762.5–2200 INR) included medical expenditure (600, IQR 0–1475 INR), mainly contributed by the treatment of systemic comorbid conditions and nonmedical expenditure toward travel. Median indirect costs (400, IQR 200–600 INR) included loss of wages for the patient and the bystander. Conclusions: OOPE for cataract surgery among DBCS patients was associated with the presence of comorbidity, postponement of surgery, duration of hospital stay, and distance traveled by the patient.

Journal of Medical Sciences and Health, 2021

Introduction: Nursing staff can play important role in prevention of exposure keratopathy in pati... more Introduction: Nursing staff can play important role in prevention of exposure keratopathy in patients admitted in intensive care unit (ICU). The objective of this study was to assess the awareness of nursing staff regarding exposure keratopathy and to assess their practices with respect to eye care. Materials and Methods: This is a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study, conducted in the ICU of a Medical College Hospital. The questionnaire was structured and self-administered. Results: Most nurses (74%) had good knowledge about risk of exposure keratopathy and its implications. Majority assessed the eyelid closure of their patient regularly. They knew regarding use of lubricating drops and eye taping. However, there was ambiguity regarding frequency of assessment and the person who needs to be reported in case of inadequate lid closure. Conclusions: The awareness of exposure keratopathy and the practices followed is quite satisfactory. However, there is a need to develop a fixed protocol for eye care in ICU which will help in systematic monitoring and management.

Indian journal of applied research, 2020

Aims : To assess the perceptions and practices followed by parents regarding eye health of their ... more Aims : To assess the perceptions and practices followed by parents regarding eye health of their children. Setting & Design : A questionnaire based study done in a teaching hospital of coastal Karnataka. Material & Method : A cross-sectional study amongst 96 parents attending tertiary health care centre and camps conducted by the same centre, through a self designed validated questionnaire. Results: Age of the respondents ranged from 23 to 55 years. Majority (79.16%) were females. 69.79% and 90.62% of the parents knew that cataract and strabismus can occur in children respectively. Amblyopia as a complication of untreated refractive error was not known to 56.25% of the participants. Participants got the information about ocular conditions mainly from newspaper 70.83%. Overall knowledge regarding the use of different mode of treatments for the ocular conditions was good except patching. Parents (66.66%) preferred to take their children to an Ophthalmologist .The reason for not consul...

Delhi Journal of Ophthalmology, 2021

Indian journal of applied research, 2017

Good adherence to treatment and regular follow up visits are important in a glaucoma patient to p... more Good adherence to treatment and regular follow up visits are important in a glaucoma patient to prevent blindness. is is a questionnaire based cross sectional study which assessed why the follow-up visits are not very satisfactory. e most common factors associated with non-compliance were financial constraints, patient not realising the importance of follow up visits and forgetting the dates. Elderly patients with low education levels and with co morbidities had poor compliance. Better health advocacy, good patient counselling and creating reminders can be good measures to improve the compliance with follow-up visits.

Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology and Research, 2018

Background: There are very few previous studies regarding ocular screening done in term neonates.... more Background: There are very few previous studies regarding ocular screening done in term neonates. Retinal hemorrhages can occur in babies during delivery. Aims: To evaluate the correlation of retinal findings with the duration of second stage of labor in term neonates and mode of delivery. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional, observational study done on term newborns in a tertiary care centre. Convenience sampling was done. Subjects and Methods: Neonates were examined in the postnatal ward using handheld slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope. Fundus examination was done after dilating the pupils with 0.5% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine eyedrops. Second stage of labor and mode of delivery were noted. Chi-square test and independent sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: One hundred and fifty infants were screened, of which 75 (50%) had retinal hemorrhages. Chi-square test showed statistical significance with duration of second stage of labor and occurre...

IP International Journal of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplasty, 2021

Preterm babies often suffer from various systemic illnesses and struggle for survival in the neon... more Preterm babies often suffer from various systemic illnesses and struggle for survival in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). These preterm babies are at risk of developing ROP which is a potentially blinding condition. The presence of predisposing maternal and neonatal factors contributes for the development of ROP. Determining the association of risk factors with the development of ROP is essential in improving the screening and management of ROP. To determine maternal, neonatal risk factors and influence of retinal immaturity at first screening for development of ROP. Prospective, observational study conducted at a level of 3 PICU & department of ophthalmology. All the preterm infants with gestational age ≤ 37 weeks admitted in NICU were first screened by 2 to 3 weeks of chronological age and followed up till the completion of retinal vascularization and regression of ROP following treatment. The zone of retinal vascularization at first screening and various maternal and neon...

Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology, 2021

PURPOSE: Developmental delay occurs when a child exhibits a significant delay in the acquisition ... more PURPOSE: Developmental delay occurs when a child exhibits a significant delay in the acquisition of milestones, in one or more domains of development. This study was planned to determine the distribution of ocular disorders and to assess the correlation between ocular findings and systemic co morbidity, antenatal and postnatal factors, and perinatal history. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included children with developmental delay <16 years of age. All children underwent complete ophthalmological evaluation including full cycloplegic refraction. Vision assessment was done as appropriate for age. Spearman's correlation test was used to analyze the correlation between ocular findings and causes for developmental delay and antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal history. RESULTS: A total of 128 children were evaluated. Mean age of the study group was 5.59 ± 2.12 years, 64.8% were males, and 76.6% of children were from rural area. Ocular findings were seen in 110 (85.93%) children, refractive error being the most common finding seen in 87 children (astigmatism n = 47, hypermetropia n = 28, and myopia n = 12). Strabismus was seen in 65 children, esotropia being the most common (n = 36). Vision impairment was present in 39.84% of children. Other ocular findings included disc pallor, cataract, ptosis, amblyopia, keratoconus, telecanthus, lagophthalmos, blepharitis, retinitis pigmentosa, and morning glory syndrome. Spearman's correlation showed no statistical association between ocular findings and various causes for developmental delay. There was a weak negative correlation between antenatal history, mode of delivery, gestational age, and ocular findings. CONCLUSION: More than three-fourths of children with developmental delay had ocular findings which necessitates the need for ocular evaluation.

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology - Case Reports, 2021

Indian Journal of Tuberculosis, 2021

BACKGROUND Early diagnosis and prompt treatment may be sight-saving in patients with Ocular Tuber... more BACKGROUND Early diagnosis and prompt treatment may be sight-saving in patients with Ocular Tuberculosis (TB). Patients on anti tubercular treatment (ATT) also need ophthalmological examination at the start of the treatment and monitoring for toxic optic neuropathy regularly till the completion of treatment. This study is a situation analysis of the referral rates to ophthalmologist and clinical presentations of ocular TB among patients admitted with drug sensitive tuberculosis (DS TB). METHODS A five year record analysis (2013-2017) of patients admitted with DS TB in a medical college hospital setting was done. Demographic and clinical presentations of the patients were recorded. The details about the referral, clinical findings, any possible risk associated with ocular TB and ocular side effects of ATT were noted. Data was entered in Microsoft excel and analysed for descriptive statistics. RESULTS Among 225 inpatients, only 72 (32%) patients were referred to ophthalmologist. The referral rates increased over the period of five years. Intra ocular TB was diagnosed among 11 (15.3%) patients. Only 5 patients among these had complained of reduced vision and others were asymptomatic. CONCLUSION The referral of DS TB patients to ophthalmologist was sub optimal. All the DSTB cases need ophthalmic evaluation keeping in mind the possibility of ocular TB and also the adverse effects of ATT.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2018

Introduction: A family centered approach to the care of children with disability is a widely acce... more Introduction: A family centered approach to the care of children with disability is a widely accepted concept. Traditionally in India, mothers or females in family are the primary care givers. Taking care of children with special needs may have an impact on the physical and mental health of care givers and hence it needs to be investigated. Aim: To know the Quality Of Life (QOL) of female caretakers of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP). The study also assessed the knowledge of the caretakers about the need for ophthalmic evaluation of these children. Materials and Methods: Thirty six consenting female care takers were administered self-designed validated questionnaire that had 22 items. It included demographic data and items to know the awareness amongst the caretakers regarding the need for ophthalmic evaluation to know the awareness amongst the caretakers regarding the need for ophthalmic evaluation. Chi-square test was used to know the association between mean QOL score and age of care taker, educational qualification and number of children in the family. It was also used to know the association between the five domains and mean QOL score. Results: The mean age of the study group was 31.39±0.707 years. Among the care givers, 41.66% were from rural background and 75% were unemployed. The mean QOL score was 40.47. Out of 36 participants, 20 (55.6%) had a mean score < 41 (good QOL), 16 (44.4%) had a mean score > 41 (poor QOL). Chi-square test showed significant statistical association between the mean QOL score and limitation of physical activities and burden (p<0.05). Out of 36 participants, 24 were not aware about the need for eye examination of CP children. Conclusion: The QOL of female caregivers of children with disabilities is influenced by several factors. There exists poor awareness regarding the need for ophthalmic evaluation among care givers.

Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2019

Corneal diseases constitute major cause of blindness in the developing countries.Current rates of... more Corneal diseases constitute major cause of blindness in the developing countries.Current rates of corneal procurement are inadequate that it is difficult for eye banks in India to meet the growing demands for cornea. Nursing staff community must be made aware of the significance of eye donation which can in turn influence the transplantation rates of cornea. Aims: To assess the understanding and attitude along with willingness towards eye donation within the nursing staff community. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional, questionnaire based study. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five nursing staff participated in the study. A self designed validated questionnaire was administered to them. Statistics: Descriptive statistics like percentages and proportions were used for the analysis. Results: There was a strong awareness amongst the nursing staff on the option to make an eye donation after death and it was noted that 63.6% (n= 35) of the subjects knew that it has to be done within 6 hours of death. Majority (n= 45) of the subjects who were willing to donate their eyes responded that the reason behind their willingness is to provide vision to a person in need. Main reasons for not pledging to donate their eyes by the nursing staff included objection from the family, lack of knowledge about the process. Conclusion: The nursing staff of a hospital can play a significant role in sensitising patients and their attendants towards eye donation. Even though all of the nursing staffs were aware of eye donation, few of them were hesitant to donate eyes.

Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2020

Introduction: Aim of the study was to measure the visual function and quality of life amongst cat... more Introduction: Aim of the study was to measure the visual function and quality of life amongst cataract patients attending camps. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among patients attending Ophthalmology camp and having impaired vision due to cataract. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. After obtaining informed consent, validated questionnaires developed by Aravind Eye Hospital, to measure the Visual functioning (VF) and Quality of Life (QOL) were administered to the patient. Results: A total of 324 patients (201 males and 123 females) with mean age 54.33 years (SD=8.99) were interviewed. Nearly half (46.9%) of the patients had severe or grade IV visual impairment as per WHO criteria of visual impairment. Two-thirds participants admitted that impaired vision adversely affected activities of daily living. The various sub scales studied in QOL questionnaire were: self care, mobility, social and mental problems due to impaired vision. All of these were almost equally affected due to cataract. Total VF score differs significantly (p<0.0005) for various visual impairment categories, except between category 2 and 3, where there is no significant difference (p=.695). In the QOL score there exists significant difference (p<0.0005) between group 1 with respect to other groups of visual impairment. VF & QOL score had no statistically significant association with age, gender and socioeconomic class. Conclusion: The visual function score and the quality of life score worsen as the visual acuity deteriorates due to cataract. Hence we need to strengthen our outreach programs so that we diagnose and treat cataract early leading to better quality of life.

Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2019

The aim of this study was to analyse the ocular findings in Diabetics with Chronic Kidney Disease... more The aim of this study was to analyse the ocular findings in Diabetics with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) on haemodialysis and also to assess the causes of visual impairment in these patients. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, hospital-based case record analysis of 224 case records of diabetics with CKD on haemodialysis over a period of 6 years was done at a tertiary medical college hospital in South India, where 66 case records (33 eyes) sought for an ophthalmic consultation were studied. Result: In our study, male: female ratio of diabetics with CKD on haemodialysis was found to be 3:2 with a mean age of 49.33 ± 12.86 years, ranging from 22-75 years. 56.1% of the total eyes had BCVA <6/18 and the causes for decreased vision were found to be cataract in 8 eyes (12.1%) followed by maculopathy in 7 eyes (10.6%). 41 eyes (62.1%) had Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy changes and 2 eyes (3%) had PDR changes. 19 eyes (28.7%) showed hypertensive retinopathy changes. 6 eyes (9.1%) had both diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy changes. 3 eyes (4.5%) had glaucomatous changes. Conclusion: Our results show that 20 patients (60.6%) out of 33 patients had sought an ophthalmic consultation prior, which means that ocular problems are associated with CKD and hence more awareness and importance of ocular examination, to screen patients for any potential visual threat so that necessary treatment and or advice can be given before they become irreversibly visually impaired.

Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2019

Purpose: To assess the frequency of digital eye strain (DES) among undergraduate medical students... more Purpose: To assess the frequency of digital eye strain (DES) among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary eye care hospital in South India and to correlate the optical correction and device usage factors with DES related symptoms. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire based study on undergraduate medical students was done in Yenepoya medical college over the period of 2 months after obtaining ethical clearance from institutional ethics committee, the filled questionnaire was collected, data was tabulated and analysed. Result: In our study the male to female ratio was almost equal. Out of the total 120 participants, 55.83% had symptomatic DES females were more affected (53.7%). Headache was the most common symptom experienced (73.33%) followed by Dry eyes (63.33%), Eye strain (53.33%). 64 (84.21%) of 76 participants who used their digital devices for > 4 hours per day and, 33 (67.34%) of 49 participants who held their device approximately at < 33cm had symptomatic DES. 8 (80%) of 10 infrequent spectacle users had symptomatic DES. 22 of 43 using spectacles used antiglare and only 3 (13.63%) of these had symptomatic DES. All 3 frequent users of contact lens had symptomatic DES. Conclusion: DES is more prevalent in females, and higher the hours of use of digital device, greater is the risk of DES. A greater viewing distance and high contrast reduce the chances of developing DES and hence is advisable. Frequent use of habitual refractive correction is recommended with antiglare, however, prolonged use of contact lens especially in air conditioned environment should be avoided.

IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2016

Purpose : To measure the contrast sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus without ret... more Purpose : To measure the contrast sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus without retinopathy and to compare it with age matched controls and also to correlate the contrast sensitivity in these patients with the duration of diabetes and glycemic control. Methods: This cross sectional study included 100 diabetic patients and 100 controls. Detailed history, ocular examination, measurement of contrast sensitivity and glycosylated hemoglobin values were measured. Statistical analysis was done using Spearman's coefficient of correlation Results: Diabetic patients were found to have reduced contrast sensitivity as compared to healthy controls. Also it was found that contrast sensitivity decreased as the duration of diabetes increased and glycemic controls worsened. Conclusion: Contrast sensitivity could be a useful clinical tool in assessing retinal function in diabetic patients even before any retinopathy changes become visible.

IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2016

Purpose: To compare the Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) measurements obtained by Ultrasound Pachy... more Purpose: To compare the Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) measurements obtained by Ultrasound Pachymeter (USP) & Ultrasound Biomicroscope (UBM). Methods: The study CCT measurements of 60 eyes was measured using first with UBM followed by USP. Results were compared statistically using Bland-Altman plots & Deming's regression analysis Results: Scatter plot analysis showed that for the same value of CCT UBM , corresponding CCTP measurements vary systematically. Bland-Altman plot analysis showed that there is systematic difference between the measurements with both instruments. Deming's regression analysis confirmed a reasonable agreement between both two measurements. Conclusion: There is a positive correlation in our study & the readings obtained by UBM correlate with that measured by Pachymeter. But since the interobserver variability is high with UBM, pachymeter is considered to be a better modality of measurement of CCT among the two of them.

Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology and Research, 2015

We report a rare case of a chronic discharging orbital sinus with retained multiple pieces of woo... more We report a rare case of a chronic discharging orbital sinus with retained multiple pieces of wooden stem. A 50-year-old male presented with swelling and discharge of 8 months duration on the medial aspect of right upper lid following a fall. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed presence of a foreign body granuloma. Orbital exploration revealed presence of multiple fragments of plant stems. Removal of these stem pieces along with granulation tissue resulted in resolution of his symptoms. The patient, on retrospective enquiry, gave the history of presence of Parthenium plants in the area where he fell. This case report highlights the need to suspect a retained foreign body in the presence of a non-healing wound.

Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology and Research

Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology

Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 2022

Background: The National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment in India suppor... more Background: The National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment in India supports the management of various conditions of the eye including cataracts. Objective: The objective of this study is to estimate out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) and factors associated with it among patients admitted for cataract surgery under District Blindness Control Society (DBCS) scheme. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a Medical College Hospital of Coastal Karnataka, South India. Data were collected using a predesigned semi-structured interview schedule from 100 patients admitted for cataract surgery under DBCS scheme. Costs were reported as median values with interquartile range (IQR) and compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Median total cost incurred by the patient was INR 1700 (IQR 1052–2575). Median direct costs (1425, IQR 762.5–2200 INR) included medical expenditure (600, IQR 0–1475 INR), mainly contributed by the treatment of systemic comorbid conditions and nonmedical expenditure toward travel. Median indirect costs (400, IQR 200–600 INR) included loss of wages for the patient and the bystander. Conclusions: OOPE for cataract surgery among DBCS patients was associated with the presence of comorbidity, postponement of surgery, duration of hospital stay, and distance traveled by the patient.

Journal of Medical Sciences and Health, 2021

Introduction: Nursing staff can play important role in prevention of exposure keratopathy in pati... more Introduction: Nursing staff can play important role in prevention of exposure keratopathy in patients admitted in intensive care unit (ICU). The objective of this study was to assess the awareness of nursing staff regarding exposure keratopathy and to assess their practices with respect to eye care. Materials and Methods: This is a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study, conducted in the ICU of a Medical College Hospital. The questionnaire was structured and self-administered. Results: Most nurses (74%) had good knowledge about risk of exposure keratopathy and its implications. Majority assessed the eyelid closure of their patient regularly. They knew regarding use of lubricating drops and eye taping. However, there was ambiguity regarding frequency of assessment and the person who needs to be reported in case of inadequate lid closure. Conclusions: The awareness of exposure keratopathy and the practices followed is quite satisfactory. However, there is a need to develop a fixed protocol for eye care in ICU which will help in systematic monitoring and management.

Indian journal of applied research, 2020

Aims : To assess the perceptions and practices followed by parents regarding eye health of their ... more Aims : To assess the perceptions and practices followed by parents regarding eye health of their children. Setting & Design : A questionnaire based study done in a teaching hospital of coastal Karnataka. Material & Method : A cross-sectional study amongst 96 parents attending tertiary health care centre and camps conducted by the same centre, through a self designed validated questionnaire. Results: Age of the respondents ranged from 23 to 55 years. Majority (79.16%) were females. 69.79% and 90.62% of the parents knew that cataract and strabismus can occur in children respectively. Amblyopia as a complication of untreated refractive error was not known to 56.25% of the participants. Participants got the information about ocular conditions mainly from newspaper 70.83%. Overall knowledge regarding the use of different mode of treatments for the ocular conditions was good except patching. Parents (66.66%) preferred to take their children to an Ophthalmologist .The reason for not consul...

Delhi Journal of Ophthalmology, 2021

Indian journal of applied research, 2017

Good adherence to treatment and regular follow up visits are important in a glaucoma patient to p... more Good adherence to treatment and regular follow up visits are important in a glaucoma patient to prevent blindness. is is a questionnaire based cross sectional study which assessed why the follow-up visits are not very satisfactory. e most common factors associated with non-compliance were financial constraints, patient not realising the importance of follow up visits and forgetting the dates. Elderly patients with low education levels and with co morbidities had poor compliance. Better health advocacy, good patient counselling and creating reminders can be good measures to improve the compliance with follow-up visits.

Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology and Research, 2018

Background: There are very few previous studies regarding ocular screening done in term neonates.... more Background: There are very few previous studies regarding ocular screening done in term neonates. Retinal hemorrhages can occur in babies during delivery. Aims: To evaluate the correlation of retinal findings with the duration of second stage of labor in term neonates and mode of delivery. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional, observational study done on term newborns in a tertiary care centre. Convenience sampling was done. Subjects and Methods: Neonates were examined in the postnatal ward using handheld slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope. Fundus examination was done after dilating the pupils with 0.5% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine eyedrops. Second stage of labor and mode of delivery were noted. Chi-square test and independent sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: One hundred and fifty infants were screened, of which 75 (50%) had retinal hemorrhages. Chi-square test showed statistical significance with duration of second stage of labor and occurre...

IP International Journal of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplasty, 2021

Preterm babies often suffer from various systemic illnesses and struggle for survival in the neon... more Preterm babies often suffer from various systemic illnesses and struggle for survival in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). These preterm babies are at risk of developing ROP which is a potentially blinding condition. The presence of predisposing maternal and neonatal factors contributes for the development of ROP. Determining the association of risk factors with the development of ROP is essential in improving the screening and management of ROP. To determine maternal, neonatal risk factors and influence of retinal immaturity at first screening for development of ROP. Prospective, observational study conducted at a level of 3 PICU & department of ophthalmology. All the preterm infants with gestational age ≤ 37 weeks admitted in NICU were first screened by 2 to 3 weeks of chronological age and followed up till the completion of retinal vascularization and regression of ROP following treatment. The zone of retinal vascularization at first screening and various maternal and neon...

Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology, 2021

PURPOSE: Developmental delay occurs when a child exhibits a significant delay in the acquisition ... more PURPOSE: Developmental delay occurs when a child exhibits a significant delay in the acquisition of milestones, in one or more domains of development. This study was planned to determine the distribution of ocular disorders and to assess the correlation between ocular findings and systemic co morbidity, antenatal and postnatal factors, and perinatal history. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included children with developmental delay <16 years of age. All children underwent complete ophthalmological evaluation including full cycloplegic refraction. Vision assessment was done as appropriate for age. Spearman's correlation test was used to analyze the correlation between ocular findings and causes for developmental delay and antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal history. RESULTS: A total of 128 children were evaluated. Mean age of the study group was 5.59 ± 2.12 years, 64.8% were males, and 76.6% of children were from rural area. Ocular findings were seen in 110 (85.93%) children, refractive error being the most common finding seen in 87 children (astigmatism n = 47, hypermetropia n = 28, and myopia n = 12). Strabismus was seen in 65 children, esotropia being the most common (n = 36). Vision impairment was present in 39.84% of children. Other ocular findings included disc pallor, cataract, ptosis, amblyopia, keratoconus, telecanthus, lagophthalmos, blepharitis, retinitis pigmentosa, and morning glory syndrome. Spearman's correlation showed no statistical association between ocular findings and various causes for developmental delay. There was a weak negative correlation between antenatal history, mode of delivery, gestational age, and ocular findings. CONCLUSION: More than three-fourths of children with developmental delay had ocular findings which necessitates the need for ocular evaluation.

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology - Case Reports, 2021

Indian Journal of Tuberculosis, 2021

BACKGROUND Early diagnosis and prompt treatment may be sight-saving in patients with Ocular Tuber... more BACKGROUND Early diagnosis and prompt treatment may be sight-saving in patients with Ocular Tuberculosis (TB). Patients on anti tubercular treatment (ATT) also need ophthalmological examination at the start of the treatment and monitoring for toxic optic neuropathy regularly till the completion of treatment. This study is a situation analysis of the referral rates to ophthalmologist and clinical presentations of ocular TB among patients admitted with drug sensitive tuberculosis (DS TB). METHODS A five year record analysis (2013-2017) of patients admitted with DS TB in a medical college hospital setting was done. Demographic and clinical presentations of the patients were recorded. The details about the referral, clinical findings, any possible risk associated with ocular TB and ocular side effects of ATT were noted. Data was entered in Microsoft excel and analysed for descriptive statistics. RESULTS Among 225 inpatients, only 72 (32%) patients were referred to ophthalmologist. The referral rates increased over the period of five years. Intra ocular TB was diagnosed among 11 (15.3%) patients. Only 5 patients among these had complained of reduced vision and others were asymptomatic. CONCLUSION The referral of DS TB patients to ophthalmologist was sub optimal. All the DSTB cases need ophthalmic evaluation keeping in mind the possibility of ocular TB and also the adverse effects of ATT.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2018

Introduction: A family centered approach to the care of children with disability is a widely acce... more Introduction: A family centered approach to the care of children with disability is a widely accepted concept. Traditionally in India, mothers or females in family are the primary care givers. Taking care of children with special needs may have an impact on the physical and mental health of care givers and hence it needs to be investigated. Aim: To know the Quality Of Life (QOL) of female caretakers of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP). The study also assessed the knowledge of the caretakers about the need for ophthalmic evaluation of these children. Materials and Methods: Thirty six consenting female care takers were administered self-designed validated questionnaire that had 22 items. It included demographic data and items to know the awareness amongst the caretakers regarding the need for ophthalmic evaluation to know the awareness amongst the caretakers regarding the need for ophthalmic evaluation. Chi-square test was used to know the association between mean QOL score and age of care taker, educational qualification and number of children in the family. It was also used to know the association between the five domains and mean QOL score. Results: The mean age of the study group was 31.39±0.707 years. Among the care givers, 41.66% were from rural background and 75% were unemployed. The mean QOL score was 40.47. Out of 36 participants, 20 (55.6%) had a mean score < 41 (good QOL), 16 (44.4%) had a mean score > 41 (poor QOL). Chi-square test showed significant statistical association between the mean QOL score and limitation of physical activities and burden (p<0.05). Out of 36 participants, 24 were not aware about the need for eye examination of CP children. Conclusion: The QOL of female caregivers of children with disabilities is influenced by several factors. There exists poor awareness regarding the need for ophthalmic evaluation among care givers.

Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2019

Corneal diseases constitute major cause of blindness in the developing countries.Current rates of... more Corneal diseases constitute major cause of blindness in the developing countries.Current rates of corneal procurement are inadequate that it is difficult for eye banks in India to meet the growing demands for cornea. Nursing staff community must be made aware of the significance of eye donation which can in turn influence the transplantation rates of cornea. Aims: To assess the understanding and attitude along with willingness towards eye donation within the nursing staff community. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional, questionnaire based study. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five nursing staff participated in the study. A self designed validated questionnaire was administered to them. Statistics: Descriptive statistics like percentages and proportions were used for the analysis. Results: There was a strong awareness amongst the nursing staff on the option to make an eye donation after death and it was noted that 63.6% (n= 35) of the subjects knew that it has to be done within 6 hours of death. Majority (n= 45) of the subjects who were willing to donate their eyes responded that the reason behind their willingness is to provide vision to a person in need. Main reasons for not pledging to donate their eyes by the nursing staff included objection from the family, lack of knowledge about the process. Conclusion: The nursing staff of a hospital can play a significant role in sensitising patients and their attendants towards eye donation. Even though all of the nursing staffs were aware of eye donation, few of them were hesitant to donate eyes.

Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2020

Introduction: Aim of the study was to measure the visual function and quality of life amongst cat... more Introduction: Aim of the study was to measure the visual function and quality of life amongst cataract patients attending camps. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among patients attending Ophthalmology camp and having impaired vision due to cataract. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. After obtaining informed consent, validated questionnaires developed by Aravind Eye Hospital, to measure the Visual functioning (VF) and Quality of Life (QOL) were administered to the patient. Results: A total of 324 patients (201 males and 123 females) with mean age 54.33 years (SD=8.99) were interviewed. Nearly half (46.9%) of the patients had severe or grade IV visual impairment as per WHO criteria of visual impairment. Two-thirds participants admitted that impaired vision adversely affected activities of daily living. The various sub scales studied in QOL questionnaire were: self care, mobility, social and mental problems due to impaired vision. All of these were almost equally affected due to cataract. Total VF score differs significantly (p<0.0005) for various visual impairment categories, except between category 2 and 3, where there is no significant difference (p=.695). In the QOL score there exists significant difference (p<0.0005) between group 1 with respect to other groups of visual impairment. VF & QOL score had no statistically significant association with age, gender and socioeconomic class. Conclusion: The visual function score and the quality of life score worsen as the visual acuity deteriorates due to cataract. Hence we need to strengthen our outreach programs so that we diagnose and treat cataract early leading to better quality of life.

Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2019

The aim of this study was to analyse the ocular findings in Diabetics with Chronic Kidney Disease... more The aim of this study was to analyse the ocular findings in Diabetics with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) on haemodialysis and also to assess the causes of visual impairment in these patients. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, hospital-based case record analysis of 224 case records of diabetics with CKD on haemodialysis over a period of 6 years was done at a tertiary medical college hospital in South India, where 66 case records (33 eyes) sought for an ophthalmic consultation were studied. Result: In our study, male: female ratio of diabetics with CKD on haemodialysis was found to be 3:2 with a mean age of 49.33 ± 12.86 years, ranging from 22-75 years. 56.1% of the total eyes had BCVA <6/18 and the causes for decreased vision were found to be cataract in 8 eyes (12.1%) followed by maculopathy in 7 eyes (10.6%). 41 eyes (62.1%) had Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy changes and 2 eyes (3%) had PDR changes. 19 eyes (28.7%) showed hypertensive retinopathy changes. 6 eyes (9.1%) had both diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy changes. 3 eyes (4.5%) had glaucomatous changes. Conclusion: Our results show that 20 patients (60.6%) out of 33 patients had sought an ophthalmic consultation prior, which means that ocular problems are associated with CKD and hence more awareness and importance of ocular examination, to screen patients for any potential visual threat so that necessary treatment and or advice can be given before they become irreversibly visually impaired.

Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2019

Purpose: To assess the frequency of digital eye strain (DES) among undergraduate medical students... more Purpose: To assess the frequency of digital eye strain (DES) among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary eye care hospital in South India and to correlate the optical correction and device usage factors with DES related symptoms. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire based study on undergraduate medical students was done in Yenepoya medical college over the period of 2 months after obtaining ethical clearance from institutional ethics committee, the filled questionnaire was collected, data was tabulated and analysed. Result: In our study the male to female ratio was almost equal. Out of the total 120 participants, 55.83% had symptomatic DES females were more affected (53.7%). Headache was the most common symptom experienced (73.33%) followed by Dry eyes (63.33%), Eye strain (53.33%). 64 (84.21%) of 76 participants who used their digital devices for > 4 hours per day and, 33 (67.34%) of 49 participants who held their device approximately at < 33cm had symptomatic DES. 8 (80%) of 10 infrequent spectacle users had symptomatic DES. 22 of 43 using spectacles used antiglare and only 3 (13.63%) of these had symptomatic DES. All 3 frequent users of contact lens had symptomatic DES. Conclusion: DES is more prevalent in females, and higher the hours of use of digital device, greater is the risk of DES. A greater viewing distance and high contrast reduce the chances of developing DES and hence is advisable. Frequent use of habitual refractive correction is recommended with antiglare, however, prolonged use of contact lens especially in air conditioned environment should be avoided.

IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2016

Purpose : To measure the contrast sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus without ret... more Purpose : To measure the contrast sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus without retinopathy and to compare it with age matched controls and also to correlate the contrast sensitivity in these patients with the duration of diabetes and glycemic control. Methods: This cross sectional study included 100 diabetic patients and 100 controls. Detailed history, ocular examination, measurement of contrast sensitivity and glycosylated hemoglobin values were measured. Statistical analysis was done using Spearman's coefficient of correlation Results: Diabetic patients were found to have reduced contrast sensitivity as compared to healthy controls. Also it was found that contrast sensitivity decreased as the duration of diabetes increased and glycemic controls worsened. Conclusion: Contrast sensitivity could be a useful clinical tool in assessing retinal function in diabetic patients even before any retinopathy changes become visible.

IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2016

Purpose: To compare the Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) measurements obtained by Ultrasound Pachy... more Purpose: To compare the Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) measurements obtained by Ultrasound Pachymeter (USP) & Ultrasound Biomicroscope (UBM). Methods: The study CCT measurements of 60 eyes was measured using first with UBM followed by USP. Results were compared statistically using Bland-Altman plots & Deming's regression analysis Results: Scatter plot analysis showed that for the same value of CCT UBM , corresponding CCTP measurements vary systematically. Bland-Altman plot analysis showed that there is systematic difference between the measurements with both instruments. Deming's regression analysis confirmed a reasonable agreement between both two measurements. Conclusion: There is a positive correlation in our study & the readings obtained by UBM correlate with that measured by Pachymeter. But since the interobserver variability is high with UBM, pachymeter is considered to be a better modality of measurement of CCT among the two of them.

Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology and Research, 2015

We report a rare case of a chronic discharging orbital sinus with retained multiple pieces of woo... more We report a rare case of a chronic discharging orbital sinus with retained multiple pieces of wooden stem. A 50-year-old male presented with swelling and discharge of 8 months duration on the medial aspect of right upper lid following a fall. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed presence of a foreign body granuloma. Orbital exploration revealed presence of multiple fragments of plant stems. Removal of these stem pieces along with granulation tissue resulted in resolution of his symptoms. The patient, on retrospective enquiry, gave the history of presence of Parthenium plants in the area where he fell. This case report highlights the need to suspect a retained foreign body in the presence of a non-healing wound.