Duane Champion - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Duane Champion
To understand the timing and emplacement processes of giant Hawaiian submarine landslide, a serie... more To understand the timing and emplacement processes of giant Hawaiian submarine landslide, a series of piston coring was performed in the adjacent area of Hawaii islands by R/V KAIREI, JAMSTEC in the summer of 2001. Long-distance volcaniclastic sediment transport generated by Hawaiian submarine landslides has been suggested by several previous studies (e.g. Garcia and Hull, 1994). Stratigraphical, sedimentological, and geochemical studies on the cores obtained by systematic sampling will make to understand for origins and ages of volcaniclastics emplacement to the ocean-floor. Nine cores were collected from the north of Oahu, the southwest and south of Hawaii Island, the south of Oahu. The major lithology is brown pelagic clay with abundant volcanic sand layers. Off Hawaiian Arch of the north of Oahu, pelagic clay with distinct 195cm-thick volcanic sand layer was recovered. The thick sand should be related to Nuuanu landslide, which debris avalanches were derived from Oahu Island. In...
Scientific Investigations Report, 2013
Geologic Quadrangle, 1990
Scientific Investigations Report, 2007
Medicine Lake volcano(MLV) is a very large shield-shaped volcano located in northern California w... more Medicine Lake volcano(MLV) is a very large shield-shaped volcano located in northern California where it forms part of the southern Cascade Range of volcanoes. It has erupted hundreds of times during its half-million-year history, including nine times during the past ...
Geological Society of America Special Papers, 2002
ABSTRACT Tension crack-eruptive fissure systems are a key characteristic of most late Pleistocene... more ABSTRACT Tension crack-eruptive fissure systems are a key characteristic of most late Pleistocene- Holocene basaltic lava fields in the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho. Models based on elastic displacements that accompany dike intrusion and the dimensions of tension cracks and eruptive fissures give new perspectives on the size and shapes of dike systems in the eastern Snake River Plain. Elastic-displacement models predict faults related to dike intrusion, but these are absent at the late Pleistocene-Holocene lava fields. Numerous faults in the Box Canyon area of the Arco-Big Southern Butte volcanic rift zone can be misinterpreted as being related to dike-emplacement processes. Our data strongly suggest that these faults are tectonic in origin and related to the Lost River range-front fault. Data about size and shapes of dike systems, in conjunction with detailed mapping and regional paleomagnetic studies, are used to interpret the style of volcanism in a part of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and for the entire eastern Snake River Plain. The mapping-paleomagnetic studies suggest that sections of dike systems as long as ∼40 km can be active simultaneously or within periods of time as short as a few hundred years. The characteristics and locations of dikes, eruptive fissure systems, and tension cracks have implications for the movement of groundwater and migration of radioactive and chemical wastes in the Snake River Plain aquifer at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Buried zones of northwest-trending dikes, eruptive fissures, and tension cracks, referred to as vent corridors, are perpendicular to the regional direction of groundwater flow and probably control some of the lowest and highest estimates of hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society a Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1982
... Lava Flows on Hawaii and the Question of the Pacific Non-Dipole Low [and Discussion] MO McWil... more ... Lava Flows on Hawaii and the Question of the Pacific Non-Dipole Low [and Discussion] MO McWilliams, RT Holcomb, DE Champion ... of the Pacific non-dipole low By MO McWiLLiAMsf, RT HolgombJ and DE Ghampion§ f Geophysics Department, Stanford University, Stanford ...
Geologic Quadrangle, 1989
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 1987
Detailed mineralogical analyses and rock magnetic experiments have made it possible to directly i... more Detailed mineralogical analyses and rock magnetic experiments have made it possible to directly identify the FeTi oxide phases responsible for the normal and reverse magnetic components of two dacitic pumice blocks from Mt. Shasta, California. Both samples contain a normal component carried by 100 μm size multi-domain (MD) titanomagnetite (Usp 11-24). One sample also contains a second normal component carried by < 10 μm size pseudo-single domain (PSD) or single domain (SD) Ti-free magnetite (Usp 1) found in the dacitic glass. The MD titanomagnetite and PSD or SD magnetite dominate the strong field magnetic signal, but only the PSD or SD magnetite has any influence on the remanence signal. Unlike the strong field signal, the remanence signal of both samples is dominated by a reverse NRM component. This reverse component is carried by 100 μm size ferrian ilmenite (Ilm 53-65). The compositions of the ilmenites in both samples are within the range of compositions (Ilm 50-75) known to have the ability to acquire self-reversing thermoremanent magnetizations (TRM). The results of the Lowric-Fuller test indicate that the remanence signal is dominated by PSD or SD carriers. Because one sample contains only large MD titanomagnetite and no SD Ti-free magnetite (in addition to ferrian ilmenite), the ferrian ilmenite must be a PSD or SD carrier. Oxide and pyroxene geothermometry indicate the FeTi oxides in the pumice crystallized at temperatures between 880 and 945°C. This temperature range is within the disordered region of the ilmenite-hematite phase diagram for Ilm 53-65. Previous work on synthetic Ilm 70 and Ilm 80 has shown that cooling through the order-disorder transition into the ordered region develops a transformation-induced microstructure consisting of cation-ordered domains with disordered domain boundaries. An Ilm 58-59 grain from one of the Mt. Shasta samples was examined in the transmission electron microscope and was found to contain 100-200 Å diameter cation-ordered domains. These domains arose during cooling through the transition temperature, which is estimated at 800°C for Ilm 58-59. The presence of the disordered domain boundaries provides an explanation for the magnetic behavior of the ferrian ilmenite. (1) The disordered boundaries are the higher Curie point phase necessary for the operation of the self-reversal mechanism. (2) The disordered domain boundaries either inhibit the formation of magnetic domain walls or restrict magnetic domain wall movement accounting for the PSD or SD behavior of the ferrian ilmenite.
Agu Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2010
The Sutter Buttes form a Pleistocene volcano that lies in the Sacramento Valley 80 km north of Sa... more The Sutter Buttes form a Pleistocene volcano that lies in the Sacramento Valley 80 km north of Sacramento. Recent geologic mapping reveals a number of geometric and structural features at the volcano that are radially symmetric. The volcano is circular, 15 km in diameter, and composed of a central core of volcanic domes surrounded by a large fragmental apron. Most of the dome complex is andesite to dacite while rhyolite domes form a discontinuous peripheral ring around the central intermediate domes. Surrounding the volcanic core of the Sutter Buttes is a strongly deformed pre-volcanic ring of sedimentary rock that has been strongly tilted in a radial fashion, in places overturned. Ten rhyolite domes around the periphery of the Sutter Buttes volcano were selected for study. One to four sites were drilled into each dome; each site consisting of 6 distributed cores. The remnant magnetizations of all samples were very stable. Alternating-field demagnetization was performed on a specimen from each core, and thermal demagnetization on cores with additional available specimens. Eight of the domes are reversely magnetized and therefore extruded during a period of reversed magnetic field, which is consistent with the Matuyama Reversed Polarity Chron in existence at the time the domes were erupted, about 1.55 to 1.58 Ma. One of the domes displays normal magnetic polarity, and could have been emplaced during a heretofore unrecognized period of normal magnetization. The magnetization directions of many of the domes diverge from the expected long-term average direction of the Earth's magnetic field. Eight of the domes show deflection radially away from the center of the volcano. Six of the deflections are small enough that they cannot be reliably distinguished from secular variation of the geomagnetic field. Three of the domes display magnetic directions that can only be explained by whole-scale displacements of the entire dome by rotations up to 135°. Thermal demagnetization paths mimic those of alternating-field demagnetization and suggest no syn-cooling deformation of the rhyolite domes while they were being magnetized. Locally strong radial rotation of the rhyolite domes is consistent with the strongly radial tilting of the pre-volcanic ring of sedimentary rock surrounding the igneous core of the Sutter Buttes. Thus the deformation of the pre-volcanic rocks and rhyolite domes is the result of a later intrusion, possibly of a large body of intermediate composition magma, as originally suggested by Howel Williams (1929).
Scientific Investigations Report, 2011
... B7037 A9619 B7121 B7097 B7061 B7025 J W K I O X V N G P H C M L A F D E U HHH S Q B Z R Y XX ... more ... B7037 A9619 B7121 B7097 B7061 B7025 J W K I O X V N G P H C M L A F D E U HHH S Q B Z R Y XX AAA KK1 NN MM OO ZZ YY LL KK FF PP EE WW VV DD CC GG HH QQ UU TT RR SS II AA BB DDD BBB CCC FFF KKK JJJ JJ III T EEE GGG 112°30' 113° 44° 43° 30' ...
The Hat Creek Basalt is a late Pleistocene low-K olivine tholeiite that floors much of the Hat Cr... more The Hat Creek Basalt is a late Pleistocene low-K olivine tholeiite that floors much of the Hat Creek Valley, north of the Lassen volcanic highland in NE California. The flow erupted from a fissure trending N 10° W located 0.5 to 4.0 km SSE of Old Station and flowed north nearly 30 km, mainly through lava tubes. Paleomagnetic data indicate that the Hat Creek Basalt is a single eruptive unit with an inclination of 64.3° and a declination of 1.0° . The Hat Creek Basalt is overlain by gravel related to the last major glaciation, which ended about 15 to 17 ky ago. The Hat Creek Basalt overlies numerous andesite and basaltic andesite lava flows that are closely related geographically, stratigraphically, petrographically and geochemically and probably represent the same eruptive episode (although not necessarily the same year or century). Three of these flows have been dated by the 40Ar/39Ar method and yield concordant plateau, integrated (total fusion), and isochron ages: Little Potato Butte (1.42% K2O; 67+/-4 ka), Sugarloaf (1.85% K2O; 55+/-7 ka), and Big Potato Butte (1.62% K2O; 73+/-14 ka). The Hat Creek Basalt also overlies the basaltic andesite of Cinder Butte (1.65% K2O) with a 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 38+/-7 ka. Given that the age of the Hat Creek Basalt is thus firmly bracketed between ˜15 ka and 38+/-7 ka, we attempted to date this low-potassium tholeiitic basalt directly. One sample produced 40Ar/39Ar data that cannot be interpreted, but a second sample (0.17% K2O) yielded concordant plateau, integrated (total fusion), and isochron ages of 31+/-17 ka, 30+/-20 ka, and 24+/-6 ka; within the time bracket determined by stratigraphic relations. These data indicate that samples of latest Pleistocene tholeiitic basalt with very low K2O can give useful 40Ar/39Ar ages. As with all isotopically determined ages, the confidence of the results are significantly enhanced when additional constraints imposed by other isotopic ages within a stratigraphic context are taken into account.
Agu Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2008
We have studied rock magnetic properties of 103 lava flows erupted from Haleakala Volcano on the ... more We have studied rock magnetic properties of 103 lava flows erupted from Haleakala Volcano on the Island of Maui in Hawai'i. Ages of the flows range between 365±40 years to 52,900±1800 years BP, as determined by 14C dating and comparisons to paleomagnetic directions between flows. Sherrod et al. [JGR, 111, 2006], and Herrero-Bervera and Valet [PEPI, 167, 2007] have previously undertaken paleomagnetic investigations of these lava flows. Few rock magnetic experiments, however, have been done on samples from these flows other than alternating field (a.f.) and thermal demagnetization experiments. Thus, we have performed saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), hysteresis loop, coercivity, and Curie-point determinations for the lava flows in question, using a variable field translation balance (VFTB) instrument. The results indicate that 90 percent of the magnetic grain sizes are within the pseudo- single domain (PSD) range, with the remainder being of either single domain (SD) or multi-domain (MD) grain size. Curie point determinations have identified diverse magnetic mineral phases ranging from Ti-rich, pure magnetite to Ti-poor magnetite grains within the lava flows. After the performance of these rock magnetic experiments, in addition to a.f. and thermal demagnetization procedures, we conclude that only about 10 percent of the flows are suitable for absolute paleointensity determinations using the Thellier method.
To understand the timing and emplacement processes of giant Hawaiian submarine landslide, a serie... more To understand the timing and emplacement processes of giant Hawaiian submarine landslide, a series of piston coring was performed in the adjacent area of Hawaii islands by R/V KAIREI, JAMSTEC in the summer of 2001. Long-distance volcaniclastic sediment transport generated by Hawaiian submarine landslides has been suggested by several previous studies (e.g. Garcia and Hull, 1994). Stratigraphical, sedimentological, and geochemical studies on the cores obtained by systematic sampling will make to understand for origins and ages of volcaniclastics emplacement to the ocean-floor. Nine cores were collected from the north of Oahu, the southwest and south of Hawaii Island, the south of Oahu. The major lithology is brown pelagic clay with abundant volcanic sand layers. Off Hawaiian Arch of the north of Oahu, pelagic clay with distinct 195cm-thick volcanic sand layer was recovered. The thick sand should be related to Nuuanu landslide, which debris avalanches were derived from Oahu Island. In...
Scientific Investigations Report, 2013
Geologic Quadrangle, 1990
Scientific Investigations Report, 2007
Medicine Lake volcano(MLV) is a very large shield-shaped volcano located in northern California w... more Medicine Lake volcano(MLV) is a very large shield-shaped volcano located in northern California where it forms part of the southern Cascade Range of volcanoes. It has erupted hundreds of times during its half-million-year history, including nine times during the past ...
Geological Society of America Special Papers, 2002
ABSTRACT Tension crack-eruptive fissure systems are a key characteristic of most late Pleistocene... more ABSTRACT Tension crack-eruptive fissure systems are a key characteristic of most late Pleistocene- Holocene basaltic lava fields in the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho. Models based on elastic displacements that accompany dike intrusion and the dimensions of tension cracks and eruptive fissures give new perspectives on the size and shapes of dike systems in the eastern Snake River Plain. Elastic-displacement models predict faults related to dike intrusion, but these are absent at the late Pleistocene-Holocene lava fields. Numerous faults in the Box Canyon area of the Arco-Big Southern Butte volcanic rift zone can be misinterpreted as being related to dike-emplacement processes. Our data strongly suggest that these faults are tectonic in origin and related to the Lost River range-front fault. Data about size and shapes of dike systems, in conjunction with detailed mapping and regional paleomagnetic studies, are used to interpret the style of volcanism in a part of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and for the entire eastern Snake River Plain. The mapping-paleomagnetic studies suggest that sections of dike systems as long as ∼40 km can be active simultaneously or within periods of time as short as a few hundred years. The characteristics and locations of dikes, eruptive fissure systems, and tension cracks have implications for the movement of groundwater and migration of radioactive and chemical wastes in the Snake River Plain aquifer at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Buried zones of northwest-trending dikes, eruptive fissures, and tension cracks, referred to as vent corridors, are perpendicular to the regional direction of groundwater flow and probably control some of the lowest and highest estimates of hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society a Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1982
... Lava Flows on Hawaii and the Question of the Pacific Non-Dipole Low [and Discussion] MO McWil... more ... Lava Flows on Hawaii and the Question of the Pacific Non-Dipole Low [and Discussion] MO McWilliams, RT Holcomb, DE Champion ... of the Pacific non-dipole low By MO McWiLLiAMsf, RT HolgombJ and DE Ghampion§ f Geophysics Department, Stanford University, Stanford ...
Geologic Quadrangle, 1989
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 1987
Detailed mineralogical analyses and rock magnetic experiments have made it possible to directly i... more Detailed mineralogical analyses and rock magnetic experiments have made it possible to directly identify the FeTi oxide phases responsible for the normal and reverse magnetic components of two dacitic pumice blocks from Mt. Shasta, California. Both samples contain a normal component carried by 100 μm size multi-domain (MD) titanomagnetite (Usp 11-24). One sample also contains a second normal component carried by < 10 μm size pseudo-single domain (PSD) or single domain (SD) Ti-free magnetite (Usp 1) found in the dacitic glass. The MD titanomagnetite and PSD or SD magnetite dominate the strong field magnetic signal, but only the PSD or SD magnetite has any influence on the remanence signal. Unlike the strong field signal, the remanence signal of both samples is dominated by a reverse NRM component. This reverse component is carried by 100 μm size ferrian ilmenite (Ilm 53-65). The compositions of the ilmenites in both samples are within the range of compositions (Ilm 50-75) known to have the ability to acquire self-reversing thermoremanent magnetizations (TRM). The results of the Lowric-Fuller test indicate that the remanence signal is dominated by PSD or SD carriers. Because one sample contains only large MD titanomagnetite and no SD Ti-free magnetite (in addition to ferrian ilmenite), the ferrian ilmenite must be a PSD or SD carrier. Oxide and pyroxene geothermometry indicate the FeTi oxides in the pumice crystallized at temperatures between 880 and 945°C. This temperature range is within the disordered region of the ilmenite-hematite phase diagram for Ilm 53-65. Previous work on synthetic Ilm 70 and Ilm 80 has shown that cooling through the order-disorder transition into the ordered region develops a transformation-induced microstructure consisting of cation-ordered domains with disordered domain boundaries. An Ilm 58-59 grain from one of the Mt. Shasta samples was examined in the transmission electron microscope and was found to contain 100-200 Å diameter cation-ordered domains. These domains arose during cooling through the transition temperature, which is estimated at 800°C for Ilm 58-59. The presence of the disordered domain boundaries provides an explanation for the magnetic behavior of the ferrian ilmenite. (1) The disordered boundaries are the higher Curie point phase necessary for the operation of the self-reversal mechanism. (2) The disordered domain boundaries either inhibit the formation of magnetic domain walls or restrict magnetic domain wall movement accounting for the PSD or SD behavior of the ferrian ilmenite.
Agu Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2010
The Sutter Buttes form a Pleistocene volcano that lies in the Sacramento Valley 80 km north of Sa... more The Sutter Buttes form a Pleistocene volcano that lies in the Sacramento Valley 80 km north of Sacramento. Recent geologic mapping reveals a number of geometric and structural features at the volcano that are radially symmetric. The volcano is circular, 15 km in diameter, and composed of a central core of volcanic domes surrounded by a large fragmental apron. Most of the dome complex is andesite to dacite while rhyolite domes form a discontinuous peripheral ring around the central intermediate domes. Surrounding the volcanic core of the Sutter Buttes is a strongly deformed pre-volcanic ring of sedimentary rock that has been strongly tilted in a radial fashion, in places overturned. Ten rhyolite domes around the periphery of the Sutter Buttes volcano were selected for study. One to four sites were drilled into each dome; each site consisting of 6 distributed cores. The remnant magnetizations of all samples were very stable. Alternating-field demagnetization was performed on a specimen from each core, and thermal demagnetization on cores with additional available specimens. Eight of the domes are reversely magnetized and therefore extruded during a period of reversed magnetic field, which is consistent with the Matuyama Reversed Polarity Chron in existence at the time the domes were erupted, about 1.55 to 1.58 Ma. One of the domes displays normal magnetic polarity, and could have been emplaced during a heretofore unrecognized period of normal magnetization. The magnetization directions of many of the domes diverge from the expected long-term average direction of the Earth's magnetic field. Eight of the domes show deflection radially away from the center of the volcano. Six of the deflections are small enough that they cannot be reliably distinguished from secular variation of the geomagnetic field. Three of the domes display magnetic directions that can only be explained by whole-scale displacements of the entire dome by rotations up to 135°. Thermal demagnetization paths mimic those of alternating-field demagnetization and suggest no syn-cooling deformation of the rhyolite domes while they were being magnetized. Locally strong radial rotation of the rhyolite domes is consistent with the strongly radial tilting of the pre-volcanic ring of sedimentary rock surrounding the igneous core of the Sutter Buttes. Thus the deformation of the pre-volcanic rocks and rhyolite domes is the result of a later intrusion, possibly of a large body of intermediate composition magma, as originally suggested by Howel Williams (1929).
Scientific Investigations Report, 2011
... B7037 A9619 B7121 B7097 B7061 B7025 J W K I O X V N G P H C M L A F D E U HHH S Q B Z R Y XX ... more ... B7037 A9619 B7121 B7097 B7061 B7025 J W K I O X V N G P H C M L A F D E U HHH S Q B Z R Y XX AAA KK1 NN MM OO ZZ YY LL KK FF PP EE WW VV DD CC GG HH QQ UU TT RR SS II AA BB DDD BBB CCC FFF KKK JJJ JJ III T EEE GGG 112°30' 113° 44° 43° 30' ...
The Hat Creek Basalt is a late Pleistocene low-K olivine tholeiite that floors much of the Hat Cr... more The Hat Creek Basalt is a late Pleistocene low-K olivine tholeiite that floors much of the Hat Creek Valley, north of the Lassen volcanic highland in NE California. The flow erupted from a fissure trending N 10° W located 0.5 to 4.0 km SSE of Old Station and flowed north nearly 30 km, mainly through lava tubes. Paleomagnetic data indicate that the Hat Creek Basalt is a single eruptive unit with an inclination of 64.3° and a declination of 1.0° . The Hat Creek Basalt is overlain by gravel related to the last major glaciation, which ended about 15 to 17 ky ago. The Hat Creek Basalt overlies numerous andesite and basaltic andesite lava flows that are closely related geographically, stratigraphically, petrographically and geochemically and probably represent the same eruptive episode (although not necessarily the same year or century). Three of these flows have been dated by the 40Ar/39Ar method and yield concordant plateau, integrated (total fusion), and isochron ages: Little Potato Butte (1.42% K2O; 67+/-4 ka), Sugarloaf (1.85% K2O; 55+/-7 ka), and Big Potato Butte (1.62% K2O; 73+/-14 ka). The Hat Creek Basalt also overlies the basaltic andesite of Cinder Butte (1.65% K2O) with a 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 38+/-7 ka. Given that the age of the Hat Creek Basalt is thus firmly bracketed between ˜15 ka and 38+/-7 ka, we attempted to date this low-potassium tholeiitic basalt directly. One sample produced 40Ar/39Ar data that cannot be interpreted, but a second sample (0.17% K2O) yielded concordant plateau, integrated (total fusion), and isochron ages of 31+/-17 ka, 30+/-20 ka, and 24+/-6 ka; within the time bracket determined by stratigraphic relations. These data indicate that samples of latest Pleistocene tholeiitic basalt with very low K2O can give useful 40Ar/39Ar ages. As with all isotopically determined ages, the confidence of the results are significantly enhanced when additional constraints imposed by other isotopic ages within a stratigraphic context are taken into account.
Agu Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2008
We have studied rock magnetic properties of 103 lava flows erupted from Haleakala Volcano on the ... more We have studied rock magnetic properties of 103 lava flows erupted from Haleakala Volcano on the Island of Maui in Hawai'i. Ages of the flows range between 365±40 years to 52,900±1800 years BP, as determined by 14C dating and comparisons to paleomagnetic directions between flows. Sherrod et al. [JGR, 111, 2006], and Herrero-Bervera and Valet [PEPI, 167, 2007] have previously undertaken paleomagnetic investigations of these lava flows. Few rock magnetic experiments, however, have been done on samples from these flows other than alternating field (a.f.) and thermal demagnetization experiments. Thus, we have performed saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), hysteresis loop, coercivity, and Curie-point determinations for the lava flows in question, using a variable field translation balance (VFTB) instrument. The results indicate that 90 percent of the magnetic grain sizes are within the pseudo- single domain (PSD) range, with the remainder being of either single domain (SD) or multi-domain (MD) grain size. Curie point determinations have identified diverse magnetic mineral phases ranging from Ti-rich, pure magnetite to Ti-poor magnetite grains within the lava flows. After the performance of these rock magnetic experiments, in addition to a.f. and thermal demagnetization procedures, we conclude that only about 10 percent of the flows are suitable for absolute paleointensity determinations using the Thellier method.