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Papers by E. Gilbert

Research paper thumbnail of Exposure of the general public to the indoor RF-radiation of picocells in train stations and an airport and to the outdoor RF-radiation of microcells in shopping streets

The GSM network consists of cells. One cell is a zone covered by a signal produced by a determine... more The GSM network consists of cells. One cell is a zone covered by a signal produced by a determined base station. Beside the well known macrocells we usually see on roofs and masts we distinguish the microand picocells used for enlarging the signal capacity in specific locations such as shopping streets, railway stations, airports, big building etc. Microcells are almost always fixed at the front wall of houses in shopping streets whereas picocells are mostly hanging indoor on the ceiling of the construction. The operation principle of the microand picocell system is that the signal which is produced by the base station is locally distributed by these small cells. The average output power of microand picocells is 2,5 watts (W) and 1 W respectively. Of these cells three different models exist: omni-directional, semi-directional and directional cell. Notice that both cell types are often confused and generally called microcells.

Research paper thumbnail of Good measurement practice (GMP) in the exposure assessment of occupational ELF electromagnetic fields

Research paper thumbnail of Optimal sampling time for the exposure assessment of the magnetic field for epidemiological purposesEnter title

Research paper thumbnail of Miliuerapport Vlaanderen: MIRA: Achtergronddocument 2011: niet-ioniserende straling

Research paper thumbnail of Studie uitgevoerd in opdracht van het departement Leefmilieu, Natuur en Energie (LNE) - dienst Milieu & Gezondheid

Research paper thumbnail of Magnetic Fields of Induction Heaters in the Framework of Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2006

The spectrum and the polarization of the magnetic flux density (B-field) of 6 induction heaters a... more The spectrum and the polarization of the magnetic flux density (B-field) of 6 induction heaters and 1 arc oven were measured by means of a PMM (Italy) spectrum analyser. The spectrum analysis showed that no substantial harmonics were observed while the polarization analysis revealed that the operator's exposure was non-homogeneous within a distance of 1.5 m from the heater. When the distance was larger, the body was homogeneously exposed. In general we can state that the B-field strongly varied between heaters and that exposure exceeded the occupational reference levels recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) (1998) and European Directive 2004/40/EC in 5 of the 7 heaters. Within the framework of the Directive some protection actions should be taken. Whereas mitigation of existing/ old induction ovens is difficult, the design of new induction heaters and their housing should be based, among others, on electromagnetic reducing engineering concepts. electromagnetic field occupational exposure high exposure sources mitigation

Research paper thumbnail of Occupational Exposure Assessment of the Static Magnetic Flux Density Generated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Biochemical Purposes

PIERS Online, 2007

The present paper deals with the measurement and evaluation of the static magnetic flux density t... more The present paper deals with the measurement and evaluation of the static magnetic flux density to which operators are occupationally exposed to. Measurements were performed in normal working and worst case exposure situations. The results show that the exposure levels are conform with the exposure limits for non-wearers of metallic implants like pacemakers, but that wearers of these implants shouldn't work in an NMRS environment.

Research paper thumbnail of Exposure of workers to electromagnetic fields. A review of open questions on exposure assessment techniques

International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics : JOSE, 2009

European Directive 2004/40/EC on occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), based on ... more European Directive 2004/40/EC on occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), based on the guidelines of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, was to be implemented in the Member States of the European Union by 2008. Because of some unexpected problems the deadline was postponed until 2012. This paper reviews some of the problems identified and presents some suggestions for possible solutions based on the authors' experience in assessing occupational exposure to EMF. Among the topics discussed are movement in static magnetic fields, ways to time average extreme low frequency signals, the difference between emission and exposure standards, and ways of dealing with those issues.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of the Electric and Magnetic field levels in the vicinity of the HV overhead power lines in Belgium

1 "Unexposed" means exposed at levels less than the concerned cutoff point and for which no assoc... more 1 "Unexposed" means exposed at levels less than the concerned cutoff point and for which no association with an increased relative risk has been found.

Research paper thumbnail of Milieurapport Vlaanderen: achtergronddocument 2011: niet-ioniserende straling

Research paper thumbnail of International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics–rok 2007, ročník 13 Číslo

Research paper thumbnail of Persoonlijke exposimetrie voor het bepalen van de binnenhuisblootstelling van kinderen aan ELF, VLF en RF elektromagnetische velden afkomstig van interne en externe bronnen

Research paper thumbnail of Modellering en GIS-toepassing voor het bepalen van de blootstelling en het epidemiologisch risico van het 50 Hz magnetisch veld gegenereerd door de ondergrondse hoogspanningskabels in Vlaanderen

Research paper thumbnail of Tijdsreeks en GIS-model om de blootstelling van de bevolking aan het 50 Hz magnetisch veld gegenereerd door bovengrondse hoogspanning- lijnen in Vlaanderen in kaart brengen

Research paper thumbnail of Ionizing Radiation and Risk of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the 15-Country Study of Nuclear Industry Workers

Radiation Research, 2008

In contrast to other types of leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has long been regarded... more In contrast to other types of leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has long been regarded as non-radiogenic, i.e. not caused by ionizing radiation. However, the justification for this view has been challenged. We therefore report on the relationship between CLL mortality and external ionizing radiation dose within the 15-country nuclear workers cohort study. The analyses included, in seven countries with CLL deaths, a total of 295,963 workers with more than 4.5 million person-years of follow-up and an average cumulative bone marrow dose of 15 mSv; there were 65 CLL deaths in this cohort. The relative risk (RR) at an occupational dose of 100 mSv compared to 0 mSv was 0.84 (95% CI 0.39, 1.48) under the assumption of a 10-year exposure lag. Analyses of longer lag periods showed little variation in the RR, but they included very small numbers of cases with relatively high doses. In conclusion, the largest nuclear workers cohort study to date finds little evidence for an association between low doses of external ionizing radiation and CLL mortality. This study had little power due to low doses, short follow-up periods, and uncertainties in CLL ascertainment from death certificates; an extended follow-up of the cohorts is merited and would ideally include incident cancer cases.

Research paper thumbnail of Exposure of the general public to the indoor RF-radiation of picocells in train stations and an airport and to the outdoor RF-radiation of microcells in shopping streets

The GSM network consists of cells. One cell is a zone covered by a signal produced by a determine... more The GSM network consists of cells. One cell is a zone covered by a signal produced by a determined base station. Beside the well known macrocells we usually see on roofs and masts we distinguish the microand picocells used for enlarging the signal capacity in specific locations such as shopping streets, railway stations, airports, big building etc. Microcells are almost always fixed at the front wall of houses in shopping streets whereas picocells are mostly hanging indoor on the ceiling of the construction. The operation principle of the microand picocell system is that the signal which is produced by the base station is locally distributed by these small cells. The average output power of microand picocells is 2,5 watts (W) and 1 W respectively. Of these cells three different models exist: omni-directional, semi-directional and directional cell. Notice that both cell types are often confused and generally called microcells.

Research paper thumbnail of Good measurement practice (GMP) in the exposure assessment of occupational ELF electromagnetic fields

Research paper thumbnail of Optimal sampling time for the exposure assessment of the magnetic field for epidemiological purposesEnter title

Research paper thumbnail of Miliuerapport Vlaanderen: MIRA: Achtergronddocument 2011: niet-ioniserende straling

Research paper thumbnail of Studie uitgevoerd in opdracht van het departement Leefmilieu, Natuur en Energie (LNE) - dienst Milieu & Gezondheid

Research paper thumbnail of Magnetic Fields of Induction Heaters in the Framework of Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2006

The spectrum and the polarization of the magnetic flux density (B-field) of 6 induction heaters a... more The spectrum and the polarization of the magnetic flux density (B-field) of 6 induction heaters and 1 arc oven were measured by means of a PMM (Italy) spectrum analyser. The spectrum analysis showed that no substantial harmonics were observed while the polarization analysis revealed that the operator's exposure was non-homogeneous within a distance of 1.5 m from the heater. When the distance was larger, the body was homogeneously exposed. In general we can state that the B-field strongly varied between heaters and that exposure exceeded the occupational reference levels recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) (1998) and European Directive 2004/40/EC in 5 of the 7 heaters. Within the framework of the Directive some protection actions should be taken. Whereas mitigation of existing/ old induction ovens is difficult, the design of new induction heaters and their housing should be based, among others, on electromagnetic reducing engineering concepts. electromagnetic field occupational exposure high exposure sources mitigation

Research paper thumbnail of Occupational Exposure Assessment of the Static Magnetic Flux Density Generated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Biochemical Purposes

PIERS Online, 2007

The present paper deals with the measurement and evaluation of the static magnetic flux density t... more The present paper deals with the measurement and evaluation of the static magnetic flux density to which operators are occupationally exposed to. Measurements were performed in normal working and worst case exposure situations. The results show that the exposure levels are conform with the exposure limits for non-wearers of metallic implants like pacemakers, but that wearers of these implants shouldn't work in an NMRS environment.

Research paper thumbnail of Exposure of workers to electromagnetic fields. A review of open questions on exposure assessment techniques

International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics : JOSE, 2009

European Directive 2004/40/EC on occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), based on ... more European Directive 2004/40/EC on occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), based on the guidelines of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, was to be implemented in the Member States of the European Union by 2008. Because of some unexpected problems the deadline was postponed until 2012. This paper reviews some of the problems identified and presents some suggestions for possible solutions based on the authors' experience in assessing occupational exposure to EMF. Among the topics discussed are movement in static magnetic fields, ways to time average extreme low frequency signals, the difference between emission and exposure standards, and ways of dealing with those issues.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of the Electric and Magnetic field levels in the vicinity of the HV overhead power lines in Belgium

1 "Unexposed" means exposed at levels less than the concerned cutoff point and for which no assoc... more 1 "Unexposed" means exposed at levels less than the concerned cutoff point and for which no association with an increased relative risk has been found.

Research paper thumbnail of Milieurapport Vlaanderen: achtergronddocument 2011: niet-ioniserende straling

Research paper thumbnail of International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics–rok 2007, ročník 13 Číslo

Research paper thumbnail of Persoonlijke exposimetrie voor het bepalen van de binnenhuisblootstelling van kinderen aan ELF, VLF en RF elektromagnetische velden afkomstig van interne en externe bronnen

Research paper thumbnail of Modellering en GIS-toepassing voor het bepalen van de blootstelling en het epidemiologisch risico van het 50 Hz magnetisch veld gegenereerd door de ondergrondse hoogspanningskabels in Vlaanderen

Research paper thumbnail of Tijdsreeks en GIS-model om de blootstelling van de bevolking aan het 50 Hz magnetisch veld gegenereerd door bovengrondse hoogspanning- lijnen in Vlaanderen in kaart brengen

Research paper thumbnail of Ionizing Radiation and Risk of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the 15-Country Study of Nuclear Industry Workers

Radiation Research, 2008

In contrast to other types of leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has long been regarded... more In contrast to other types of leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has long been regarded as non-radiogenic, i.e. not caused by ionizing radiation. However, the justification for this view has been challenged. We therefore report on the relationship between CLL mortality and external ionizing radiation dose within the 15-country nuclear workers cohort study. The analyses included, in seven countries with CLL deaths, a total of 295,963 workers with more than 4.5 million person-years of follow-up and an average cumulative bone marrow dose of 15 mSv; there were 65 CLL deaths in this cohort. The relative risk (RR) at an occupational dose of 100 mSv compared to 0 mSv was 0.84 (95% CI 0.39, 1.48) under the assumption of a 10-year exposure lag. Analyses of longer lag periods showed little variation in the RR, but they included very small numbers of cases with relatively high doses. In conclusion, the largest nuclear workers cohort study to date finds little evidence for an association between low doses of external ionizing radiation and CLL mortality. This study had little power due to low doses, short follow-up periods, and uncertainties in CLL ascertainment from death certificates; an extended follow-up of the cohorts is merited and would ideally include incident cancer cases.

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