Elizabeth Pollitzer - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Elizabeth Pollitzer
theNetherlands,MPHatYaleintheUS,andPhDatLeidenUniversity, theNetherlands.DrBuitendijk'sprimarysch... more theNetherlands,MPHatYaleintheUS,andPhDatLeidenUniversity, theNetherlands.DrBuitendijk'sprimaryscholarshipisinmaternalandchildhealth,witha focusonMidwiferyStudies,PerinatalEpidemiologyandPublicChildHealth.Sheisamember of the National Health Council that advises the Dutch Government on national issues in health. Concha Colomer Revuelta MD is a specialist in Paediatrics and in Public Health. She is currentlyDeputyDirectoroftheQualityAgencyoftheSpanishNationalHealthSystemand DirectoroftheObservatoryofWomen'sHealthintheMinistryofHealthandSocialPolicy. Before holding this office at the Ministry, she worked as a teacher of health professionals andasaresearcher.Sheco-foundedtheSpanishGenderandHealthResearchNetwork.She has participated in organisations and projects on women's health and gender, mainstreaminginhealthpolicies,indifferentNGOsandfeminismactivity.Sheisauthorof manyscientificarticlesandbooks.
A method of designing intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) is described which stresses the importan... more A method of designing intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) is described which stresses the importance of providing the user with knowledge about a given problem-domain before problem solving skills are put to the test. Central to this approach is the condition that knowledge about a given problem-domain can be 'decomposed' according to some well-grounded principle. The result of this decomposition is a body of information that is organised according to semi-autonomous topics into a hierarchy of functionally related information structures. >
The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2017
Inventio, 2021
Se analizan los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible establecidos por Naciones Unidas en 2015, que ... more Se analizan los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible establecidos por Naciones Unidas en 2015, que se pactaron después de una discusión exhaustiva con todos los países del mundo, en la búsqueda del desarrollo sustentable. Se utiliza la versión trabajada en la Cumbre de Género de ese mismo año que incluye la dimensión de género. Se plantea aquí que la ciencia, el uso de la energía y el género son temas transversales a los objetivos. Sin embargo, esta transversalidad es complicada, porque tanto la ciencia como la tecnología y el uso de la energía dependen de la perspectiva de género. Se resaltan aquí algunos temas que deberán ser investigados rumbo al desarrollo sustentable y se dan referencias digitales importantes para las personas interesadas en este tema.
mohammed-on-womens-empowerment-and-gender-equality/ what the learning points are, and how these m... more mohammed-on-womens-empowerment-and-gender-equality/ what the learning points are, and how these might be replicated or adapted in other situations. Gender-related poverty considerations in assessment of impact of large infrastructure projects, such as energy, transport, communication on livelihoodproviding ecosystem services.
Integrating sex and gender analysis into research and innovation (R&I) enhances the quality and i... more Integrating sex and gender analysis into research and innovation (R&I) enhances the quality and impact of scientific results as well as products and services developed for the market. Given the historic under-representation of women in science and certain areas of the labor market, it is not surprising that knowledge itself is biased, having a higher male footprint.
For historical reasons science today has substantially more evidence for males and men than for f... more For historical reasons science today has substantially more evidence for males and men than for females and women, which means that quality of research and innovation outcomes may often be worse for women than for men. I explore how the gender dimension—a term used to mean effects of biological (sex) and/or socio-cultural (gender) characteristics—fits into new materials research and engineering and especially in nano-materials applications. Horizon Europe expects that grant proposals should include explanation if gender dimension is relevant to the project’s objectives. This paper shows that often the answer should be yes it is.
Advances in Human Factors/ergonomics, 1995
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on research needs for delivering effective human–computer ... more Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on research needs for delivering effective human–computer systems. This problem is discussed in the light of the work supported by the Joint Councils' Initiative (JCI), the SOFT Science and Technology Programme and the Real World Computing (RWC) program. The perspective on human–computer interface (HCI) from robotics is presented in the chapter. A robot is defined as a computer system with eyes, ears, tactile/force sensors, hands, and legs for interacting with an environment. Thus, the term HCI can be replaced by human–robot interaction (HRI). It is discussed that approach to robotics will expose novel aspects of HRI. In addition, the chapter focuses on the design of friendly interfaces for pictorial database systems. A model of visual image processing and algorithms is developed for visual interaction, such as sketch, similarity, and sense retrieval. These algorithms have been used in an image database of graphical symbols, which adapt to each user's subjective similarity measures. An electronic art gallery has also been developed, containing full-color paintings that enable retrieval via text-based queries (e.g., romantic, soft, or warm).
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 1996
The theme of this special issue is ''The Role of Cognitive Science in Human-Computer Interaction'... more The theme of this special issue is ''The Role of Cognitive Science in Human-Computer Interaction'' (HCI). A generally accepted definition states that the main goal of HCI is to advance the design , implementation , and use of interactive computing systems by human beings (ACM , SIGCHI , 1992). Since the current primary use of computers is as tools for acting on and for observing the (information) world , the role of cognitive science-interpreted broadly as an endeavour to understand intelligent behaviour-is , consequently , tied to the questions : $ how do our interactions with computing systems af fect our representations of the objects that we manipulate? $ how does interactions design influence our senses and our actions? $ how does using computers to perform tasks transforms our notions of the relationships that exist in the world around us? For HCI , the rationale for entering into a research partnership with cognitive science is to apply knowledge of cognitive functioning to maximize desirable outcomes of interactions and to minimize any undesirable ''side-ef fects''. From the above viewpoint , the quality of cognitive science contribution rests on the flexibility with which descriptions of cognitive functioning permit engineering refinement. The relationship between science and engineering , of course , is not necessarily direct or simple (Carroll & Campbell , 1989). An example that helps to demonstrate this may be provided by design problems associated with virtual reality (VR) systems. One common concern is how to overcome dif ficulties experienced by human visual system when interacting with computer-generated three-dimensional dynamic spaces presented on two-dimensional displays. Science can supply understanding of how human depth and motion perception operates in natural and in virtual environments (VE) , and so , for instance , help to supply information about † Author for correspondence. 731
Three strategic approaches have been taken for gender equality in research over the past several ... more Three strategic approaches have been taken for gender equality in research over the past several decades: "Fix the Numbers of Women" which focuses on increasing women's participation. "Fix the Institutions" which promotes gender equality in careers through structural change in research organisations. "Fix the Knowledge" which stimulates excellence in science and technology by integrating sex and gender analysis into research (Schiebinger, 2008). This GenPORT research synthesis addresses the third approach of 'fixing the knowledge'. It is focused on health research because it is an area where sex-gender differences as determinants of outcomes are most extensively evidenced.
The main aim of this conceptual framework is to identify how a Community of Practice (CoP) approa... more The main aim of this conceptual framework is to identify how a Community of Practice (CoP) approach can advance gender equality through institutional change in the European Research Area by removing gender-related institutional barriers to research careers, tackling gender imbalances and gender bias in decision-making and integrating the gender dimension in education, research and innovation content. The first section looks at how a CoP can be developed within an institution to promote organisational change for a greater gender equality in these three gender equality priority areas. The second section considers how an inter-organisational CoP can promote institutional change, primarily through the sharing of best-practices and institutions working together in these three gender equality priority areas.The third section identifies how ACT can improve the competence and agency of CoPs by providing targeted support. The fourth section considers the scaling up of CoPs and how this could...
The Lancet, 2011
Women in science and medicine. By - Jane Butcher.
ABSTRACT Horizon 2020 is the 8th Framework Programme used in Europe to advance EU wide research a... more ABSTRACT Horizon 2020 is the 8th Framework Programme used in Europe to advance EU wide research and innovation. For the first time in the history of these efforts gender has been identified as a cross cutting issue and both gender equality in research teams and gender dimension in research content have been set as criteria of success. These milestone actions have been introduced not because gender equality has formed part of the EU policy since 1957 but because the European Commission has recognized the importance of the research evidence showing that addressing gender issues in science will improve quality of research and innovation and open up new opportunities for creating markets for science knowledge. National level actions have now also started, and opportunities to change science’s gender-neutral paradigm into one that sees gender as an important research excellence variable are increasing. My talk will explain where Europe is now on this journey.
We outline an approach to the analysis of user interactions with a computer system based on a log... more We outline an approach to the analysis of user interactions with a computer system based on a logic programming agent architecture which unifies planning and reactive behaviours. The agent model deploys definitions for the reduction of goals to subgoals, integrity constraints for condition-action rule behaviour, and uses Abductive Event Calculus to represent and reason about actions and change. This computational environment is particularly well matched to the requirements of engineering models of human performance deployed in human-computer interaction design. These models aim to produce a priori quantitative predictions of execution time, learning time and errors, at an earlier stage in the development than prototyping and user testing. The most mature of the engineering models is GOMS, which stands for: goals (what the user wants to accomplish), operators (permissible actions on an interface), methods (sequences of actions needed to accomplish a goal), and selection rules (to cho...
genSET Consensus Seminars. : The Gender Dimension in Science. Briefing Notes 1 and Supplement ... more genSET Consensus Seminars. : The Gender Dimension in Science. Briefing Notes 1 and Supplement
The aim of the genSET Consensus Seminars was to help define and integrate the views of the science community into the wider discussion of the role of gender in science. The Science Leaders Consensus Panel, composed of 16 European leaders from across different fields, has been tasked with producing a Consensus Report on the gender dimension in science. In the course of three consensus seminars they reflected, discussee and deliberated the underlying issues.
The European Science Foundation was the Patron of the Report, and in this way, the conclusions and advice of the Panel were intended to guide science institutions in mainstreaming gender within their organisations and their fields.
Experience to date in building expert systems has brought a general realization of the complexity... more Experience to date in building expert systems has brought a general realization of the complexity of the effort required for producing systems capable of operating on 'real-world' problems. The most successful knowledge-based/expert systems built to date, e.g. DENDRAL, MYCIN, PROSPECTOR and R1 have demonstrated that a considerable investment in time and dedication on the part of systems designers and experts is required to create a fully operational system. The great majority of development projects attempting to harness this new programming technology do not extend beyond creation of u prototype system largely due to lack of necessary resources, i.e. time, money and know-how. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the more important issues associated with development of expert systems and to provide an overview of the commercial and industrial efforts of putting expert systems to work. This paper should be of interest to those who have gained their knowledge of expert systems from the reading of non-specialist publications and thus may have been exposed to somewhat over enthusiastic accounts of the subject.
theNetherlands,MPHatYaleintheUS,andPhDatLeidenUniversity, theNetherlands.DrBuitendijk'sprimarysch... more theNetherlands,MPHatYaleintheUS,andPhDatLeidenUniversity, theNetherlands.DrBuitendijk'sprimaryscholarshipisinmaternalandchildhealth,witha focusonMidwiferyStudies,PerinatalEpidemiologyandPublicChildHealth.Sheisamember of the National Health Council that advises the Dutch Government on national issues in health. Concha Colomer Revuelta MD is a specialist in Paediatrics and in Public Health. She is currentlyDeputyDirectoroftheQualityAgencyoftheSpanishNationalHealthSystemand DirectoroftheObservatoryofWomen'sHealthintheMinistryofHealthandSocialPolicy. Before holding this office at the Ministry, she worked as a teacher of health professionals andasaresearcher.Sheco-foundedtheSpanishGenderandHealthResearchNetwork.She has participated in organisations and projects on women's health and gender, mainstreaminginhealthpolicies,indifferentNGOsandfeminismactivity.Sheisauthorof manyscientificarticlesandbooks.
A method of designing intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) is described which stresses the importan... more A method of designing intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) is described which stresses the importance of providing the user with knowledge about a given problem-domain before problem solving skills are put to the test. Central to this approach is the condition that knowledge about a given problem-domain can be 'decomposed' according to some well-grounded principle. The result of this decomposition is a body of information that is organised according to semi-autonomous topics into a hierarchy of functionally related information structures. >
The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2017
Inventio, 2021
Se analizan los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible establecidos por Naciones Unidas en 2015, que ... more Se analizan los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible establecidos por Naciones Unidas en 2015, que se pactaron después de una discusión exhaustiva con todos los países del mundo, en la búsqueda del desarrollo sustentable. Se utiliza la versión trabajada en la Cumbre de Género de ese mismo año que incluye la dimensión de género. Se plantea aquí que la ciencia, el uso de la energía y el género son temas transversales a los objetivos. Sin embargo, esta transversalidad es complicada, porque tanto la ciencia como la tecnología y el uso de la energía dependen de la perspectiva de género. Se resaltan aquí algunos temas que deberán ser investigados rumbo al desarrollo sustentable y se dan referencias digitales importantes para las personas interesadas en este tema.
mohammed-on-womens-empowerment-and-gender-equality/ what the learning points are, and how these m... more mohammed-on-womens-empowerment-and-gender-equality/ what the learning points are, and how these might be replicated or adapted in other situations. Gender-related poverty considerations in assessment of impact of large infrastructure projects, such as energy, transport, communication on livelihoodproviding ecosystem services.
Integrating sex and gender analysis into research and innovation (R&I) enhances the quality and i... more Integrating sex and gender analysis into research and innovation (R&I) enhances the quality and impact of scientific results as well as products and services developed for the market. Given the historic under-representation of women in science and certain areas of the labor market, it is not surprising that knowledge itself is biased, having a higher male footprint.
For historical reasons science today has substantially more evidence for males and men than for f... more For historical reasons science today has substantially more evidence for males and men than for females and women, which means that quality of research and innovation outcomes may often be worse for women than for men. I explore how the gender dimension—a term used to mean effects of biological (sex) and/or socio-cultural (gender) characteristics—fits into new materials research and engineering and especially in nano-materials applications. Horizon Europe expects that grant proposals should include explanation if gender dimension is relevant to the project’s objectives. This paper shows that often the answer should be yes it is.
Advances in Human Factors/ergonomics, 1995
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on research needs for delivering effective human–computer ... more Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on research needs for delivering effective human–computer systems. This problem is discussed in the light of the work supported by the Joint Councils' Initiative (JCI), the SOFT Science and Technology Programme and the Real World Computing (RWC) program. The perspective on human–computer interface (HCI) from robotics is presented in the chapter. A robot is defined as a computer system with eyes, ears, tactile/force sensors, hands, and legs for interacting with an environment. Thus, the term HCI can be replaced by human–robot interaction (HRI). It is discussed that approach to robotics will expose novel aspects of HRI. In addition, the chapter focuses on the design of friendly interfaces for pictorial database systems. A model of visual image processing and algorithms is developed for visual interaction, such as sketch, similarity, and sense retrieval. These algorithms have been used in an image database of graphical symbols, which adapt to each user's subjective similarity measures. An electronic art gallery has also been developed, containing full-color paintings that enable retrieval via text-based queries (e.g., romantic, soft, or warm).
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 1996
The theme of this special issue is ''The Role of Cognitive Science in Human-Computer Interaction'... more The theme of this special issue is ''The Role of Cognitive Science in Human-Computer Interaction'' (HCI). A generally accepted definition states that the main goal of HCI is to advance the design , implementation , and use of interactive computing systems by human beings (ACM , SIGCHI , 1992). Since the current primary use of computers is as tools for acting on and for observing the (information) world , the role of cognitive science-interpreted broadly as an endeavour to understand intelligent behaviour-is , consequently , tied to the questions : $ how do our interactions with computing systems af fect our representations of the objects that we manipulate? $ how does interactions design influence our senses and our actions? $ how does using computers to perform tasks transforms our notions of the relationships that exist in the world around us? For HCI , the rationale for entering into a research partnership with cognitive science is to apply knowledge of cognitive functioning to maximize desirable outcomes of interactions and to minimize any undesirable ''side-ef fects''. From the above viewpoint , the quality of cognitive science contribution rests on the flexibility with which descriptions of cognitive functioning permit engineering refinement. The relationship between science and engineering , of course , is not necessarily direct or simple (Carroll & Campbell , 1989). An example that helps to demonstrate this may be provided by design problems associated with virtual reality (VR) systems. One common concern is how to overcome dif ficulties experienced by human visual system when interacting with computer-generated three-dimensional dynamic spaces presented on two-dimensional displays. Science can supply understanding of how human depth and motion perception operates in natural and in virtual environments (VE) , and so , for instance , help to supply information about † Author for correspondence. 731
Three strategic approaches have been taken for gender equality in research over the past several ... more Three strategic approaches have been taken for gender equality in research over the past several decades: "Fix the Numbers of Women" which focuses on increasing women's participation. "Fix the Institutions" which promotes gender equality in careers through structural change in research organisations. "Fix the Knowledge" which stimulates excellence in science and technology by integrating sex and gender analysis into research (Schiebinger, 2008). This GenPORT research synthesis addresses the third approach of 'fixing the knowledge'. It is focused on health research because it is an area where sex-gender differences as determinants of outcomes are most extensively evidenced.
The main aim of this conceptual framework is to identify how a Community of Practice (CoP) approa... more The main aim of this conceptual framework is to identify how a Community of Practice (CoP) approach can advance gender equality through institutional change in the European Research Area by removing gender-related institutional barriers to research careers, tackling gender imbalances and gender bias in decision-making and integrating the gender dimension in education, research and innovation content. The first section looks at how a CoP can be developed within an institution to promote organisational change for a greater gender equality in these three gender equality priority areas. The second section considers how an inter-organisational CoP can promote institutional change, primarily through the sharing of best-practices and institutions working together in these three gender equality priority areas.The third section identifies how ACT can improve the competence and agency of CoPs by providing targeted support. The fourth section considers the scaling up of CoPs and how this could...
The Lancet, 2011
Women in science and medicine. By - Jane Butcher.
ABSTRACT Horizon 2020 is the 8th Framework Programme used in Europe to advance EU wide research a... more ABSTRACT Horizon 2020 is the 8th Framework Programme used in Europe to advance EU wide research and innovation. For the first time in the history of these efforts gender has been identified as a cross cutting issue and both gender equality in research teams and gender dimension in research content have been set as criteria of success. These milestone actions have been introduced not because gender equality has formed part of the EU policy since 1957 but because the European Commission has recognized the importance of the research evidence showing that addressing gender issues in science will improve quality of research and innovation and open up new opportunities for creating markets for science knowledge. National level actions have now also started, and opportunities to change science’s gender-neutral paradigm into one that sees gender as an important research excellence variable are increasing. My talk will explain where Europe is now on this journey.
We outline an approach to the analysis of user interactions with a computer system based on a log... more We outline an approach to the analysis of user interactions with a computer system based on a logic programming agent architecture which unifies planning and reactive behaviours. The agent model deploys definitions for the reduction of goals to subgoals, integrity constraints for condition-action rule behaviour, and uses Abductive Event Calculus to represent and reason about actions and change. This computational environment is particularly well matched to the requirements of engineering models of human performance deployed in human-computer interaction design. These models aim to produce a priori quantitative predictions of execution time, learning time and errors, at an earlier stage in the development than prototyping and user testing. The most mature of the engineering models is GOMS, which stands for: goals (what the user wants to accomplish), operators (permissible actions on an interface), methods (sequences of actions needed to accomplish a goal), and selection rules (to cho...
genSET Consensus Seminars. : The Gender Dimension in Science. Briefing Notes 1 and Supplement ... more genSET Consensus Seminars. : The Gender Dimension in Science. Briefing Notes 1 and Supplement
The aim of the genSET Consensus Seminars was to help define and integrate the views of the science community into the wider discussion of the role of gender in science. The Science Leaders Consensus Panel, composed of 16 European leaders from across different fields, has been tasked with producing a Consensus Report on the gender dimension in science. In the course of three consensus seminars they reflected, discussee and deliberated the underlying issues.
The European Science Foundation was the Patron of the Report, and in this way, the conclusions and advice of the Panel were intended to guide science institutions in mainstreaming gender within their organisations and their fields.
Experience to date in building expert systems has brought a general realization of the complexity... more Experience to date in building expert systems has brought a general realization of the complexity of the effort required for producing systems capable of operating on 'real-world' problems. The most successful knowledge-based/expert systems built to date, e.g. DENDRAL, MYCIN, PROSPECTOR and R1 have demonstrated that a considerable investment in time and dedication on the part of systems designers and experts is required to create a fully operational system. The great majority of development projects attempting to harness this new programming technology do not extend beyond creation of u prototype system largely due to lack of necessary resources, i.e. time, money and know-how. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the more important issues associated with development of expert systems and to provide an overview of the commercial and industrial efforts of putting expert systems to work. This paper should be of interest to those who have gained their knowledge of expert systems from the reading of non-specialist publications and thus may have been exposed to somewhat over enthusiastic accounts of the subject.