E. Salas - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by E. Salas

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2014

Making decisions under stress: Implications for individual and team training., 1998

Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2009

In the process of acquiring new skills, physicians-in-training may expose patients to harm becaus... more In the process of acquiring new skills, physicians-in-training may expose patients to harm because they lack the required experience, knowledge and technical skills. Yet, most teaching hospitals use inexperienced residents to care for high-acuity patients in complex and dynamic environments and provide limited supervision from experienced clinicians. Multiple efforts in the last few years have started to address the problem of patient safety. Examples include voluntary incident-reporting systems and team training workshops for practising clinicians. Fewer efforts have addressed the deficits in training new physicians, especially related to knowledge, skills and competence. The current apprenticeship or “see one, do one, teach one” model is insufficient because trainees learn by practising on real patients, which is particularly an issue when performing procedures. Residents have expressed that they do not feel adequately trained to perform procedures safely by themselves. In this pa...

Journal of Applied Psychology, 1997

Human Resource Management, 2004

The widespread availability of the Internet has revolutionized the way organizations train their ... more The widespread availability of the Internet has revolutionized the way organizations train their workforces. With e‐learning methods, learning can take place on‐demand, and trainees can be given greater control over their learning than ever before. This increased control has the potential to improve training effectiveness. However, the failure of many e‐learning programs suggests that organizations would benefit from a set of research‐based principles on providing learner control in e‐learning. In this article, we offer guidelines for preparing trainees for learner‐led instruction, the design of learner‐controlled training, and the creation of workplace conditions that facilitate successful learner‐led training. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Group & Organization Management, 2012

Swift starting action teams (STATs) are increasingly prevalent in organizations, and the developm... more Swift starting action teams (STATs) are increasingly prevalent in organizations, and the development of trust is often a critical issue for their effectiveness. However, current theory and research do not provide a clear picture regarding how trust toward the team (i.e., the team as the target) is developed in these settings. The primary contribution of this article is to present a theoretical framework describing how individual-level trust toward one’s team is developed in STAT contexts. This article integrates several existing trust theories into one comprehensive context-specific multilevel theory of how trust develops in STATs from cognitive, affective, behavioral, and contextual perspectives. This framework furthers our understanding of the unique antecedents of initial trust in STATs, how trust attitudes are adjusted over the short amount of time the team interacts, and how the team context influences this developmental process.

Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications, 2002

A collaborative study in Central Florida reveals ways to help make sure emergency personnel arriv... more A collaborative study in Central Florida reveals ways to help make sure emergency personnel arrive safely to do their jobs.

Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 2010

Academic Emergency Medicine, 2008

The patient safety literature from the past decade emphasizes the importance of teamwork skills a... more The patient safety literature from the past decade emphasizes the importance of teamwork skills and human factors in preventing medical errors. Simulation has been used within aviation, the military, and now health care domains to effectively teach and assess teamwork skills. However, attempts to expand and generalize research and training principles have been limited due to a lack of a well‐defined, well‐researched taxonomy. As part of the 2008 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference on “The Science of Simulation in Healthcare,” a subset of the group expertise and group assessment breakout sections identified evidence‐based recommendations for an emergency medicine (EM) team taxonomy and performance model. This material was disseminated within the morning session and was discussed both during breakout sessions and via online messaging. Below we present a well‐defined, well‐described taxonomy that will help guide design, implementation, and assessment of simulation‐based te...

Information-Knowledge-Systems Management archive, Dec 1, 2001

... San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 10. Hackman, JR, & Walton, RE (1986). Leading gro... more ... San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 10. Hackman, JR, & Walton, RE (1986). Leading groups in organizations. In PS Goodman & Associates (Eds.), Designing effective work groups (pp. ... Eduardo Salas: colleagues. C. Shawn Burke: colleagues. Shatha N. Samman: colleagues. ...

Chapter 14 Stress Exposure Training: An Event-Based Approach James E. Driskell, Eduardo Salas, Jo... more Chapter 14 Stress Exposure Training: An Event-Based Approach James E. Driskell, Eduardo Salas, Joan H. Johnston and Terry N. Wollert It is ... Enhancing flexibility Hackman and Morris (1978) have noted that one of the few universally effective task strategies is flexibility or ...

Macrocognition in Teams, 2017

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2013

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) will be increasingly utilized for military and domestic purposes i... more Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) will be increasingly utilized for military and domestic purposes in a variety of operations. Unfortunately, the potential these systems afford is marred by a remarkably high accident and incident rate. Pavlas and colleagues (2009) suggested training science is not necessarily integrated into actual UAS training. The purpose of this paper is to propose one approach towards redressing this gap. Specifically, this paper details how the Event-Based Approach to Training (EBAT) can be applied to develop UAS training content and performance measurement tools. Throughout the paper, we outline the steps involved in the EBAT methodology and pare the discussion with exemplars of how UAS training scenario content and performance metrics can be systematically crafted.

PsycEXTRA Dataset

Abstract How individuals and teams work together to plan, think, decide, and solve problems has b... more Abstract How individuals and teams work together to plan, think, decide, and solve problems has been of increasing interest to researchers within the past decade. Specifically, collaborative aspects of macrocognition such as knowledge construction, collaborative team problem solving, team consensus, and outcome evaluation and revision are moving to the forefront of team research. Critical to our overall goal of improving collaboration, is an understanding of how the nature of the task interacts with team problem solving. Therefore ...

PsycEXTRA Dataset

ABSTRACT Low level cognitive measures were examined in the context of team performance and succes... more ABSTRACT Low level cognitive measures were examined in the context of team performance and success. Specifically, eye tracking and vocal analysis were examined at the individual level to determine if this type of measurement could be used to predict team performance. The team consisted of 3 undergraduate participants who performed a simulated military planning task. The team had to work together to complete military objectives by rescuing refugees, and moving resources and military aids to different locations. Team performance and success were measured by number of objectives met and amount of time to design and execute the team plan. A stepwise linear regression analysis was run at both the team level and team variability for all operations. The results of the study suggest that low level measures such as eye movements and vocal analyses may be helpful in understanding computer mediated team processing.

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2014

Making decisions under stress: Implications for individual and team training., 1998

Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2009

In the process of acquiring new skills, physicians-in-training may expose patients to harm becaus... more In the process of acquiring new skills, physicians-in-training may expose patients to harm because they lack the required experience, knowledge and technical skills. Yet, most teaching hospitals use inexperienced residents to care for high-acuity patients in complex and dynamic environments and provide limited supervision from experienced clinicians. Multiple efforts in the last few years have started to address the problem of patient safety. Examples include voluntary incident-reporting systems and team training workshops for practising clinicians. Fewer efforts have addressed the deficits in training new physicians, especially related to knowledge, skills and competence. The current apprenticeship or “see one, do one, teach one” model is insufficient because trainees learn by practising on real patients, which is particularly an issue when performing procedures. Residents have expressed that they do not feel adequately trained to perform procedures safely by themselves. In this pa...

Journal of Applied Psychology, 1997

Human Resource Management, 2004

The widespread availability of the Internet has revolutionized the way organizations train their ... more The widespread availability of the Internet has revolutionized the way organizations train their workforces. With e‐learning methods, learning can take place on‐demand, and trainees can be given greater control over their learning than ever before. This increased control has the potential to improve training effectiveness. However, the failure of many e‐learning programs suggests that organizations would benefit from a set of research‐based principles on providing learner control in e‐learning. In this article, we offer guidelines for preparing trainees for learner‐led instruction, the design of learner‐controlled training, and the creation of workplace conditions that facilitate successful learner‐led training. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Group & Organization Management, 2012

Swift starting action teams (STATs) are increasingly prevalent in organizations, and the developm... more Swift starting action teams (STATs) are increasingly prevalent in organizations, and the development of trust is often a critical issue for their effectiveness. However, current theory and research do not provide a clear picture regarding how trust toward the team (i.e., the team as the target) is developed in these settings. The primary contribution of this article is to present a theoretical framework describing how individual-level trust toward one’s team is developed in STAT contexts. This article integrates several existing trust theories into one comprehensive context-specific multilevel theory of how trust develops in STATs from cognitive, affective, behavioral, and contextual perspectives. This framework furthers our understanding of the unique antecedents of initial trust in STATs, how trust attitudes are adjusted over the short amount of time the team interacts, and how the team context influences this developmental process.

Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications, 2002

A collaborative study in Central Florida reveals ways to help make sure emergency personnel arriv... more A collaborative study in Central Florida reveals ways to help make sure emergency personnel arrive safely to do their jobs.

Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 2010

Academic Emergency Medicine, 2008

The patient safety literature from the past decade emphasizes the importance of teamwork skills a... more The patient safety literature from the past decade emphasizes the importance of teamwork skills and human factors in preventing medical errors. Simulation has been used within aviation, the military, and now health care domains to effectively teach and assess teamwork skills. However, attempts to expand and generalize research and training principles have been limited due to a lack of a well‐defined, well‐researched taxonomy. As part of the 2008 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference on “The Science of Simulation in Healthcare,” a subset of the group expertise and group assessment breakout sections identified evidence‐based recommendations for an emergency medicine (EM) team taxonomy and performance model. This material was disseminated within the morning session and was discussed both during breakout sessions and via online messaging. Below we present a well‐defined, well‐described taxonomy that will help guide design, implementation, and assessment of simulation‐based te...

Information-Knowledge-Systems Management archive, Dec 1, 2001

... San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 10. Hackman, JR, & Walton, RE (1986). Leading gro... more ... San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 10. Hackman, JR, & Walton, RE (1986). Leading groups in organizations. In PS Goodman & Associates (Eds.), Designing effective work groups (pp. ... Eduardo Salas: colleagues. C. Shawn Burke: colleagues. Shatha N. Samman: colleagues. ...

Chapter 14 Stress Exposure Training: An Event-Based Approach James E. Driskell, Eduardo Salas, Jo... more Chapter 14 Stress Exposure Training: An Event-Based Approach James E. Driskell, Eduardo Salas, Joan H. Johnston and Terry N. Wollert It is ... Enhancing flexibility Hackman and Morris (1978) have noted that one of the few universally effective task strategies is flexibility or ...

Macrocognition in Teams, 2017

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2013

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) will be increasingly utilized for military and domestic purposes i... more Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) will be increasingly utilized for military and domestic purposes in a variety of operations. Unfortunately, the potential these systems afford is marred by a remarkably high accident and incident rate. Pavlas and colleagues (2009) suggested training science is not necessarily integrated into actual UAS training. The purpose of this paper is to propose one approach towards redressing this gap. Specifically, this paper details how the Event-Based Approach to Training (EBAT) can be applied to develop UAS training content and performance measurement tools. Throughout the paper, we outline the steps involved in the EBAT methodology and pare the discussion with exemplars of how UAS training scenario content and performance metrics can be systematically crafted.

PsycEXTRA Dataset

Abstract How individuals and teams work together to plan, think, decide, and solve problems has b... more Abstract How individuals and teams work together to plan, think, decide, and solve problems has been of increasing interest to researchers within the past decade. Specifically, collaborative aspects of macrocognition such as knowledge construction, collaborative team problem solving, team consensus, and outcome evaluation and revision are moving to the forefront of team research. Critical to our overall goal of improving collaboration, is an understanding of how the nature of the task interacts with team problem solving. Therefore ...

PsycEXTRA Dataset

ABSTRACT Low level cognitive measures were examined in the context of team performance and succes... more ABSTRACT Low level cognitive measures were examined in the context of team performance and success. Specifically, eye tracking and vocal analysis were examined at the individual level to determine if this type of measurement could be used to predict team performance. The team consisted of 3 undergraduate participants who performed a simulated military planning task. The team had to work together to complete military objectives by rescuing refugees, and moving resources and military aids to different locations. Team performance and success were measured by number of objectives met and amount of time to design and execute the team plan. A stepwise linear regression analysis was run at both the team level and team variability for all operations. The results of the study suggest that low level measures such as eye movements and vocal analyses may be helpful in understanding computer mediated team processing.