Eugen Tarnow - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Eugen Tarnow
Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, 2000
In this article the authority system in the airplane cockpit is related to thirty year old author... more In this article the authority system in the airplane cockpit is related to thirty year old authority studies of Stanley Milgram. Human errors made in the cockpit are found similar to those made in the authority experiments. It is argued that up to 20% of all airplane accidents may be preventable by optimizing the monitoring and challenging of captain errors by the first officer.
Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2015
Physics World, 2002
"Like sex before the 1970s, the matter of how authorship is settled is little spoken about b... more "Like sex before the 1970s, the matter of how authorship is settled is little spoken about but widely understood in the community." So wrote William Bevan, the then editor of the American Psychologist and former president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, when rejecting the first ever investigation into the authorship of scientific papers more than 20 years ago. The paper by Ross Vasta was eventually published in 1981 in an obscure article depository, and it was to be another 10 years before the next survey broaching the topic – this time in medicine – showed up (1992 Academic Medicine 67 767).
I find that exactly two stages can be seen directly in sequential free recall distributions. Thes... more I find that exactly two stages can be seen directly in sequential free recall distributions. These distributions show that the first three recalls come from the emptying of working memory, recalls 6 and above come from a second stage and the 4 th and 5 th recalls are mixtures of the two. A discontinuity, a rounded step function, is shown to exist in the fitted linear slope of the recall distributions as the recall shifts from the emptying of working memory (positive slope) to the second stage (negative slope). The discontinuity leads to a first estimate of the capacity of working memory at 4-4.5 items. Working memory accounts for the recency effect. The primacy effect comes from the second stage with a contribution also from working memory for short lists (the first item). The different slopes of the working memory and secondary stages, and that the two have different functional forms, accounts for the u-shaped serial position curve. The total recall is shown to be a linear combination of the content of working memory and items recalled in the second stage with 3.0-3.9 items coming from working memory, a second estimate of the capacity of working memory. A third, separate upper limit on the capacity of working memory is found (3.06 items), corresponding to the requirement that the content of working memory cannot exceed the total recall, item by item. This third limit presumably corresponds to the least chunked item. This is the best limit on the capacity of unchunked working memory.
Physical Review B, 1986
ABSTRACT
Behavioral Science, 1996
Conformity and independence in the large group may, in part, be due to collective phenomena analo... more Conformity and independence in the large group may, in part, be due to collective phenomena analogous to those producing different physical phases like solid, liquid and vapor. This phase model of the large group explains several previous anecdotal observations: It predicts a suddenness in the decision making, it explains the apparent contradiction between crowd suggestibility on the one hand and the difficulty of controlling a crowd on the other hand, and it provides a new rationalization for the phenomenon of splitting. The model is of use to both leaders and members of the large group. For example, it suggests what social parameters to change to disperse a violent crowd, and why crowd crystals, a concept examined by the writer Canetti, can suddenly make the large group conform.
Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2014
MedGenMed : Medscape general medicine, 2005
The recency-primacy shift (RPS) indicates that memory for early list items improves and memory fo... more The recency-primacy shift (RPS) indicates that memory for early list items improves and memory for later items becomes worse as the retention interval between study and test increases. In this contribution, this puzzling experimental finding--memory improving with time--is found to be consistent with a model in which recognition is temporarily interfered with by its own storage process (self-interference). I show that this interpretation can qualitatively better account for the RPS experimental data than can the dimensional distinctiveness model, the only other outstanding explanation of the RPS. Two experimental predictions separate the 2 models: The dimensional distinctiveness model predicts no RPS for 2-item lists, in contrast to self-interference, and as the overall timescale is changed, the dimensional distinctiveness model predicts no difference in the RPS whereas self-interference predicts significant changes.
MedGenMed : Medscape general medicine, Jan 22, 2004
In a large and detailed survey of scientific coauthorship in pathology, 3500 members of the US an... more In a large and detailed survey of scientific coauthorship in pathology, 3500 members of the US and Canadian Academy of Pathology (USCAP) were surveyed via the Internet with a final response rate of 22.5%. The results were compared with a previous survey of members of the American Physical Society (APS). The fields are found to be very similar. For example, there is no well-defined way to determine coauthorship: the byline is arrived at without the use of public coauthorship standards according to 90% of respondents (92% in physics). A substantial amount of inappropriate authorship is present in both fields using a variety of authorship guidelines. For example, using the guideline of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals" [ICMJE]), the average number of coauthors judged to be inappropriate in pathology on papers with 4 coauthors is 1.0 (1.2 in physics), and using the guideline requi...
Does the "law of contiguity" apply to free recall? I find that conditional response probabilities... more Does the "law of contiguity" apply to free recall? I find that conditional response probabilities, often used as evidence for contiguity in free recall, have been displayed insufficiently, limiting the distance from the last item recalled, and only averaged over all items. When fully expanding the x-axis and examining the conditional response probabilities separately for the beginning, middle and end of the presented item list, I show that the law of contiguity applies only locally, even then only sometimes, and breaks down globally.
Physical Review B, 1989
ABSTRACT
MRS Proceedings, 1990
ABSTRACTThe total energies and structures of a number of Be-induced defects in Si are investigate... more ABSTRACTThe total energies and structures of a number of Be-induced defects in Si are investigated using ab-initio local density calculations. Our primary results are: 1) The geometry of the isoelectronic center is found to correspond to a [111] substitutionalinterstitial pair (SIP); 2) The low energy defect spectrum includes large Be complexes containing at least one substitutional atom; and 3) Simple bonding rules exist for the stability of the different types of bonds in the material. Thus the Si-Be bond is found to be stable for all defect configurations while the Be-Be bond is metastable.
Physics Letters B, 1983
ABSTRACT
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 1989
ABSTRACT An ab initio molecular dynamics simulated quenching approach is used to study the proper... more ABSTRACT An ab initio molecular dynamics simulated quenching approach is used to study the properties of a (001) twist grain boundary in the Sigma =5 system in germanium. Interfacial total energies are mapped out over the entire range of possible relative in-plane translation states of the boundary. The analysis leads to predictions of the equilibrium translation state, the geometric structure, effective local volume and formation energy associated with this internal interface.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991
The interpersonal theory of personality has been applied to explain depressed people's dilemma: T... more The interpersonal theory of personality has been applied to explain depressed people's dilemma: The depressed person's submissive behavior invites dominating reactions from other people, and those reactions sustain the depressed person's depression. Experiments I and 2 showed that selfderogations connote submissiveness but are generally judged to be neutral in affiliation. Experiment 3 tested implications for the behavior of dysphoric and nondysphoric Ss as they interacted with a self-derogating, other-derogating, or nonderogating confederate partner. Ss selected a topic from a list and talked about it for 1 rain; the confederates script was fixed. The S's judgments of the confederate, choice of topics, satisfaction with the interaction, and actual responses were analyzed. Self-derogators were judged to be submissive, elicited dominating reactions, and selected more topics with negative content.
Journal of Applied Physics, 1995
ABSTRACT
IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 2001
Europhysics Letters (EPL), 1992
... 151 BARANOWSKI J. M., J. Phys. C, 17 (1984) 6287. [6] BECHSTEDT F. and HARRISON WA, Phys. Rev... more ... 151 BARANOWSKI J. M., J. Phys. C, 17 (1984) 6287. [6] BECHSTEDT F. and HARRISON WA, Phys. Rev. B, 39 (1989) 5041. ... These do not include column I, VI1 and VI11 elements and show a similar trend along a row in the periodic table. [81 ZUNGER A., Ann. Rev. Mater. ...
Cognitive Neurodynamics, 2008
The functional relationship between correct response probability and response time is investigate... more The functional relationship between correct response probability and response time is investigated in data sets from Rubin, Hinton and Wenzel,
Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, 2000
In this article the authority system in the airplane cockpit is related to thirty year old author... more In this article the authority system in the airplane cockpit is related to thirty year old authority studies of Stanley Milgram. Human errors made in the cockpit are found similar to those made in the authority experiments. It is argued that up to 20% of all airplane accidents may be preventable by optimizing the monitoring and challenging of captain errors by the first officer.
Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2015
Physics World, 2002
"Like sex before the 1970s, the matter of how authorship is settled is little spoken about b... more "Like sex before the 1970s, the matter of how authorship is settled is little spoken about but widely understood in the community." So wrote William Bevan, the then editor of the American Psychologist and former president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, when rejecting the first ever investigation into the authorship of scientific papers more than 20 years ago. The paper by Ross Vasta was eventually published in 1981 in an obscure article depository, and it was to be another 10 years before the next survey broaching the topic – this time in medicine – showed up (1992 Academic Medicine 67 767).
I find that exactly two stages can be seen directly in sequential free recall distributions. Thes... more I find that exactly two stages can be seen directly in sequential free recall distributions. These distributions show that the first three recalls come from the emptying of working memory, recalls 6 and above come from a second stage and the 4 th and 5 th recalls are mixtures of the two. A discontinuity, a rounded step function, is shown to exist in the fitted linear slope of the recall distributions as the recall shifts from the emptying of working memory (positive slope) to the second stage (negative slope). The discontinuity leads to a first estimate of the capacity of working memory at 4-4.5 items. Working memory accounts for the recency effect. The primacy effect comes from the second stage with a contribution also from working memory for short lists (the first item). The different slopes of the working memory and secondary stages, and that the two have different functional forms, accounts for the u-shaped serial position curve. The total recall is shown to be a linear combination of the content of working memory and items recalled in the second stage with 3.0-3.9 items coming from working memory, a second estimate of the capacity of working memory. A third, separate upper limit on the capacity of working memory is found (3.06 items), corresponding to the requirement that the content of working memory cannot exceed the total recall, item by item. This third limit presumably corresponds to the least chunked item. This is the best limit on the capacity of unchunked working memory.
Physical Review B, 1986
ABSTRACT
Behavioral Science, 1996
Conformity and independence in the large group may, in part, be due to collective phenomena analo... more Conformity and independence in the large group may, in part, be due to collective phenomena analogous to those producing different physical phases like solid, liquid and vapor. This phase model of the large group explains several previous anecdotal observations: It predicts a suddenness in the decision making, it explains the apparent contradiction between crowd suggestibility on the one hand and the difficulty of controlling a crowd on the other hand, and it provides a new rationalization for the phenomenon of splitting. The model is of use to both leaders and members of the large group. For example, it suggests what social parameters to change to disperse a violent crowd, and why crowd crystals, a concept examined by the writer Canetti, can suddenly make the large group conform.
Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2014
MedGenMed : Medscape general medicine, 2005
The recency-primacy shift (RPS) indicates that memory for early list items improves and memory fo... more The recency-primacy shift (RPS) indicates that memory for early list items improves and memory for later items becomes worse as the retention interval between study and test increases. In this contribution, this puzzling experimental finding--memory improving with time--is found to be consistent with a model in which recognition is temporarily interfered with by its own storage process (self-interference). I show that this interpretation can qualitatively better account for the RPS experimental data than can the dimensional distinctiveness model, the only other outstanding explanation of the RPS. Two experimental predictions separate the 2 models: The dimensional distinctiveness model predicts no RPS for 2-item lists, in contrast to self-interference, and as the overall timescale is changed, the dimensional distinctiveness model predicts no difference in the RPS whereas self-interference predicts significant changes.
MedGenMed : Medscape general medicine, Jan 22, 2004
In a large and detailed survey of scientific coauthorship in pathology, 3500 members of the US an... more In a large and detailed survey of scientific coauthorship in pathology, 3500 members of the US and Canadian Academy of Pathology (USCAP) were surveyed via the Internet with a final response rate of 22.5%. The results were compared with a previous survey of members of the American Physical Society (APS). The fields are found to be very similar. For example, there is no well-defined way to determine coauthorship: the byline is arrived at without the use of public coauthorship standards according to 90% of respondents (92% in physics). A substantial amount of inappropriate authorship is present in both fields using a variety of authorship guidelines. For example, using the guideline of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals" [ICMJE]), the average number of coauthors judged to be inappropriate in pathology on papers with 4 coauthors is 1.0 (1.2 in physics), and using the guideline requi...
Does the "law of contiguity" apply to free recall? I find that conditional response probabilities... more Does the "law of contiguity" apply to free recall? I find that conditional response probabilities, often used as evidence for contiguity in free recall, have been displayed insufficiently, limiting the distance from the last item recalled, and only averaged over all items. When fully expanding the x-axis and examining the conditional response probabilities separately for the beginning, middle and end of the presented item list, I show that the law of contiguity applies only locally, even then only sometimes, and breaks down globally.
Physical Review B, 1989
ABSTRACT
MRS Proceedings, 1990
ABSTRACTThe total energies and structures of a number of Be-induced defects in Si are investigate... more ABSTRACTThe total energies and structures of a number of Be-induced defects in Si are investigated using ab-initio local density calculations. Our primary results are: 1) The geometry of the isoelectronic center is found to correspond to a [111] substitutionalinterstitial pair (SIP); 2) The low energy defect spectrum includes large Be complexes containing at least one substitutional atom; and 3) Simple bonding rules exist for the stability of the different types of bonds in the material. Thus the Si-Be bond is found to be stable for all defect configurations while the Be-Be bond is metastable.
Physics Letters B, 1983
ABSTRACT
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 1989
ABSTRACT An ab initio molecular dynamics simulated quenching approach is used to study the proper... more ABSTRACT An ab initio molecular dynamics simulated quenching approach is used to study the properties of a (001) twist grain boundary in the Sigma =5 system in germanium. Interfacial total energies are mapped out over the entire range of possible relative in-plane translation states of the boundary. The analysis leads to predictions of the equilibrium translation state, the geometric structure, effective local volume and formation energy associated with this internal interface.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991
The interpersonal theory of personality has been applied to explain depressed people's dilemma: T... more The interpersonal theory of personality has been applied to explain depressed people's dilemma: The depressed person's submissive behavior invites dominating reactions from other people, and those reactions sustain the depressed person's depression. Experiments I and 2 showed that selfderogations connote submissiveness but are generally judged to be neutral in affiliation. Experiment 3 tested implications for the behavior of dysphoric and nondysphoric Ss as they interacted with a self-derogating, other-derogating, or nonderogating confederate partner. Ss selected a topic from a list and talked about it for 1 rain; the confederates script was fixed. The S's judgments of the confederate, choice of topics, satisfaction with the interaction, and actual responses were analyzed. Self-derogators were judged to be submissive, elicited dominating reactions, and selected more topics with negative content.
Journal of Applied Physics, 1995
ABSTRACT
IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 2001
Europhysics Letters (EPL), 1992
... 151 BARANOWSKI J. M., J. Phys. C, 17 (1984) 6287. [6] BECHSTEDT F. and HARRISON WA, Phys. Rev... more ... 151 BARANOWSKI J. M., J. Phys. C, 17 (1984) 6287. [6] BECHSTEDT F. and HARRISON WA, Phys. Rev. B, 39 (1989) 5041. ... These do not include column I, VI1 and VI11 elements and show a similar trend along a row in the periodic table. [81 ZUNGER A., Ann. Rev. Mater. ...
Cognitive Neurodynamics, 2008
The functional relationship between correct response probability and response time is investigate... more The functional relationship between correct response probability and response time is investigated in data sets from Rubin, Hinton and Wenzel,