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Papers by E. Van Der Grift
In the highly fragmented landscapes of the Netherlands, currently the pressure of both the public... more In the highly fragmented landscapes of the Netherlands, currently the pressure of both the public and recreational interest groups intensifies to open up wildlife passages for recreational co-use. The most frequently expressed request is to allow hikers, bikers and horseback riders to pass across wildlife overpasses. The objective of this study was to assess whether the use of wildlife overpasses by medium-sized and large mammals is affected by such human co-use. The authors chose two wildlife overpasses where human co-use is currently allowed – overpass Zanderij Crailoo and overpass Slabroek - and monitored the use by both mammals and humans for over one year. The monitoring aimed primarily to assess which species use the crossing structures, to assess the frequency of crossings, and to assess the behavior of the animals while crossing. The results were compared with data on the use of wildlife overpasses without human co-use elsewhere in the country. Furthermore, the authors studi...
Frontiers Research Topics, 2019
This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics... more This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contac
Ecology and Society, 2007
Despite the documented negative effects of roads on wildlife, ecological research on road effects... more Despite the documented negative effects of roads on wildlife, ecological research on road effects has had comparatively little influence on road planning decisions. We argue that road research would have a larger impact if researchers carefully considered the relevance of the research questions addressed and the inferential strength of the studies undertaken. At a workshop at the German castle of Rauischholzhausen we identified five particularly relevant questions, which we suggest provide the framework for a research agenda for road ecology: (1) Under what circumstances do roads affect population persistence? (2) What is the relative importance of road effects vs. other effects on population persistence? (3) Under what circumstances can road effects be mitigated? (4) What is the relative importance of the different mechanisms by which roads affect population persistence? (5) Under what circumstances do road networks affect population persistence at the landscape scale? We recommend experimental designs that maximize inferential strength, given existing constraints, and we provide hypothetical examples of such experiments for each of the five research questions. In general, manipulative experiments have higher inferential strength than do nonmanipulative experiments, and full before-after-control-impact designs are preferable to before-after or control-impact designs. Finally, we argue that both scientists and planners must be aware of the limits to inferential strength that exist for a given research question in a given situation. In particular, when the maximum inferential strength of any feasible design is low, decision makers must not demand stronger evidence before incorporating research results into the planning process, even though the level of uncertainty may be high.
In the Netherlands wildlife overpass “Groene Woud” is one of the first that aims to provide habit... more In the Netherlands wildlife overpass “Groene Woud” is one of the first that aims to provide habitat connectivity for amphibians. In both the design and management of the overpass much attention has been given to create optimal humid conditions for amphibians, including a chain of small pools across the overpass and its access ramps. The question the authors addressed is if the measures significantly improve the use of the overpass by amphibians. The authors monitored amphibians 1-2 times a week at the overpass and in the direct surroundings for three years (2006-2008). The authors analyzed the impact of the overpass adaptations on amphibian use by comparing amphibian numbers in the wetland zone on the overpass with amphibian numbers in the dry zone on the overpass. The authors found that, depending on general weather conditions, the adaptations to maintain a humid environment on the overpass and its ramps significantly improve overpass use by amphibians. As a result wildlife overpas...
Rail infrastructure contributes to the fragmentation of wildlife habitats in the Netherlands. Pla... more Rail infrastructure contributes to the fragmentation of wildlife habitats in the Netherlands. Plans for a large-scale extension of the Dutch railway network and an intensification of track use have made this problem even more serious. The most important fragmentation effects of railway lines for fauna are the loss of habitat, mortality, barrier formation and disruption in general. As a result habitats are reduced or become isolated from each other. This means that the chance of survival of (sub)populations is decreased. A large range of measures may contribute to a reduction of the fragmenting effect of rail infrastructure. These measures, as this article shows through practical examples, include: a restoration or development of a (substitute) habitat, placing wildlife fences as protection against railway lines, constructing fauna passageways and sound-reducing provisions. Railways also offer opportunities for defragmentation. By taking nature-oriented measures along railway lines, ...
Bulgaria is currently in a phase of political and socio-economic transition and faces many challe... more Bulgaria is currently in a phase of political and socio-economic transition and faces many challenges in balancing economic and environmental interests. One of these challenges is the development of a sustainable road and railroad network that facilitates the need for efficient transport of goods and people but does not threaten areas that are especially valuable for nature conservation. Currently plans have been developed to substantially upgrade and expand the national road and railroad network. The existing transportation corridors and the proposed extensions pose a threat to wildlife and affect the development and functionality of both a national and Pan-European ecological network. The authors objective is to provide the necessary knowledge to help the Bulgarian authorities set up a national program to minimize the fragmentation effects of these expanding transportation corridors so as to preserve biodiversity and develop a coherent and sustainable ecological network across the...
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2019
Roads and traffic may have major impacts on amphibian populations, primarily as a result of amphi... more Roads and traffic may have major impacts on amphibian populations, primarily as a result of amphibian road mortality. A variety of measures have been developed to prevent road mortality of amphibians, such as the construction of fences to keep the animals off the road and amphibian tunnels to provide them a safe passage. We carried out a capture-mark-recapture study to evaluate the performance of two tunnels and permanent drift fences for common toads at a local road in the Netherlands. We found that of the marked toads only 31% used the tunnels to cross the road. We assessed four possible explanations for the fact that a proportion of the toads did not use the tunnels: for toad groups that used the tunnels, as compared to toad groups that did not use the tunnels, (1) the mean distance between the location of first capture and the nearest tunnel was significantly smaller; (2) the mean movement distance along the fence was significantly larger; (3) the number of toad groups that walked in the wrong direction after encountering the drift fence was lower; (4) the mean number of nights between first and last capture of the toad group was significantly higher. Over all study years 28% of the migrating toads-marked and unmarked-that attempted to cross the road ended up on the road pavement, despite the mitigation. Migrating population numbers decreased with about 75% after the mitigation measures were installed. We emphasize that better baseline studies on where toads cross before mitigation and improved knowledge on effects of tunnel design and the distances the animals move along a drift fence are vital to mitigate road impacts properly and maintain viable toad populations. We recommend to base tunnel densities on the mean movement distance of the toads that move only small distances and spent relatively little time along the drift fence, install drift fences that go well beyond the location where toads cross the road, take appropriate measures at entrance roads and at fence ends and consider alternatives to tunnels and fences, such as the creation of breeding waters on both sides of the road.
Ecology and Society, 2011
Road ecology has developed into a significant branch of ecology with steady growth in the number ... more Road ecology has developed into a significant branch of ecology with steady growth in the number of refereed journal articles, books, conferences, symposia, and "best practice" guidelines being produced each year. The main objective of this special issue of Ecology and Society is to highlight the need for studies that document the population, community, and ecosystem-level effects of roads and traffic by publishing studies that document these effects. It became apparent when compiling this special issue that there is a paucity of studies that explicitly examined higher order effects of roads and traffic. No papers on landscape function or ecosystem-level effects were submitted, despite being highlighted as a priority for publication. The 17 papers in this issue, from Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, and USA, all deal to some extent with either population or community-level effects of roads and traffic. Nevertheless, many higher order effects remain unquantified, and must become the focus of future studies because the complexity and interactions among the effects of roads and traffic are large and potentially unexpected. An analysis of these complex interrelations requires systematic research, and it is necessary to further establish collaborative links between ecologists and transportation agencies. Many road agencies have "environmental sustainability" as one of their goals and the only way to achieve such goals is for them to support and foster long-term and credible scientific research. The current situation, with numerous smallscale projects being undertaken independently of each other, cannot provide the information required to quantify and mitigate the negative effects of roads and traffic on higher levels. The future of road ecology research will be best enhanced when multiple road projects in different states or countries are combined and studied as part of integrated, well-replicated research projects.
GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 2005
Cloud Computing is evolving from a mere "storage" technology to a new vehicle for Business Inform... more Cloud Computing is evolving from a mere "storage" technology to a new vehicle for Business Information Systems (BIS) to manage, organize and provide added-value strategies to current business models. However, the underlying infrastructure for Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) to become a new platform for trading partners and transactions must rely on intelligent, flexible, context-aware Multi-Tenant Architectures. In this paper, we present Cloudio, a Cloud Computingbased metadata-powered Multi-Tenant Architecture, backed with a proof-of-concept J2EE implementation.
Gerichte informatie rond modelberekeningen, noodzaak, bestuurlijk draagvlak, locatie en ontwerp v... more Gerichte informatie rond modelberekeningen, noodzaak, bestuurlijk draagvlak, locatie en ontwerp van de groene verbinding Corridor Leusderheide
In the highly fragmented landscapes of the Netherlands, currently the pressure of both the public... more In the highly fragmented landscapes of the Netherlands, currently the pressure of both the public and recreational interest groups intensifies to open up wildlife passages for recreational co-use. The most frequently expressed request is to allow hikers, bikers and horseback riders to pass across wildlife overpasses. The objective of this study was to assess whether the use of wildlife overpasses by medium-sized and large mammals is affected by such human co-use. The authors chose two wildlife overpasses where human co-use is currently allowed – overpass Zanderij Crailoo and overpass Slabroek - and monitored the use by both mammals and humans for over one year. The monitoring aimed primarily to assess which species use the crossing structures, to assess the frequency of crossings, and to assess the behavior of the animals while crossing. The results were compared with data on the use of wildlife overpasses without human co-use elsewhere in the country. Furthermore, the authors studi...
Frontiers Research Topics, 2019
This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics... more This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contac
Ecology and Society, 2007
Despite the documented negative effects of roads on wildlife, ecological research on road effects... more Despite the documented negative effects of roads on wildlife, ecological research on road effects has had comparatively little influence on road planning decisions. We argue that road research would have a larger impact if researchers carefully considered the relevance of the research questions addressed and the inferential strength of the studies undertaken. At a workshop at the German castle of Rauischholzhausen we identified five particularly relevant questions, which we suggest provide the framework for a research agenda for road ecology: (1) Under what circumstances do roads affect population persistence? (2) What is the relative importance of road effects vs. other effects on population persistence? (3) Under what circumstances can road effects be mitigated? (4) What is the relative importance of the different mechanisms by which roads affect population persistence? (5) Under what circumstances do road networks affect population persistence at the landscape scale? We recommend experimental designs that maximize inferential strength, given existing constraints, and we provide hypothetical examples of such experiments for each of the five research questions. In general, manipulative experiments have higher inferential strength than do nonmanipulative experiments, and full before-after-control-impact designs are preferable to before-after or control-impact designs. Finally, we argue that both scientists and planners must be aware of the limits to inferential strength that exist for a given research question in a given situation. In particular, when the maximum inferential strength of any feasible design is low, decision makers must not demand stronger evidence before incorporating research results into the planning process, even though the level of uncertainty may be high.
In the Netherlands wildlife overpass “Groene Woud” is one of the first that aims to provide habit... more In the Netherlands wildlife overpass “Groene Woud” is one of the first that aims to provide habitat connectivity for amphibians. In both the design and management of the overpass much attention has been given to create optimal humid conditions for amphibians, including a chain of small pools across the overpass and its access ramps. The question the authors addressed is if the measures significantly improve the use of the overpass by amphibians. The authors monitored amphibians 1-2 times a week at the overpass and in the direct surroundings for three years (2006-2008). The authors analyzed the impact of the overpass adaptations on amphibian use by comparing amphibian numbers in the wetland zone on the overpass with amphibian numbers in the dry zone on the overpass. The authors found that, depending on general weather conditions, the adaptations to maintain a humid environment on the overpass and its ramps significantly improve overpass use by amphibians. As a result wildlife overpas...
Rail infrastructure contributes to the fragmentation of wildlife habitats in the Netherlands. Pla... more Rail infrastructure contributes to the fragmentation of wildlife habitats in the Netherlands. Plans for a large-scale extension of the Dutch railway network and an intensification of track use have made this problem even more serious. The most important fragmentation effects of railway lines for fauna are the loss of habitat, mortality, barrier formation and disruption in general. As a result habitats are reduced or become isolated from each other. This means that the chance of survival of (sub)populations is decreased. A large range of measures may contribute to a reduction of the fragmenting effect of rail infrastructure. These measures, as this article shows through practical examples, include: a restoration or development of a (substitute) habitat, placing wildlife fences as protection against railway lines, constructing fauna passageways and sound-reducing provisions. Railways also offer opportunities for defragmentation. By taking nature-oriented measures along railway lines, ...
Bulgaria is currently in a phase of political and socio-economic transition and faces many challe... more Bulgaria is currently in a phase of political and socio-economic transition and faces many challenges in balancing economic and environmental interests. One of these challenges is the development of a sustainable road and railroad network that facilitates the need for efficient transport of goods and people but does not threaten areas that are especially valuable for nature conservation. Currently plans have been developed to substantially upgrade and expand the national road and railroad network. The existing transportation corridors and the proposed extensions pose a threat to wildlife and affect the development and functionality of both a national and Pan-European ecological network. The authors objective is to provide the necessary knowledge to help the Bulgarian authorities set up a national program to minimize the fragmentation effects of these expanding transportation corridors so as to preserve biodiversity and develop a coherent and sustainable ecological network across the...
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2019
Roads and traffic may have major impacts on amphibian populations, primarily as a result of amphi... more Roads and traffic may have major impacts on amphibian populations, primarily as a result of amphibian road mortality. A variety of measures have been developed to prevent road mortality of amphibians, such as the construction of fences to keep the animals off the road and amphibian tunnels to provide them a safe passage. We carried out a capture-mark-recapture study to evaluate the performance of two tunnels and permanent drift fences for common toads at a local road in the Netherlands. We found that of the marked toads only 31% used the tunnels to cross the road. We assessed four possible explanations for the fact that a proportion of the toads did not use the tunnels: for toad groups that used the tunnels, as compared to toad groups that did not use the tunnels, (1) the mean distance between the location of first capture and the nearest tunnel was significantly smaller; (2) the mean movement distance along the fence was significantly larger; (3) the number of toad groups that walked in the wrong direction after encountering the drift fence was lower; (4) the mean number of nights between first and last capture of the toad group was significantly higher. Over all study years 28% of the migrating toads-marked and unmarked-that attempted to cross the road ended up on the road pavement, despite the mitigation. Migrating population numbers decreased with about 75% after the mitigation measures were installed. We emphasize that better baseline studies on where toads cross before mitigation and improved knowledge on effects of tunnel design and the distances the animals move along a drift fence are vital to mitigate road impacts properly and maintain viable toad populations. We recommend to base tunnel densities on the mean movement distance of the toads that move only small distances and spent relatively little time along the drift fence, install drift fences that go well beyond the location where toads cross the road, take appropriate measures at entrance roads and at fence ends and consider alternatives to tunnels and fences, such as the creation of breeding waters on both sides of the road.
Ecology and Society, 2011
Road ecology has developed into a significant branch of ecology with steady growth in the number ... more Road ecology has developed into a significant branch of ecology with steady growth in the number of refereed journal articles, books, conferences, symposia, and "best practice" guidelines being produced each year. The main objective of this special issue of Ecology and Society is to highlight the need for studies that document the population, community, and ecosystem-level effects of roads and traffic by publishing studies that document these effects. It became apparent when compiling this special issue that there is a paucity of studies that explicitly examined higher order effects of roads and traffic. No papers on landscape function or ecosystem-level effects were submitted, despite being highlighted as a priority for publication. The 17 papers in this issue, from Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, and USA, all deal to some extent with either population or community-level effects of roads and traffic. Nevertheless, many higher order effects remain unquantified, and must become the focus of future studies because the complexity and interactions among the effects of roads and traffic are large and potentially unexpected. An analysis of these complex interrelations requires systematic research, and it is necessary to further establish collaborative links between ecologists and transportation agencies. Many road agencies have "environmental sustainability" as one of their goals and the only way to achieve such goals is for them to support and foster long-term and credible scientific research. The current situation, with numerous smallscale projects being undertaken independently of each other, cannot provide the information required to quantify and mitigate the negative effects of roads and traffic on higher levels. The future of road ecology research will be best enhanced when multiple road projects in different states or countries are combined and studied as part of integrated, well-replicated research projects.
GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 2005
Cloud Computing is evolving from a mere "storage" technology to a new vehicle for Business Inform... more Cloud Computing is evolving from a mere "storage" technology to a new vehicle for Business Information Systems (BIS) to manage, organize and provide added-value strategies to current business models. However, the underlying infrastructure for Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) to become a new platform for trading partners and transactions must rely on intelligent, flexible, context-aware Multi-Tenant Architectures. In this paper, we present Cloudio, a Cloud Computingbased metadata-powered Multi-Tenant Architecture, backed with a proof-of-concept J2EE implementation.
Gerichte informatie rond modelberekeningen, noodzaak, bestuurlijk draagvlak, locatie en ontwerp v... more Gerichte informatie rond modelberekeningen, noodzaak, bestuurlijk draagvlak, locatie en ontwerp van de groene verbinding Corridor Leusderheide