Charles Eason - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Charles Eason
A Comparative Approach, 2009
This paper presents findings from a literature review on low impact urban design and development ... more This paper presents findings from a literature review on low impact urban design and development (LIUDD) and preliminary results from working with six key stakeholder groups: consumers, Maori, community, developers, regional and city councils. Conventional development practices lead to a range of adverse effects in urban areas and contribute to escalating infrastructure costs. LIUDD is defined here as a cost-effective design and development approach utilising natural systems and enhancing sustainable outcomes: economic, environmental, social and cultural. Some councils have recognised the opportunities for environmental protection and infrastructural cost-savings by producing a variety of low-impact strategies and guidelines. However, major constraints to their adoption remain: consumer and practitioner behaviour, deficient pricing of water resources, conflicts between stakeholders, and variable quality of planning instruments. Significant work is required to encourage broader uptake of LIUDD. The core environmental and other information necessary for LIUDD is well-known, but developers and regulators need a rational set of criteria and incentives to facilitate the transition to sustainability. Developing these will need more information on i) the performance of LIUDD at the development site and catchment scale, ii) the economics of conventional versus LIUDD, and iii) the potential for integration amongst different types of instruments (district plans and subdivision, engineering and building codes).
The paper presents an overview of a nationwide research and implementation programme in New Zeala... more The paper presents an overview of a nationwide research and implementation programme in New Zealand entitled 'Low impact urban design and development: making it mainstream' and reports on two aspects of the research underway. The purpose of the programme is to facilitate the uptake and implementation of low impact urban design and development (LIUDD) practices. The paper briefly outlines the
Summary: The field use of brodifacoum baits (Talon® and Pestoff®) to control brushtail possums (T... more Summary: The field use of brodifacoum baits (Talon® and Pestoff®) to control brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) has increased in recent years. This has raised concerns of secondary and tertiary poisoning, resulting from the transfer of this toxicant through the food chain. In New Zealand, feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are known to scavenge possum carcasses and may also gain access to
New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1995
... parakeet (C. novaezelandiae chathamensis)0 Yellow-crowned parakeet (C. auriceps auriceps)0 Fo... more ... parakeet (C. novaezelandiae chathamensis)0 Yellow-crowned parakeet (C. auriceps auriceps)0 Forbes' parakeet (C. auriceps forbesif New Zealand pipit (Anthus novaeseelandiae) 0 North Island robin (Petroica australis longipes)0' South Island robin (P. australis longipes)b ...
Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) is a highly toxic vertebrate pesticide that has been widely used ... more Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) is a highly toxic vertebrate pesticide that has been widely used for possum and rabbit control in New Zealand since the 1950s. Because of its importance in pest control and the highly toxic nature of this compound, its environmental fate, persistence, non-target impacts and general toxicology have been and continue to be extensively studied. A series of in vitro (cell culture) and laboratory animal studies (in rats and mice) have recently been undertaken to update the regulatory toxicology database for 1080. Results of three different, complementary tests indicate that 1080 is not mutagenic, and therefore unlikely to cause cancer. Results of developmental toxicity studies indicate that 1080 causes developmental defects in rats when pregnant females are exposed to relatively high doses (0.33 and 0.75 mg kg -1 day -1 ) on a daily basis during the period of organogenesis (from days 6 through to 17 of gestation). The developmental abnormalities observed were mild skeletal effects: slightly curved forelimbs, and bent or "wavy" ribs. These results highlight the highly toxic nature of 1080 and the need for extreme care when handling this pesticide during the manufacture and distribution of bait, but do not preclude its proper use. The morphological changes in foetuses observed in the recently completed rat developmental toxicity studies are likely to raise concern regarding the exposure of humans (particularly pregnant mothers) to 1080 through contamination of waterways after the aerial sowing of 1080 baits. However, ongoing monitoring (1990-98) of waterways from areas where 1080 baits have been aerially sown confirms that there is negligible risk of human contact with 1080 through this route of exposure. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
… OF THE NEW …, 2000
... METHODS Non-target acute toxicity Non-target species were exposed as follows: groups of sixma... more ... METHODS Non-target acute toxicity Non-target species were exposed as follows: groups of sixmallard ducks (Anas platyrhyndos), four domestic chickens (Gallus gallus), and four canaries (Serinus canarius) were dosed orally with cholecalciferol concentrate at 2000 mg/kg in ...
Innovative Algorithms and Techniques in Automation, Industrial Electronics and Telecommunications, 2007
An analog computer was designed and tested to solve any second order constant-coefficients and li... more An analog computer was designed and tested to solve any second order constant-coefficients and linear differential equation. The analog computer was built using operational amplifiers, resistors and capacitors. Using the Multisim simulator, various input types were tested across the input terminals of the analog computer and the results were recorded.
Rodents remain one of the most widespread and damaging invasive alien species on islands globally... more Rodents remain one of the most widespread and damaging invasive alien species on islands globally. The current toolbox for insular rodent eradications is reliant on the application of sufficient anticoagulant toxicant into every potential rodent territory across an island. Despite significant advances in the use of these toxicants over recent decades, numerous situations remain where eradication is challenging or not yet feasible. These include islands with significant human populations, unreceptive stakeholder communities, co-occurrence of livestock and domestic animals, or vulnerability of native species. Developments in diverse branches of science, particularly the medical, pharmaceutical, invertebrate pest control, social science, technology and defense fields offer potential insights into the next generation of tools to eradicate rodents from islands. Horizon scanning is a structured process whereby current problems are assessed against potential future solutions. We undertook such an exercise to identify the most promising technologies, techniques and approaches that might be applied to rodent eradications from islands. We highlight a Rattus-specific toxicant, RNA interference as species-specific toxicants, rodenticide research, crab deterrent in baits, prophylactic treatment for protection of non-target species, transgenic rodents, virus vectored immunocontraception, drones, self-resetting traps and toxicant applicators, detection probability models and improved stakeholder community engagement methods. We present a brief description of each method, and discuss its application to rodent eradication on islands, knowledge gaps, challenges, whether it is incremental or transformative in nature and provide a potential timeline for availability. We outline how a combination of new tools may render previously intractable rodent eradication problems feasible.
A Comparative Approach, 2009
This paper presents findings from a literature review on low impact urban design and development ... more This paper presents findings from a literature review on low impact urban design and development (LIUDD) and preliminary results from working with six key stakeholder groups: consumers, Maori, community, developers, regional and city councils. Conventional development practices lead to a range of adverse effects in urban areas and contribute to escalating infrastructure costs. LIUDD is defined here as a cost-effective design and development approach utilising natural systems and enhancing sustainable outcomes: economic, environmental, social and cultural. Some councils have recognised the opportunities for environmental protection and infrastructural cost-savings by producing a variety of low-impact strategies and guidelines. However, major constraints to their adoption remain: consumer and practitioner behaviour, deficient pricing of water resources, conflicts between stakeholders, and variable quality of planning instruments. Significant work is required to encourage broader uptake of LIUDD. The core environmental and other information necessary for LIUDD is well-known, but developers and regulators need a rational set of criteria and incentives to facilitate the transition to sustainability. Developing these will need more information on i) the performance of LIUDD at the development site and catchment scale, ii) the economics of conventional versus LIUDD, and iii) the potential for integration amongst different types of instruments (district plans and subdivision, engineering and building codes).
The paper presents an overview of a nationwide research and implementation programme in New Zeala... more The paper presents an overview of a nationwide research and implementation programme in New Zealand entitled 'Low impact urban design and development: making it mainstream' and reports on two aspects of the research underway. The purpose of the programme is to facilitate the uptake and implementation of low impact urban design and development (LIUDD) practices. The paper briefly outlines the
Summary: The field use of brodifacoum baits (Talon® and Pestoff®) to control brushtail possums (T... more Summary: The field use of brodifacoum baits (Talon® and Pestoff®) to control brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) has increased in recent years. This has raised concerns of secondary and tertiary poisoning, resulting from the transfer of this toxicant through the food chain. In New Zealand, feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are known to scavenge possum carcasses and may also gain access to
New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1995
... parakeet (C. novaezelandiae chathamensis)0 Yellow-crowned parakeet (C. auriceps auriceps)0 Fo... more ... parakeet (C. novaezelandiae chathamensis)0 Yellow-crowned parakeet (C. auriceps auriceps)0 Forbes' parakeet (C. auriceps forbesif New Zealand pipit (Anthus novaeseelandiae) 0 North Island robin (Petroica australis longipes)0' South Island robin (P. australis longipes)b ...
Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) is a highly toxic vertebrate pesticide that has been widely used ... more Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) is a highly toxic vertebrate pesticide that has been widely used for possum and rabbit control in New Zealand since the 1950s. Because of its importance in pest control and the highly toxic nature of this compound, its environmental fate, persistence, non-target impacts and general toxicology have been and continue to be extensively studied. A series of in vitro (cell culture) and laboratory animal studies (in rats and mice) have recently been undertaken to update the regulatory toxicology database for 1080. Results of three different, complementary tests indicate that 1080 is not mutagenic, and therefore unlikely to cause cancer. Results of developmental toxicity studies indicate that 1080 causes developmental defects in rats when pregnant females are exposed to relatively high doses (0.33 and 0.75 mg kg -1 day -1 ) on a daily basis during the period of organogenesis (from days 6 through to 17 of gestation). The developmental abnormalities observed were mild skeletal effects: slightly curved forelimbs, and bent or "wavy" ribs. These results highlight the highly toxic nature of 1080 and the need for extreme care when handling this pesticide during the manufacture and distribution of bait, but do not preclude its proper use. The morphological changes in foetuses observed in the recently completed rat developmental toxicity studies are likely to raise concern regarding the exposure of humans (particularly pregnant mothers) to 1080 through contamination of waterways after the aerial sowing of 1080 baits. However, ongoing monitoring (1990-98) of waterways from areas where 1080 baits have been aerially sown confirms that there is negligible risk of human contact with 1080 through this route of exposure. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
… OF THE NEW …, 2000
... METHODS Non-target acute toxicity Non-target species were exposed as follows: groups of sixma... more ... METHODS Non-target acute toxicity Non-target species were exposed as follows: groups of sixmallard ducks (Anas platyrhyndos), four domestic chickens (Gallus gallus), and four canaries (Serinus canarius) were dosed orally with cholecalciferol concentrate at 2000 mg/kg in ...
Innovative Algorithms and Techniques in Automation, Industrial Electronics and Telecommunications, 2007
An analog computer was designed and tested to solve any second order constant-coefficients and li... more An analog computer was designed and tested to solve any second order constant-coefficients and linear differential equation. The analog computer was built using operational amplifiers, resistors and capacitors. Using the Multisim simulator, various input types were tested across the input terminals of the analog computer and the results were recorded.
Rodents remain one of the most widespread and damaging invasive alien species on islands globally... more Rodents remain one of the most widespread and damaging invasive alien species on islands globally. The current toolbox for insular rodent eradications is reliant on the application of sufficient anticoagulant toxicant into every potential rodent territory across an island. Despite significant advances in the use of these toxicants over recent decades, numerous situations remain where eradication is challenging or not yet feasible. These include islands with significant human populations, unreceptive stakeholder communities, co-occurrence of livestock and domestic animals, or vulnerability of native species. Developments in diverse branches of science, particularly the medical, pharmaceutical, invertebrate pest control, social science, technology and defense fields offer potential insights into the next generation of tools to eradicate rodents from islands. Horizon scanning is a structured process whereby current problems are assessed against potential future solutions. We undertook such an exercise to identify the most promising technologies, techniques and approaches that might be applied to rodent eradications from islands. We highlight a Rattus-specific toxicant, RNA interference as species-specific toxicants, rodenticide research, crab deterrent in baits, prophylactic treatment for protection of non-target species, transgenic rodents, virus vectored immunocontraception, drones, self-resetting traps and toxicant applicators, detection probability models and improved stakeholder community engagement methods. We present a brief description of each method, and discuss its application to rodent eradication on islands, knowledge gaps, challenges, whether it is incremental or transformative in nature and provide a potential timeline for availability. We outline how a combination of new tools may render previously intractable rodent eradication problems feasible.