Eckehard Schöll - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Eckehard Schöll

EPL, Jul 1, 2016

A nonlinear oscillator model with negative time-delayed feedback is studied numerically under ext... more A nonlinear oscillator model with negative time-delayed feedback is studied numerically under external deterministic and stochastic forcing. It is found that in the unforced system complex partial synchronization patterns like chimera states as well as salt-and-pepper like solitary states arise on the route from regular dynamics to spatio-temporal chaos. The control of the dynamics by external periodic forcing is demonstrated by numerical simulations. It is shown that one-cluster and multi-cluster chimeras can be achieved by adjusting the external forcing frequency to appropriate resonance conditions. If a stochastic component is superimposed to the deterministic external forcing, chimera states can be induced in a way similar to stochastic resonance, they appear, therefore, in regimes where they do not exist without noise.

Physical review, Jul 5, 2016

We study synchronization in heterogeneous FitzHugh-Nagumo networks. It is well known that heterog... more We study synchronization in heterogeneous FitzHugh-Nagumo networks. It is well known that heterogeneities in the nodes hinder synchronization when becoming too large. Here, we develop a controller to counteract the impact of these heterogeneities. We first analyze the stability of the equilibrium point in a ring network of heterogeneous nodes. We then derive a sufficient condition for synchronization in the absence of control. Based on these results we derive the controller providing synchronization for parameter values where synchronization without control is absent. We demonstrate our results in networks with different topologies. Particular attention is given to hierarchical (fractal) topologies, which are relevant for the architecture of the brain.

Räumlich ausgedehnte Systeme fern des thermodynamischen Gleichgewichts zeichnen sich durch die Fä... more Räumlich ausgedehnte Systeme fern des thermodynamischen Gleichgewichts zeichnen sich durch die Fähigkeit aus, spontan raumzeitliche Strukturen und Turbulenz auszubilden. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich theoretisch und experimentell mit der Steuerung und Kontrolle derartiger Phänomene. Als Beispiel wird die katalytische Oxidationsreaktion von Kohlenmonoxid auf einer Platin-Einkristalloberfläche untersucht. Um Turbulenz zu unterdrücken sowie um neuartige Muster in dieses System zu induzieren werden zwei verschiedene Steuerungsverfahren, globale verzögerte Rückkopplung und periodische Forcierung, eingesetzt. Die Effekte einer künstlich implementierten globalen Rückkopplungsschleife werden zunächst in einem mathematischen Reaktions-Diffusions-Modell der CO-Oxidation auf Pt(110) mit Hilfe numerischer Simulationen untersucht. Durch Variation eines globalen Kontrollparameters in Abhängigkeit einer räumlich gemittelten Systemgröße lässt sich chemische Turbulenz in dem Modell unterdrücken und ein homogen oszillierender Zustand stabilisieren. Weiterhin kann eine Vielzahl komplexer raumzeitlicher Strukturen, beispielsweise " phase flips", asynchrone Oszillationen, intermittente Turbulenz in Form chaotischer Kaskaden von Blasen und Ringstrukturen, zelluläre Strukturen und verschiedene Arten von Domänenmustern induziert werden. Die simulierten raumzeitlichen Muster werden mit Hilfe einer zuvor entwickelten Transformation zu Phasen-und Amplitudenvariablen charakterisiert und analysiert. Es zeigt sich, daß die erhaltenen Strukturen großeÄhnlichkeit mit dem Verhalten eines generischen Modells, der komplexen Ginzburg-Landau-Gleichung mit globaler Kopplung, aufweisen. Eine globale verzögerte Rückkopplung kann in Experimenten mit der CO-Oxidation auf Pt(110) durch eine externe, zustandsabhängige Variation des CO-Partialdrucks in der Reaktionskammer realisiert werden. Die sich auf der Platinoberfläche ausbildenden Bedeckungsmuster werden dabei mit Hilfe von Photoemissions-Elektronenmikroskopie sichtbar gemacht. In solchen Experimenten kann chemische Spiralwellenturbulenz erstmals unterdrückt und ein Großteil der vorhergesagten Muster-unter anderem intermittente Turbulenz, Domänenmuster und zelluläre Strukturen-tatsächlich nachgewiesen werden. Die experimentell beobachteten Muster werden ebenfalls durch eine Phasen-und locked structures are represented by irregular stripes in subharmonic resonance with the forcing and cluster patterns with coexistent resonances. In addition, non-resonant patterns such as intermittent turbulence and disordered cellular structures are found. Thus, the results of this work demonstrate that by means of global delayed feedback and periodic forcing, turbulence and pattern formation can be effectively controlled and manipulated in the considered surface reaction. Similar phenomena are expected to arise also in other reaction-diffusion systems of various origins. CONTENTS v detailed understanding of self-organization phenomena far from equilibrium. Studies of nonlinear phenomena can be traced back to Poincaré [15] in the end of the nineteenth century, but first received considerable interest when in the second half of the last century oscillations and traveling wave patterns were observed in chemical reactions [8]. Following studies made possible to quantitatively understand abrupt changes in the behavior of a system implemented. Previous studies performed in the framework of abstract models have theoretically investigated the effects of periodic forcing [32-35] and different schemes of global feedback [36-38], suggesting that turbulence and pattern formation can be successfully controlled in reaction-diffusion systems. Recent experimental studies [39-42] employing the oscillatory Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction concentrated on the application of global control methods in a non-turbulent parameter regime and showed the formation of several types of spatiotemporal structures. The reaction considered in this work is the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide on a platinum(110) single crystal surface, an idealized setting of the reaction that proceeds in

arXiv (Cornell University), Jan 14, 2021

Synchronization in networks of oscillatory units is an emergent phenomenon present in various sys... more Synchronization in networks of oscillatory units is an emergent phenomenon present in various systems, such as biological, technological, and social systems. Many real-world systems have adaptive properties, meaning that their connectivities change with time, depending on the dynamical state of the system. Networks of adaptively coupled oscillators show various synchronization phenomena, such as hierarchical multifrequency clusters, traveling waves, or chimera states. While these self-organized patterns have been previously studied on all-toall coupled networks, this work extends the investigations towards more complex networks, analyzing the influence of random network topologies for various degrees of dilution of the connectivities. Using numerical and analytical approaches, we investigate the robustness of multicluster states on networks of adaptively coupled Kuramoto-Sakaguchi oscillators against the random dilution of the underlying network topology. Further, we utilize the master stability approach for adaptive networks in order to highlight the interplay between adaptivity and topology.

Chaos, May 1, 2019

We propose a method to control chimera states in a ring-shaped network of nonlocally coupled phas... more We propose a method to control chimera states in a ring-shaped network of nonlocally coupled phase oscillators. This method acts exclusively on the network's connectivity. Using the idea of a pacemaker oscillator we investigate which is the minimal action needed to control chimeras. We implement the pacemaker choosing one oscillator and making its links unidirectional. Our results show that a pacemaker induces chimeras for parameters and initial conditions for which they do not form spontaneously. Furthermore, the pacemaker attracts the incoherent part of the chimera state, thus controlling its position. Beyond that, we find that these control effects can be achieved with modifications of the network's connectivity that are less invasive than a pacemaker. Namely the minimal action of just modifying the strength of one connection allows one to control chimeras.

Physical review, Nov 24, 2020

Networks of coupled nonlinear oscillators allow for the formation of nontrivial partially synchro... more Networks of coupled nonlinear oscillators allow for the formation of nontrivial partially synchronized spatiotemporal patterns, such as chimera states, in which there are coexisting coherent (synchronized) and incoherent (desynchronized) domains. These complementary domains form spontaneously and it is impossible to predict where the synchronized group will be positioned within the network. Therefore, possible ways to control the spatial position of the coherent and incoherent groups forming the chimera states are of high current interest. In this work we investigate how to control chimera patterns in multiplex networks of FitzHugh-Nagumo neurons, and in particular we want to prove that it is possible to remotely control chimera states exploiting the multiplex structure. We introduce a pacemaker oscillator within the network: this is an oscillator that does not receive input from the rest of the network but is sending out information to its neighbours. The pacemakers can be positioned in one or both layers. Their presence breaks the spatial symmetry of the layer in which they are introduced and allows us to control the position of the incoherent domain. We demonstrate how the remote control is possible for both uni-and bidirectional coupling between the layers. Furthermore we show which are the limitations of our control mechanisms when it is generalized from single layer to multilayer networks.

Physical Review Letters, Jan 15, 2021

Adaptive networks change their connectivity with time, depending on their dynamical state. While ... more Adaptive networks change their connectivity with time, depending on their dynamical state. While synchronization in structurally static networks has been studied extensively, this problem is much more challenging for adaptive networks. In this Letter, we develop the master stability approach for a large class of adaptive networks. This approach allows for reducing the synchronization problem for adaptive networks to a low-dimensional system, by decoupling topological and dynamical properties. We show how the interplay between adaptivity and network structure gives rise to the formation of stability islands. Moreover, we report a desynchronization transition and the emergence of complex partial synchronization patterns induced by an increasing overall coupling strength. We illustrate our findings using adaptive networks of coupled phase oscillators and FitzHugh-Nagumo neurons with synaptic plasticity.

Physical Review E, Nov 8, 2006

We investigate feedback control of the cooperative dynamics of two coupled neural oscillators tha... more We investigate feedback control of the cooperative dynamics of two coupled neural oscillators that is induced merely by external noise. The interacting neurons are modelled as FitzHugh-Nagumo systems with parameter values at which no autonomous oscillations occur, and each unit is forced by its own source of random fluctuations. Application of delayed feedback to only one of two subsystems is shown to be able to change coherence and timescales of noise-induced oscillations either in the given subsystem, or globally. It is also able to induce or to suppress stochastic synchronization under certain conditions.

Physical Review Letters, Mar 14, 2007

We refute an often invoked theorem which claims that a periodic orbit with an odd number of real ... more We refute an often invoked theorem which claims that a periodic orbit with an odd number of real Floquet multipliers greater than unity can never be stabilized by time-delayed feedback control in the form proposed by Pyragas. Using a generic normal form, we demonstrate that the unstable periodic orbit generated by a subcritical Hopf bifurcation, which has a single real unstable Floquet multiplier, can in fact be stabilized. We derive explicit analytical conditions for the control matrix in terms of the amplitude and the phase of the feedback control gain, and present a numerical example. Our results are of relevance for a wide range of systems in physics, chemistry, technology, and life sciences, where subcritical Hopf bifurcations occur.

arXiv (Cornell University), Nov 10, 2016

We show that chimera patterns can be induced by noise in nonlocally coupled neural networks in th... more We show that chimera patterns can be induced by noise in nonlocally coupled neural networks in the excitable regime. In contrast to classical chimeras, occurring in noise-free oscillatory networks, they have features of two phenomena: coherence resonance and chimera states. Therefore, we call them coherence-resonance chimeras. These patterns demonstrate the constructive role of noise and appear for intermediate values of noise intensity, which is a characteristic feature of coherence resonance. In the coherence-resonance chimera state a neural network of identical elements splits into two coexisting domains with different behavior: spatially coherent and spatially incoherent, a typical property of chimera states. Moreover, these noise-induced chimera states are characterized by alternating behavior: coherent and incoherent domains switch periodically their location. We show that this alternating switching can be explained by analyzing the coupling functions.

arXiv (Cornell University), Mar 1, 2016

Chimera states are complex spatio-temporal patterns that consist of coexisting domains of coheren... more Chimera states are complex spatio-temporal patterns that consist of coexisting domains of coherent and incoherent dynamics. We analyse chimera states in networks of Van der Pol oscillators with hierarchical coupling topology. We investigate the stepwise transition from a nonlocal to a hierarchical topology, and propose the network clustering coefficient as a measure to establish a link between the existence of chimera states and the compactness of the initial base pattern of a hierarchical topology; we show that a large clustering coefficient promotes the occurrence of chimeras. Depending on the level of hierarchy and base pattern, we obtain chimera states with different numbers of incoherent domains. We investigate the chimera regimes as a function of coupling strength and nonlinearity parameter of the individual oscillators. The analysis of a network with larger base pattern resulting in larger clustering coefficient reveals two different types of chimera states and highlights the increasing role of amplitude dynamics.

We theoretically study chaos synchronization of two lasers which are delay coupled via an active ... more We theoretically study chaos synchronization of two lasers which are delay coupled via an active or a passive relay. While the lasers are synchronized, their dynamics is identical to a single laser with delayed feedback for a passive relay and identical to two delay-coupled lasers for an active relay. Depending on the coupling parameters the system exhibits bubbling, i.e., noise-induced desynchronization, or on-off intermittency. We associate the desynchronization dynamics in the coherence collapse and low-frequency fluctuation regimes with the transverse instability of some of the compound cavity's antimodes. Finally, we demonstrate how, by using an active relay, bubbling can be suppressed.

Chaos, Feb 1, 2023

Rhythmic activities that alternate between coherent and incoherent phases are ubiquitous in chemi... more Rhythmic activities that alternate between coherent and incoherent phases are ubiquitous in chemical, ecological, climate, or neural systems. Despite their importance, general mechanisms for their emergence are little understood. In order to fill this gap, we present a framework for describing the emergence of recurrent synchronization in complex networks with adaptive interactions. This phenomenon is manifested at the macroscopic level by temporal episodes of coherent and incoherent dynamics that alternate recurrently. At the same time, the dynamics of the individual nodes do not change qualitatively. We identify asymmetric adaptation rules and temporal separation between the adaptation and the dynamics of individual nodes as key features for the emergence of recurrent synchronization. Our results suggest that asymmetric adaptation might be a fundamental ingredient for recurrent synchronization phenomena as seen in pattern generators, e.g., in neuronal systems.

Frontiers in Network Physiology, Aug 29, 2022

We analyze the influence of music in a network of FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators with empirical stru... more We analyze the influence of music in a network of FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators with empirical structural connectivity measured in healthy human subjects. We report an increase of coherence between the global dynamics in our network and the input signal induced by a specific music song. We show that the level of coherence depends crucially on the frequency band. We compare our results with experimental data, which also describe global neural synchronization between different brain regions in the gamma-band range in a timedependent manner correlated with musical large-scale form, showing increased synchronization just before transitions between different parts in a musical piece (musical high-level events). The results also suggest a separation in musical form-related brain synchronization between high brain frequencies, associated with neocortical activity, and low frequencies in the range of dance movements, associated with interactivity between cortical and subcortical regions.

EPL, 2017

We show that amplitude chimeras in ring networks of Stuart-Landau oscillators with symmetry-break... more We show that amplitude chimeras in ring networks of Stuart-Landau oscillators with symmetry-breaking nonlocal coupling represent saddle-states in the underlying phase space of the network. Chimera states are composed of coexisting spatial domains of coherent and of incoherent oscillations. We calculate the Floquet exponents and the corresponding eigenvectors in dependence upon the coupling strength and range, and discuss the implications for the phase space structure. The existence of at least one positive real part of the Floquet exponents indicates an unstable manifold in phase space, which explains the nature of these states as long-living transients. Additionally, we find a Stuart-Landau network of minimum size N = 12 exhibiting amplitude chimeras.

Physical review, Apr 28, 2021

Power grid networks, as well as neuronal networks with synaptic plasticity, describe real-world s... more Power grid networks, as well as neuronal networks with synaptic plasticity, describe real-world systems of tremendous importance for our daily life. The investigation of these seemingly unrelated types of dynamical networks has attracted increasing attention over the last decade. In this paper, we provide insight into the fundamental relation between these two types of networks. For this, we consider well-established models based on phase oscillators and show their intimate relation. In particular, we prove that phase oscillator models with inertia can be viewed as a particular class of adaptive networks. This relation holds even for more general classes of power grid models that include voltage dynamics. As an immediate consequence of this relation, we find a novel type of multicluster state for phase oscillators with inertia. Moreover, the phenomenon of cascading line failure in power grids is translated into an adaptive neuronal network.

arXiv (Cornell University), Mar 25, 2022

In this work, we propose a dynamical systems perspective on the modeling of sepsis and its organ-... more In this work, we propose a dynamical systems perspective on the modeling of sepsis and its organ-damaging consequences. We develop a functional two-layer network model for sepsis based upon the interaction of parenchymal cells and immune cells via cytokines, and the coevolutionary dynamics of parenchymal, immune cells, and cytokines. By means of the simple paradigmatic model of phase oscillators in a two-layer system, we analyze the emergence of organ threatening interactions between the dysregulated immune system and the parenchyma. We demonstrate that the complex cellular cooperation between parenchyma and stroma (immune layer) either in the physiological or in the pathological case can be related to dynamical patterns of the network. In this way we explain sepsis by the dysregulation of the healthy homeostatic state (frequency synchronized) leading to a pathological state (desynchronized or multifrequency cluster) in the parenchyma. We provide insight into the complex stabilizing and destabilizing interplay of parenchyma and stroma by determining critical interaction parameters. The coupled dynamics of parenchymal cells (metabolism) and nonspecific immune cells (response of the innate immune system) is represented by nodes of a duplex layer. Cytokine interaction is modeled by adaptive coupling weights between nodes representing immune cells (with fast adaptation timescale) and parenchymal cells (slow adaptation timescale), and between pairs of parenchymal and immune cells in the duplex network (fixed bidirectional coupling). The proposed model allows for a functional description of organ dysfunction in sepsis and the recurrence risk in a plausible pathophysiological context.

Siam Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems, 2021

Multiplex networks are networks composed of multiple layers such that the number of nodes in all ... more Multiplex networks are networks composed of multiple layers such that the number of nodes in all layers is the same and the adjacency matrices between the layers are diagonal. We consider the special class of multiplex networks where the adjacency matrices for each layer are simultaneously triagonalizable. For such networks, we derive the relation between the spectrum of the multiplex network and the eigenvalues of the individual layers. As an application, we propose a generalized master stability approach that allows for a simplified, low-dimensional description of the stability of synchronized solutions in multiplex networks. We illustrate our result with a duplex network of FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators. In particular, we show how interlayer interaction can lead to stabilization or destabilization of the synchronous state. Finally, we give explicit conditions for the stability of synchronous solutions in duplex networks of linear diffusive systems.

International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, Apr 1, 2016

We study synchronization in delay-coupled neural networks of heterogeneous nodes. It is well know... more We study synchronization in delay-coupled neural networks of heterogeneous nodes. It is well known that heterogeneities in the nodes hinder synchronization when becoming too large. We show that an adaptive tuning of the overall coupling strength can be used to counteract the effect of the heterogeneity. Our adaptive controller is demonstrated on ring networks of FitzHugh-Nagumo systems which are paradigmatic for excitable dynamics but can also-depending on the system parameters-exhibit self-sustained periodic firing. We show that the adaptively tuned time-delayed coupling enables synchronization even if parameter heterogeneities are so large that excitable nodes coexist with oscillatory ones.

arXiv (Cornell University), Dec 9, 2009

We investigate the transient times for the onset of control of steady states by timedelayed feedb... more We investigate the transient times for the onset of control of steady states by timedelayed feedback. The optimization of control by minimising the transient time before control becomes effective is discussed analytically and numerically, and the competing influences of local and global features are elaborated. We derive an algebraic scaling of the transient time and confirm our findings by numerical simulations in dependence on feedback gain and time delay.