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Monograph by Ed Sanders
Envy and Jealousy in Classical Athens, 2014
Emotions vary between cultures, especially in their eliciting conditions, social acceptability, f... more Emotions vary between cultures, especially in their eliciting conditions, social acceptability, forms of expression, and co-extent of terminology. Envy and Jealousy in Classical Athens examines the sensation, expression, and literary representation of envy and jealousy in Classical Athens. Previous scholarship has primarily taken a lexical approach, focusing on usage of the Greek words *phthonos* (envy, begrudging, jealousy, spite) and *zêlos* (emulative rivalry). This has value, but also limitations, for two reasons: the discreditable nature of *phthonos* renders its ascription or disclamation suspect, and there is no Classical Greek label for sexual jealousy. A complementary approach is therefore required, which reads the expressed values and actions of entire situations.
Building on recent developments in reading emotion "scripts" in classical texts, this book applies to Athenian culture and literature insights on the contexts, conscious and subconscious motivations, subjective manifestations, and indicative behaviors of envy, jealousy, and related emotions, derived from modern philosophical, psychological, psychoanalytical, sociological, and anthropological scholarship. This enables an exploration of both the explicit theorization and evaluation of envy and jealousy, and also the more oblique ways in which they find expression across different genres—in particular philosophy, oratory, comedy, and tragedy.
1. Introduction
2. Envy, jealousy and related emotions – modern theories
3. The vocabulary of Greek envy and jealousy
4. Aristotle on *phthonos*
5. *Phthonos* and the Attic oratorical corpus
6. Audience *phthonos* in Old Comedy
7. Onstage *phthonos* in Old Comedy and tragedy
8. Sexual jealousy in Classical Athens
Envoi
Edited Volumes by Ed Sanders
Erôs in Ancient Greece, 2013
This volume, arising out of a conference at University College London in 2009, examines erôs as a... more This volume, arising out of a conference at University College London in 2009, examines erôs as an emotion in ancient Greek culture. It considers the phenomenology, psychology, and physiology of erôs; its associated language, metaphors, and imagery; the overlap of erôs with other emotions (jealousy, madness, philia, pothos); its role in political society; and the relationship between the human emotion and Eros the god. These topics build on recent advances in understanding of ancient Greek homo- and heterosexual customs and practices, visual and textual erotica, and philosophical approaches to erôs as manageable appetite or passion. However, the principal aim of the volume is to apply to erôs the theoretical insights offered by the rapidly expanding field of emotion studies, both in ancient cultures and elsewhere in the humanities and social sciences, thus maintaining throughout the focus on erôs as emotion. The volume covers a very broad range of sources and theoretical approaches, both in the chronological and the generic sense: all important thinking about the nature of erôs is considered, spanning the entire period from Hesiod to the Second Sophistic, including the input offered by figurative arts. Generically the volume ranges from Archaic epic and lyric poetry, through tragedy and comedy, to philosophical and technical treatises and more, and includes contributions from many scholars well published in the field of ancient Greek emotions – thus marking an important addition to this field.
1. Introduction (Ed Sanders and Chiara Thumiger)
Part 1: Phenomenology and psychology of erôs
2. Between appetite and emotion, or Why can’t animals have erôs? (David Konstan)
3. Mad erôs and eroticized madness in tragedy (Chiara Thumiger)
4. Sexual jealousy and erôs in Euripides’ Medea (Ed Sanders)
5. Love’s battlefield: Rethinking Sappho fragment 31 (Armand D’Angour)
6. Monstrous love? Erotic reciprocity in Aelian’s De natura animalium (Steven D. Smith)
Part 2: Defining erôs: Philosophy and science
7. Challenging Platonic erôs: The role of thumos and philotimia in love (Olivier Renaut)
8. Galen, Plato, and the physiology of erôs (Ralph M. Rosen)
9. Sex and the city: Plato, Aristotle, and Zeno of Kition on erôs and philia (Eleni Leontsini)
10. Stoic erôs – is there such a thing? (Christopher Gill)
Part 3: Divine Eros and human erôs
11. Eros in Hesiod (Glenn W. Most)
12. From the gymnasium to the wedding: Eros in Athenian art and cult (Emma Stafford)
13. Love theory and political practice in Plutarch: The Amatorius and the Lives of Coriolanus and Alcibiades (Michele A. Lucchesi)
Part 4: Imagery and language of erôs
14. The imagery of erôs in Plato’s Phaedrus (Douglas Cairns)
15. The language(s) of love in Aristophanes (James Robson)
16. Worlds of erôs in Ibycus fragment 286 (PMGF) (Vanessa Cazzato)
17. Lamp and erotic epigram: How an object sheds light on the lover’s emotions (Maria Kanellou)
18. Male bodies, male gazes: Exploring erôs in the twelfth book of the Greek Anthology (Andreas Fountoulakis)
Erôs and the Polis: Love in Context, 2013
Arising out of a conference on 'Erôs in Ancient Greece', the articles in this volume share a hist... more Arising out of a conference on 'Erôs in Ancient Greece', the articles in this volume share a historicizing approach to the conventions and expectations of erôs in the context of the polis, in the Archaic and Classical periods of ancient Greece. The articles focus on (post-Homeric) Archaic and Classical poetic genres – namely lyric poetry, tragedy and comedy – and some philosophical texts by Plato, Xenophon and Aristotle. They pursue a variety of issues, including: the connection between homosexual erôs and politics; sexual practices that fell outside of societal norms (aristocratic homosexuality, chastity); the roles of sôphrosynê (self-control) and akrasia (incontinence) in erotic relationships; and the connection between erôs and other socially important emotions such as charis, philia and storgê. The exploration of such issues from a variety of standpoints, and through a range of texts, allows us to place erôs as an emotion in its socio-political context.
Erôs and the polis: An introduction (Ed Sanders)
1. Politics, poetics and erôs in archaic poetry (James Davidson)
2. Erotic charis: What sorts of reciprocity (Nick Fisher)
3. The rejection of erotic passion by Euripides' Hippolytos (Dimitra Kokkini)
4. Erôs in Menander: three studies in male character (Stavroula Kiritsi)
The full text of the supplement is open access at: https://humanities-digital-library.org/index.php/hdl/catalog/view/eros-polis/106/275-1
Emotion and Persuasion in Classical Antiquity, 2016
Appeal to emotion is a key technique of persuasion, ranked by Aristotle alongside logical reasoni... more Appeal to emotion is a key technique of persuasion, ranked by Aristotle alongside logical reasoning and arguments from character. Although ancient philosophical discussions of it have been much researched, exploration of its practical use has focused largely on explicit appeals to a handful of emotions (anger, hatred, envy, pity) in 5th–4th century BCE Athenian courtroom oratory. This volume expands horizons: from an opening section focusing on so-far underexplored emotions and sub-genres of oratory in Classical Athens, its scope moves outwards generically, geographically, and chronologically through the "Greek East" to Rome.
Key thematic links are: the role of emotion in the formation of community identity; persuasive strategies in situations of unequal power; and linguistic formulae and genre-specific emotional persuasion. Other recurring themes include performance (rather than arousal) of emotions, the choice between emotional and rational argumentation, the emotions of gods, and a concern with a secondary "audience": the reader.
Introduction (Ed Sanders)
Part 1: Emotion in Classical Greek oratory - new directions
1. Bashing the establishment (Chris Carey)
2. Rational and emotional persuasion in Athenian inheritance cases (Brenda Griffith-Williams)
3. Persuasion through emotions in Athenian deliberative oratory (Ed Sanders)
4. Nostalgia, politics and persuasion in Demosthenes' Letters (Guy Westwood)
Part 2: Emotion and the formation of community identity
5. Displaying emotional community - the epigraphic evidence (Angelos Chaniotis)
6. Emotion, persuasion and kinship in Thucydides: The Plataian debate (3.52–68) and the Melian dialogue (5.85–113) (Maria Fragoulaki)
7. 'There is no one who does not hate Sulla': Emotion, persuasion and cultural trauma (Alexandra Eckert)
8. Greater than *logos*? Kinaesthetic empathy and mass persuasion in the choruses of Plato's Laws (Lucy Jackson)
Part 3: Persuasive strategies in unequal power relationships
9. Instruction and example: Emotions in Xenophon's Hipparchicus and Anabasis (Jennifer Winter)
10. Anger as a mechanism for social control in Imperial Rome (Jayne Knight)
11. Emotions in Roman historiography: The rhetorical use of tears as a means of persuasion (Judith Hagen)
12. 'He was moved, but ...': Failed appeals to the emotions in Ovid's Metamorphoses (Matthew Johncock)
Part 4: Linguistic formulae and genre-specific persuasion
13. Emotional language and formulae of persuasion in Greek papyrus letters (Eleanor Dickey)
14. Emotions, persuasion and gender in Greek erotic curses (Irene Salvo)
15. Strategies of persuasion in provoked quarrels in Plautus: A pragmatic perspective (Federica Iurescia)
16. 'It ain't necessarily so': Reinterpreting some poems of Catullus from a discursive psychological point of view (Kate Hammond)
Book chapters and articles by Ed Sanders
KAKOS, Badness and Anti-Value in Classical Antiquity (eds. Ineke Sluiter & Ralph Rosen), 2008
Unveiling Emotions: Sources and Methods for the Study of Emotions in the Greek World (ed. Angelos Chaniotis), 2012
Unveiling Emotions: Sources and Methods for the Study of Emotions in the Greek World (ed. Angelos Chaniotis), 2012
Erôs and the Polis: Love in Context, 2013
Erôs in Ancient Greece (eds. Ed Sanders, Chiara Thumiger, Chris Carey & Nick Lowe), 2013
What is erôs?' One might wonder whether this question is still in need of being addressed, with s... more What is erôs?' One might wonder whether this question is still in need of being addressed, with several studies on the topic available, and more generally with the degree of scholarly attention that Greek erôs (the emotion) and Eros (the god) have attracted in the past. The present collection, which arose out of a conference on 'Erôs in ancient Greece' (University College London, March 2009), 1 aims to contribute to this strand of research by offering an altogether new approach: a keen focus on the ancient emotion, as opposed to the mythological or philological item. Eros (the god) and erôs (the emotion), as we are well aware, cannot be simplistically isolated from one another: as the internal organization of the volume will show, the mythological, literary, and visual representations are the very flesh and bones of the emotion we set out to explore. The primary aim of these essays, however, is to analyse and problematize the ancient emotion of which the literary (and occasionally figurative) representation is a medium, mindful of the theoretical challenges and caveats that such enterprises notoriously entail. In order to do this, we have succeeded in covering very broad ranges of sources and theoretical approaches, both in the chronological and the generic sense, but firmly located in the context of ancient Greek culture. All important thinking about the nature of erôs across the entire span from Hesiod to the Second Sophistic is considered, including the input offered by figurative arts; in this sense, this volume is surely an unprecedented contribution. 2 Scholarship on erôs has burgeoned in the last few decades. It is useful to offer a panoramic view of this large corpus of material, which can generally be divided into the categories below. This is a working division, of courseboundaries are often crossed, and interconnections are essential:
Erôs in Ancient Greece (eds. Ed Sanders, Chiara Thumiger, Chris Carey & Nick Lowe), 2013
90 on the connection between orgê and erôs, a connection denied by Harris (2003) 122. 8 Eur. Med.... more 90 on the connection between orgê and erôs, a connection denied by Harris (2003) 122. 8 Eur. Med. 1078-80: OEAEd ìAEíŁÜíø ìbí ïx AE äaeAí ìݺºø OEAEOEÜ, Łıìeò äb OEaeåßóóøí ôHí KìHí âïıºåıìÜôøí, ‹óðåae ìåªßóôøí AEYôØïò OEAEOEHí âaeïôïEò.
Emotion and Persuasion in Classical Antiquity (eds. Ed Sanders & Matthew Johncock), 2016
Emotion and Persuasion in Classical Antiquity (eds. Ed Sanders & Matthew Johncock), 2016
Hope, Joy, and Affection in the Classical World (eds. Ruth Caston & Bob Kaster), 2016
The Rhetoric of Unity and Division in Ancient Literature (eds A. N. Michalopoulos, A. Serafim, F. Beneventano della Corte and A. Vatri), 2021
In 401 BC, the failure of a military invasion/coup d’état left a fissiparous army of 10,000 Greek... more In 401 BC, the failure of a military invasion/coup d’état left a fissiparous army of 10,000 Greek mercenaries stranded in Persian territory, 1000 miles from the sea. Xenophon’s Anabasis famously tells (his version of) the story of the expedition into, and attempt to return from, Persia. As both one of the most senior generals leading the retreat, and later as experienced historiographer, Xenophon provides in his account of this march a unique insight into managing the leadership and maintaining the unity of an army that through rout, disease, starvation, deaths, attacks, disappointments and betrayals frequently threatened to dissolve into undisciplined bands of marauders, that would probably have been wiped out to a man.
Taking this historiographic tour de force as its main source, but supplementing it with material from elsewhere in the Xenophontic corpus (Hellenica, Cavalry Commander, Cyropaideia), this chapter will explore the diverse strategies by which Xenophon shows commanders (including himself) holding together armies through all the stresses that drive them to dissolve. These strategies include logical reasoning, openness, deception, displays of emotion, arousal of a wide variety of emotions (greed, fear, shame) in the soldiery, and occasionally allowing or promoting tactical disunity so as to divide and discredit opponents, in strategic pursuit of re-unity. Most of these strategies make use of the techniques of oratory, in which Xenophon – as writer, perhaps even more than as orator – shows himself expert.
Pathologies of Love in Classical Literature (ed. D. Kanellakis), 2021
Scholarship on love in the Classical period has so far largely been concerned with Plato and trag... more Scholarship on love in the Classical period has so far largely been concerned with Plato and tragedy. However, the former’s focus is almost exclusively homosexual, highly idiosyncratic, occasionally mystical, and attempts to remove sex from love. Tragic love, by contrast, is almost exclusively heterosexual, usually within marriage, accompanied by psychoses, and frequently ends in violent death. The Xenophontic corpus provides a corrective to these, as Xenophon is interested in both homosexual and heterosexual love, but more importantly provides a number of vignettes portraying what we might call the ‘experience’ of being in love, in its multifaceted glory: its disappointments, its satisfactions, and its consummations. Borrowing and extending a psychological methodology that has proved fruitful for exploring emotions – the emotional episode – this paper approaches the experience of love (or rather erôs) by breaking it down into its pathological components: causes; psychological feelings; physiological responses; verbal, physical and attitudinal reactions (or ‘symptoms’); defences; and resolutions. The Symposium proves a rich seam to mine, showcasing a great variety of perspectives on erôs, and so an admirable focus for our exploration. We find erôs as a response to beauty, perceived through the eyes, and enhanced by other senses. Symposiasts react in words, deeds and thoughts; to erotic stimuli, nascent and long-lasting love; and to beloveds both present and absent. ‘Socrates’ introduces a characteristic twist – but one that reflects Xenophon’s pedagogic concerns rather than Plato’s. And the whole is imbued with rich humour and irony. Material is introduced from elsewhere in the Xenophontic corpus as relevant; and in particular from the Cyropaedia, in which we find love that is unrequited, requited and avoided, as different men respond to the extraordinary beauty of Pantheia, the Lady of Susa.
Greece & Rome 68.1, 2021
, 3 and more recently Angelos Chaniotis 4though the cast list goes much wider. Early interest in ... more , 3 and more recently Angelos Chaniotis 4though the cast list goes much wider. Early interest in emotions prevalent across Classical genres, such as shame, 5 anger, 6 pity, 7 envy/jealousy, 8 and erôs, 9 has more recently expanded to include more peripheral emotions such as forgiveness, 10 remorse, 11 and disgust. 12 A number 1 Five of the six articles in this collection derive from a colloquium on 'The Emotions of Medea', held at the Fondation Hardt, 3-4 May 2019. The colloquium was organized by Damien Nelis and Douglas Cairns, and was funded by the Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences, Faculty of Letters, Commission administrative, and Department of Classics, all of the University of Geneva. Our thanks is due to all of these.
Greece & Rome 68.1, 2021
As one scholar has opined, in book 3 of Apollonius’s Argonautica “It is not the heroic as such bu... more As one scholar has opined, in book 3 of Apollonius’s Argonautica “It is not the heroic as such but rather the erotic that becomes the real theme” (Barkhuizen 1979, 33). However, it is not just erôs that shapes this book, but rather Medea’s internal battle with a number of other emotions that erôs engenders: principally grief, fear and shame. Medea’s emotions form a multifarious and complex nexus, and this paper proposes disaggregating them by using a ‘script’ approach to examine them individually, pulling their elements out of the morass. This reading reveals the causes of each emotion, together with its psychological and physiological effects on her (mental and physical symptoms), and the behaviours it prompts. The second half of the paper considers how these emotions relate to each other – both causally (one causing another, or both having the same cause), and in conflict. The four passages in which Medea’s emotions conflict lead to vacillation and ultimately paralysis, with symptoms suggesting a fifth emotion may be affecting the drama, though it is one hard to name in English. This fifth emotion is what enables Apollonius to dramatically slow the action and place Medea’s internal conflict at the heart of the drama of this book.
Unpublished papers by Ed Sanders
School talk: An introduction to emotive strategies in Classical Greek oratory - especially Atheni... more School talk: An introduction to emotive strategies in Classical Greek oratory - especially Athenian forensic (court room) speeches.
A large amount of scholarship has been published on emotional arguments in (mostly forensic) Atti... more A large amount of scholarship has been published on emotional arguments in (mostly forensic) Attic oratory, and a small amount on (mostly deliberative) speeches in historiography - but even this is mostly limited to speeches at Athens. However, a close reading of Thucydides' speeches delivered at Athens and Sparta shows considerable differences, namely that those at Athens find Athenians are open to emotional persuasion, though generally only by optimistic and acquisitive emotions (confidence, hope, desire and greed), but not by e.g. fear or shame; however, speakers at Sparta try a wide variety of emotions with almost complete lack of success. It is argued that this divergence is deliberate, and reflects Thucydides' historiographical agenda.
Thucydides' 'History of the Peloponnesian War' contains a large number of deliberative speeches, ... more Thucydides' 'History of the Peloponnesian War' contains a large number of deliberative speeches, many of substantial length, in which emotional arguments are made in some detail (in contrast to other Classical period historiographers, whose speeches are more commonly reported in précis). These speeches are of two types: those delivered within a polis by a citizen of that state; and those delivered by inter-polis envoys. Speeches inciting war are also of two types: those proposing starting, and those proposing continuing, to fight.
The emotional requirements of such speeches differ by a variety of factors, such as: the city being addressed, which Thucydides can portray as being more open to certain emotions than others; the hierarchically subordinate or superior position of the polis whose envoy is speaking; the state of the war; the polis’s economic or military strength and stability; its martial history; its diplomatic vulnerability; and more psychological factors (e.g. continued success creating overconfidence; a concatenation of disasters breeding despair). This paper explores such issues, and proposes a framework for understanding why certain emotions are chosen in particular circumstances, and the varying arguments by which they are aroused.
Envy and Jealousy in Classical Athens, 2014
Emotions vary between cultures, especially in their eliciting conditions, social acceptability, f... more Emotions vary between cultures, especially in their eliciting conditions, social acceptability, forms of expression, and co-extent of terminology. Envy and Jealousy in Classical Athens examines the sensation, expression, and literary representation of envy and jealousy in Classical Athens. Previous scholarship has primarily taken a lexical approach, focusing on usage of the Greek words *phthonos* (envy, begrudging, jealousy, spite) and *zêlos* (emulative rivalry). This has value, but also limitations, for two reasons: the discreditable nature of *phthonos* renders its ascription or disclamation suspect, and there is no Classical Greek label for sexual jealousy. A complementary approach is therefore required, which reads the expressed values and actions of entire situations.
Building on recent developments in reading emotion "scripts" in classical texts, this book applies to Athenian culture and literature insights on the contexts, conscious and subconscious motivations, subjective manifestations, and indicative behaviors of envy, jealousy, and related emotions, derived from modern philosophical, psychological, psychoanalytical, sociological, and anthropological scholarship. This enables an exploration of both the explicit theorization and evaluation of envy and jealousy, and also the more oblique ways in which they find expression across different genres—in particular philosophy, oratory, comedy, and tragedy.
1. Introduction
2. Envy, jealousy and related emotions – modern theories
3. The vocabulary of Greek envy and jealousy
4. Aristotle on *phthonos*
5. *Phthonos* and the Attic oratorical corpus
6. Audience *phthonos* in Old Comedy
7. Onstage *phthonos* in Old Comedy and tragedy
8. Sexual jealousy in Classical Athens
Envoi
Erôs in Ancient Greece, 2013
This volume, arising out of a conference at University College London in 2009, examines erôs as a... more This volume, arising out of a conference at University College London in 2009, examines erôs as an emotion in ancient Greek culture. It considers the phenomenology, psychology, and physiology of erôs; its associated language, metaphors, and imagery; the overlap of erôs with other emotions (jealousy, madness, philia, pothos); its role in political society; and the relationship between the human emotion and Eros the god. These topics build on recent advances in understanding of ancient Greek homo- and heterosexual customs and practices, visual and textual erotica, and philosophical approaches to erôs as manageable appetite or passion. However, the principal aim of the volume is to apply to erôs the theoretical insights offered by the rapidly expanding field of emotion studies, both in ancient cultures and elsewhere in the humanities and social sciences, thus maintaining throughout the focus on erôs as emotion. The volume covers a very broad range of sources and theoretical approaches, both in the chronological and the generic sense: all important thinking about the nature of erôs is considered, spanning the entire period from Hesiod to the Second Sophistic, including the input offered by figurative arts. Generically the volume ranges from Archaic epic and lyric poetry, through tragedy and comedy, to philosophical and technical treatises and more, and includes contributions from many scholars well published in the field of ancient Greek emotions – thus marking an important addition to this field.
1. Introduction (Ed Sanders and Chiara Thumiger)
Part 1: Phenomenology and psychology of erôs
2. Between appetite and emotion, or Why can’t animals have erôs? (David Konstan)
3. Mad erôs and eroticized madness in tragedy (Chiara Thumiger)
4. Sexual jealousy and erôs in Euripides’ Medea (Ed Sanders)
5. Love’s battlefield: Rethinking Sappho fragment 31 (Armand D’Angour)
6. Monstrous love? Erotic reciprocity in Aelian’s De natura animalium (Steven D. Smith)
Part 2: Defining erôs: Philosophy and science
7. Challenging Platonic erôs: The role of thumos and philotimia in love (Olivier Renaut)
8. Galen, Plato, and the physiology of erôs (Ralph M. Rosen)
9. Sex and the city: Plato, Aristotle, and Zeno of Kition on erôs and philia (Eleni Leontsini)
10. Stoic erôs – is there such a thing? (Christopher Gill)
Part 3: Divine Eros and human erôs
11. Eros in Hesiod (Glenn W. Most)
12. From the gymnasium to the wedding: Eros in Athenian art and cult (Emma Stafford)
13. Love theory and political practice in Plutarch: The Amatorius and the Lives of Coriolanus and Alcibiades (Michele A. Lucchesi)
Part 4: Imagery and language of erôs
14. The imagery of erôs in Plato’s Phaedrus (Douglas Cairns)
15. The language(s) of love in Aristophanes (James Robson)
16. Worlds of erôs in Ibycus fragment 286 (PMGF) (Vanessa Cazzato)
17. Lamp and erotic epigram: How an object sheds light on the lover’s emotions (Maria Kanellou)
18. Male bodies, male gazes: Exploring erôs in the twelfth book of the Greek Anthology (Andreas Fountoulakis)
Erôs and the Polis: Love in Context, 2013
Arising out of a conference on 'Erôs in Ancient Greece', the articles in this volume share a hist... more Arising out of a conference on 'Erôs in Ancient Greece', the articles in this volume share a historicizing approach to the conventions and expectations of erôs in the context of the polis, in the Archaic and Classical periods of ancient Greece. The articles focus on (post-Homeric) Archaic and Classical poetic genres – namely lyric poetry, tragedy and comedy – and some philosophical texts by Plato, Xenophon and Aristotle. They pursue a variety of issues, including: the connection between homosexual erôs and politics; sexual practices that fell outside of societal norms (aristocratic homosexuality, chastity); the roles of sôphrosynê (self-control) and akrasia (incontinence) in erotic relationships; and the connection between erôs and other socially important emotions such as charis, philia and storgê. The exploration of such issues from a variety of standpoints, and through a range of texts, allows us to place erôs as an emotion in its socio-political context.
Erôs and the polis: An introduction (Ed Sanders)
1. Politics, poetics and erôs in archaic poetry (James Davidson)
2. Erotic charis: What sorts of reciprocity (Nick Fisher)
3. The rejection of erotic passion by Euripides' Hippolytos (Dimitra Kokkini)
4. Erôs in Menander: three studies in male character (Stavroula Kiritsi)
The full text of the supplement is open access at: https://humanities-digital-library.org/index.php/hdl/catalog/view/eros-polis/106/275-1
Emotion and Persuasion in Classical Antiquity, 2016
Appeal to emotion is a key technique of persuasion, ranked by Aristotle alongside logical reasoni... more Appeal to emotion is a key technique of persuasion, ranked by Aristotle alongside logical reasoning and arguments from character. Although ancient philosophical discussions of it have been much researched, exploration of its practical use has focused largely on explicit appeals to a handful of emotions (anger, hatred, envy, pity) in 5th–4th century BCE Athenian courtroom oratory. This volume expands horizons: from an opening section focusing on so-far underexplored emotions and sub-genres of oratory in Classical Athens, its scope moves outwards generically, geographically, and chronologically through the "Greek East" to Rome.
Key thematic links are: the role of emotion in the formation of community identity; persuasive strategies in situations of unequal power; and linguistic formulae and genre-specific emotional persuasion. Other recurring themes include performance (rather than arousal) of emotions, the choice between emotional and rational argumentation, the emotions of gods, and a concern with a secondary "audience": the reader.
Introduction (Ed Sanders)
Part 1: Emotion in Classical Greek oratory - new directions
1. Bashing the establishment (Chris Carey)
2. Rational and emotional persuasion in Athenian inheritance cases (Brenda Griffith-Williams)
3. Persuasion through emotions in Athenian deliberative oratory (Ed Sanders)
4. Nostalgia, politics and persuasion in Demosthenes' Letters (Guy Westwood)
Part 2: Emotion and the formation of community identity
5. Displaying emotional community - the epigraphic evidence (Angelos Chaniotis)
6. Emotion, persuasion and kinship in Thucydides: The Plataian debate (3.52–68) and the Melian dialogue (5.85–113) (Maria Fragoulaki)
7. 'There is no one who does not hate Sulla': Emotion, persuasion and cultural trauma (Alexandra Eckert)
8. Greater than *logos*? Kinaesthetic empathy and mass persuasion in the choruses of Plato's Laws (Lucy Jackson)
Part 3: Persuasive strategies in unequal power relationships
9. Instruction and example: Emotions in Xenophon's Hipparchicus and Anabasis (Jennifer Winter)
10. Anger as a mechanism for social control in Imperial Rome (Jayne Knight)
11. Emotions in Roman historiography: The rhetorical use of tears as a means of persuasion (Judith Hagen)
12. 'He was moved, but ...': Failed appeals to the emotions in Ovid's Metamorphoses (Matthew Johncock)
Part 4: Linguistic formulae and genre-specific persuasion
13. Emotional language and formulae of persuasion in Greek papyrus letters (Eleanor Dickey)
14. Emotions, persuasion and gender in Greek erotic curses (Irene Salvo)
15. Strategies of persuasion in provoked quarrels in Plautus: A pragmatic perspective (Federica Iurescia)
16. 'It ain't necessarily so': Reinterpreting some poems of Catullus from a discursive psychological point of view (Kate Hammond)
KAKOS, Badness and Anti-Value in Classical Antiquity (eds. Ineke Sluiter & Ralph Rosen), 2008
Unveiling Emotions: Sources and Methods for the Study of Emotions in the Greek World (ed. Angelos Chaniotis), 2012
Unveiling Emotions: Sources and Methods for the Study of Emotions in the Greek World (ed. Angelos Chaniotis), 2012
Erôs and the Polis: Love in Context, 2013
Erôs in Ancient Greece (eds. Ed Sanders, Chiara Thumiger, Chris Carey & Nick Lowe), 2013
What is erôs?' One might wonder whether this question is still in need of being addressed, with s... more What is erôs?' One might wonder whether this question is still in need of being addressed, with several studies on the topic available, and more generally with the degree of scholarly attention that Greek erôs (the emotion) and Eros (the god) have attracted in the past. The present collection, which arose out of a conference on 'Erôs in ancient Greece' (University College London, March 2009), 1 aims to contribute to this strand of research by offering an altogether new approach: a keen focus on the ancient emotion, as opposed to the mythological or philological item. Eros (the god) and erôs (the emotion), as we are well aware, cannot be simplistically isolated from one another: as the internal organization of the volume will show, the mythological, literary, and visual representations are the very flesh and bones of the emotion we set out to explore. The primary aim of these essays, however, is to analyse and problematize the ancient emotion of which the literary (and occasionally figurative) representation is a medium, mindful of the theoretical challenges and caveats that such enterprises notoriously entail. In order to do this, we have succeeded in covering very broad ranges of sources and theoretical approaches, both in the chronological and the generic sense, but firmly located in the context of ancient Greek culture. All important thinking about the nature of erôs across the entire span from Hesiod to the Second Sophistic is considered, including the input offered by figurative arts; in this sense, this volume is surely an unprecedented contribution. 2 Scholarship on erôs has burgeoned in the last few decades. It is useful to offer a panoramic view of this large corpus of material, which can generally be divided into the categories below. This is a working division, of courseboundaries are often crossed, and interconnections are essential:
Erôs in Ancient Greece (eds. Ed Sanders, Chiara Thumiger, Chris Carey & Nick Lowe), 2013
90 on the connection between orgê and erôs, a connection denied by Harris (2003) 122. 8 Eur. Med.... more 90 on the connection between orgê and erôs, a connection denied by Harris (2003) 122. 8 Eur. Med. 1078-80: OEAEd ìAEíŁÜíø ìbí ïx AE äaeAí ìݺºø OEAEOEÜ, Łıìeò äb OEaeåßóóøí ôHí KìHí âïıºåıìÜôøí, ‹óðåae ìåªßóôøí AEYôØïò OEAEOEHí âaeïôïEò.
Emotion and Persuasion in Classical Antiquity (eds. Ed Sanders & Matthew Johncock), 2016
Emotion and Persuasion in Classical Antiquity (eds. Ed Sanders & Matthew Johncock), 2016
Hope, Joy, and Affection in the Classical World (eds. Ruth Caston & Bob Kaster), 2016
The Rhetoric of Unity and Division in Ancient Literature (eds A. N. Michalopoulos, A. Serafim, F. Beneventano della Corte and A. Vatri), 2021
In 401 BC, the failure of a military invasion/coup d’état left a fissiparous army of 10,000 Greek... more In 401 BC, the failure of a military invasion/coup d’état left a fissiparous army of 10,000 Greek mercenaries stranded in Persian territory, 1000 miles from the sea. Xenophon’s Anabasis famously tells (his version of) the story of the expedition into, and attempt to return from, Persia. As both one of the most senior generals leading the retreat, and later as experienced historiographer, Xenophon provides in his account of this march a unique insight into managing the leadership and maintaining the unity of an army that through rout, disease, starvation, deaths, attacks, disappointments and betrayals frequently threatened to dissolve into undisciplined bands of marauders, that would probably have been wiped out to a man.
Taking this historiographic tour de force as its main source, but supplementing it with material from elsewhere in the Xenophontic corpus (Hellenica, Cavalry Commander, Cyropaideia), this chapter will explore the diverse strategies by which Xenophon shows commanders (including himself) holding together armies through all the stresses that drive them to dissolve. These strategies include logical reasoning, openness, deception, displays of emotion, arousal of a wide variety of emotions (greed, fear, shame) in the soldiery, and occasionally allowing or promoting tactical disunity so as to divide and discredit opponents, in strategic pursuit of re-unity. Most of these strategies make use of the techniques of oratory, in which Xenophon – as writer, perhaps even more than as orator – shows himself expert.
Pathologies of Love in Classical Literature (ed. D. Kanellakis), 2021
Scholarship on love in the Classical period has so far largely been concerned with Plato and trag... more Scholarship on love in the Classical period has so far largely been concerned with Plato and tragedy. However, the former’s focus is almost exclusively homosexual, highly idiosyncratic, occasionally mystical, and attempts to remove sex from love. Tragic love, by contrast, is almost exclusively heterosexual, usually within marriage, accompanied by psychoses, and frequently ends in violent death. The Xenophontic corpus provides a corrective to these, as Xenophon is interested in both homosexual and heterosexual love, but more importantly provides a number of vignettes portraying what we might call the ‘experience’ of being in love, in its multifaceted glory: its disappointments, its satisfactions, and its consummations. Borrowing and extending a psychological methodology that has proved fruitful for exploring emotions – the emotional episode – this paper approaches the experience of love (or rather erôs) by breaking it down into its pathological components: causes; psychological feelings; physiological responses; verbal, physical and attitudinal reactions (or ‘symptoms’); defences; and resolutions. The Symposium proves a rich seam to mine, showcasing a great variety of perspectives on erôs, and so an admirable focus for our exploration. We find erôs as a response to beauty, perceived through the eyes, and enhanced by other senses. Symposiasts react in words, deeds and thoughts; to erotic stimuli, nascent and long-lasting love; and to beloveds both present and absent. ‘Socrates’ introduces a characteristic twist – but one that reflects Xenophon’s pedagogic concerns rather than Plato’s. And the whole is imbued with rich humour and irony. Material is introduced from elsewhere in the Xenophontic corpus as relevant; and in particular from the Cyropaedia, in which we find love that is unrequited, requited and avoided, as different men respond to the extraordinary beauty of Pantheia, the Lady of Susa.
Greece & Rome 68.1, 2021
, 3 and more recently Angelos Chaniotis 4though the cast list goes much wider. Early interest in ... more , 3 and more recently Angelos Chaniotis 4though the cast list goes much wider. Early interest in emotions prevalent across Classical genres, such as shame, 5 anger, 6 pity, 7 envy/jealousy, 8 and erôs, 9 has more recently expanded to include more peripheral emotions such as forgiveness, 10 remorse, 11 and disgust. 12 A number 1 Five of the six articles in this collection derive from a colloquium on 'The Emotions of Medea', held at the Fondation Hardt, 3-4 May 2019. The colloquium was organized by Damien Nelis and Douglas Cairns, and was funded by the Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences, Faculty of Letters, Commission administrative, and Department of Classics, all of the University of Geneva. Our thanks is due to all of these.
Greece & Rome 68.1, 2021
As one scholar has opined, in book 3 of Apollonius’s Argonautica “It is not the heroic as such bu... more As one scholar has opined, in book 3 of Apollonius’s Argonautica “It is not the heroic as such but rather the erotic that becomes the real theme” (Barkhuizen 1979, 33). However, it is not just erôs that shapes this book, but rather Medea’s internal battle with a number of other emotions that erôs engenders: principally grief, fear and shame. Medea’s emotions form a multifarious and complex nexus, and this paper proposes disaggregating them by using a ‘script’ approach to examine them individually, pulling their elements out of the morass. This reading reveals the causes of each emotion, together with its psychological and physiological effects on her (mental and physical symptoms), and the behaviours it prompts. The second half of the paper considers how these emotions relate to each other – both causally (one causing another, or both having the same cause), and in conflict. The four passages in which Medea’s emotions conflict lead to vacillation and ultimately paralysis, with symptoms suggesting a fifth emotion may be affecting the drama, though it is one hard to name in English. This fifth emotion is what enables Apollonius to dramatically slow the action and place Medea’s internal conflict at the heart of the drama of this book.
School talk: An introduction to emotive strategies in Classical Greek oratory - especially Atheni... more School talk: An introduction to emotive strategies in Classical Greek oratory - especially Athenian forensic (court room) speeches.
A large amount of scholarship has been published on emotional arguments in (mostly forensic) Atti... more A large amount of scholarship has been published on emotional arguments in (mostly forensic) Attic oratory, and a small amount on (mostly deliberative) speeches in historiography - but even this is mostly limited to speeches at Athens. However, a close reading of Thucydides' speeches delivered at Athens and Sparta shows considerable differences, namely that those at Athens find Athenians are open to emotional persuasion, though generally only by optimistic and acquisitive emotions (confidence, hope, desire and greed), but not by e.g. fear or shame; however, speakers at Sparta try a wide variety of emotions with almost complete lack of success. It is argued that this divergence is deliberate, and reflects Thucydides' historiographical agenda.
Thucydides' 'History of the Peloponnesian War' contains a large number of deliberative speeches, ... more Thucydides' 'History of the Peloponnesian War' contains a large number of deliberative speeches, many of substantial length, in which emotional arguments are made in some detail (in contrast to other Classical period historiographers, whose speeches are more commonly reported in précis). These speeches are of two types: those delivered within a polis by a citizen of that state; and those delivered by inter-polis envoys. Speeches inciting war are also of two types: those proposing starting, and those proposing continuing, to fight.
The emotional requirements of such speeches differ by a variety of factors, such as: the city being addressed, which Thucydides can portray as being more open to certain emotions than others; the hierarchically subordinate or superior position of the polis whose envoy is speaking; the state of the war; the polis’s economic or military strength and stability; its martial history; its diplomatic vulnerability; and more psychological factors (e.g. continued success creating overconfidence; a concatenation of disasters breeding despair). This paper explores such issues, and proposes a framework for understanding why certain emotions are chosen in particular circumstances, and the varying arguments by which they are aroused.
How an understanding of emotional persuasive strategies, developed from Classical Athenian forens... more How an understanding of emotional persuasive strategies, developed from Classical Athenian forensic (court room) speeches, can help us understand such strategies in other historical periods - here in the *prooimia* of the US, UK, French and Russian prosecution speeches at the Nuremberg trials.