Edmond Nurellari - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Edmond Nurellari

Research paper thumbnail of A Numerical Procedure to Determine the Power Intake/Delivery Capacity of a GaN RF Power Transistor over Broadband

A Numerical Procedure to Determine the Power Intake/Delivery Capacity of a GaN RF Power Transistor over Broadband

2022 Microwave Mediterranean Symposium (MMS)

Research paper thumbnail of Broadband performance assessment of a microwave power transistor employing the real frequency technique

International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications

Generation of proper source/ load pull impedances for a selected active device is essential to de... more Generation of proper source/ load pull impedances for a selected active device is essential to design an RF power amplifier for optimum gain and power added efficiency. As they are obtained, these impedances may not be realizable network functions over the desired frequency band to yield the input and the output matching networks for the amplifier. Therefore, in this paper, first, we introduce a new method to test if a given impedance is realizable. Then, a novel "Real Frequency Line Segment Technique" based numerical procedure is introduced to assess the gain-bandwidth limitations of the given source and load impedances, which in turn results in the ultimate RF-power intake and power delivery capacity of the amplifier. During the numerical performance assessments process, a robust tool called "Virtual Gain Optimization" is presented. Finally, a new definition called "Power-Performance-Product" is introduced to measure the quality of an active device. Examples are presented to test the realizability of the given source/load pull data and to assess the gain-bandwidth limitations of the given source/load pull impedances for a 45W-GaN power transistor, namely "Wolfspeed CG2H40045", over 0.8-3.8 GHz bandwidth.

Research paper thumbnail of FPGA-Based CNN for Real-Time UAV Tracking and Detection

Frontiers in Space Technologies

Neural networks (NNs) are now being extensively utilized in various artificial intelligence platf... more Neural networks (NNs) are now being extensively utilized in various artificial intelligence platforms specifically in the area of image classification and real-time object tracking. We propose a novel design to address the problem of real-time unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) monitoring and detection using a Zynq UltraScale FPGA-based convolutional neural network (CNN). The biggest challenge while implementing real-time algorithms on FPGAs is the limited DSP hardware resources available on FPGA platforms. Our proposed design overcomes the challenge of autonomous real-time UAV detection and tracking using a Xilinx’s Zynq UltraScale XCZU9EG system on a chip (SoC) platform. Our proposed design explores and provides a solution for overcoming the challenge of limited floating-point resources while maintaining real-time performance. The solution consists of two modules: UAV tracking module and neural network–based UAV detection module. The tracking module uses our novel background-differenci...

Research paper thumbnail of A novel energy-efficient and reliable ACO-based routing protocol for WSN-enabled forest fires detection

A novel energy-efficient and reliable ACO-based routing protocol for WSN-enabled forest fires detection

Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of A Practical Implementation of an Agriculture Field Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT Enabled

2018 IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems (iSES) (Formerly iNiS), 2018

In this work, we consider the problem of designing a state of the art energy − ef f icient wirele... more In this work, we consider the problem of designing a state of the art energy − ef f icient wireless sensor network (WSN) practically deployed in a large field. The sensor nodes (SNs) are tasked to monitor a large region of interest (ROI) and report their test statistics to the fusion center (FC) over a wireless fading channel. To maximize the lifetime of the WSN and enable long range communication with minimal transmit power, the long range wide area network (LoRaWAN) communication protocol is adopted. Each of the SN is designed and enabled with several state of the art sensors in order to estimate different and diverse parameters of interest (e.g., soil moisture, soil temperature, and salinity at different soil depth; barometric pressure, ambient humidity, leaf wetness, and etc.). The core feature of the proposed solution is that the SNs learn and adopt over the sensing time. This is very important in extending the operational lifetime of the WSN. The proposed system is validated through the infield experiments using few concept devices. Experimental results show that the proposed WSN features an effective large ROI monitoring with minimal number of SNs, a significantly reduced SN transmission power required and thus an extended WSN operational lifetime.

Research paper thumbnail of LDPC Coded OFDM And It's Application To DVBT2, DVBS2 And IEEE 80216e

Since the invention of Information Theory by Shannon in 1948, coding theorists have been trying t... more Since the invention of Information Theory by Shannon in 1948, coding theorists have been trying to come up with coding schemes that will achieve capacity dictated by Shannon’s Theorem. The most successful two coding schemes among many are the LDPCs and Turbo codes. In this thesis, we focus on LDPC codes and in particular their usage by the second generation terrestrial digital video broadcasting (DVB-T2), second generation satellite digital video broadcasting (DVB-S2) and IEEE 802.16e mobile WiMAX standards. Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) block codes were invented by Gallager in 1962 and they can achieve near Shannon limit performance on a wide variety of fading channels. LDPC codes are included in the DVB-T2 and DVB-S2 standards because of their excellent error-correcting capabilities. LDPC coding has also been adopted as an optional error correcting scheme in IEEE 802.16e mobile WiMAX. This thesis focuses on the bit error rate (BER) and PSNR performance analysis of DVB-T2, DVB-S2...

Research paper thumbnail of A Partition-based Mobile Crowd Sensing-enabled Task Allocation for Solar Insecticidal Lamp Internet of Things Maintenance

A Partition-based Mobile Crowd Sensing-enabled Task Allocation for Solar Insecticidal Lamp Internet of Things Maintenance

IEEE Internet of Things Journal

Research paper thumbnail of Two-Hop Energy Consumption Balanced Routing Algorithm for Solar Insecticidal Lamp Internet of Things

Sensors, 2021

Due to the sparsity deployment of nodes, the full connection requirement, and the unpredictable e... more Due to the sparsity deployment of nodes, the full connection requirement, and the unpredictable electromagnetic interference on communication caused by high voltage pulse current of Solar Insecticidal Lamps Internet of Things (SIL-IoTs), a Two-Hop Energy Consumption Balanced routing algorithm (THECB) is proposed in this research work. THECB selects next-hop nodes according to 1-hop and 2-hop neighbors’ information. In addition, the greedy forwarding mechanism is expressed in the form of probability; that is, each neighbor node is given a weight between 0 and 1 according to the distance. THECB reduces the data forwarding traffic of nodes whose discharge numbers are relatively higher than those of other nodes so that the unpredictable electromagnetic interference on communication can be weakened. We compare the energy consumption, energy consumption balance, and data forwarding traffic over various discharge numbers, network densities, and transmission radius. The results indicate tha...

Research paper thumbnail of On Enabling Mobile Crowd Sensing for Data Collection in Smart Agriculture: A Vision

IEEE Systems Journal, 2021

Smart agriculture enables the efficiency and intelligence of production in physical farm manageme... more Smart agriculture enables the efficiency and intelligence of production in physical farm management. Though promising, due to the limitation of the existing data collection methods, it still encounters few challenges that are required to be considered. Mobile Crowd Sensing (MCS) embeds three beneficial characteristics: a) cost-effectiveness, b) scalability, and c) mobility and robustness. With the Internet of Things (IoT) becoming a reality, the smart phones are widely becoming available even in remote areas. Hence, both the MCSs characteristics and the plug and play widely available infrastructure provides huge opportunities for the MCS-enabled smart agriculture.opening up several new opportunities at the application level. In this paper, we extensively evaluate the Agriculture Mobile Crowd Sensing (AMCS) and provide insights for agricultural data collection schemes. In addition, we provide a comparative study with the existing agriculture data collection solutions and conclude that AMCS has significant benefits in terms of flexibility, collecting implicit data, and low cost requirements. However, we note that AMCSs may still posses limitations in regard to data integrity and quality to be considered as a future work. To this end, we perform a detailed analysis of the challenges and opportunities that concerns the MCS-enabled agriculture by putting forward six potential applications of AMCS-enabled agriculture. Finally, we propose future research and focus on agricultural characteristics, e.g., seasonality and regionality.

Research paper thumbnail of A Survey on Smart Agriculture: Development Modes, Technologies, and Security and Privacy Challenges

IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 2021

With the deep combination of both modern information technology and traditional agriculture, the ... more With the deep combination of both modern information technology and traditional agriculture, the era of agriculture 4.0, which takes the form of smart agriculture, has come. Smart agriculture provides solutions for agricultural intelligence and automation. However, information security issues cannot be ignored with the development of agriculture brought by modern information technology. In this paper, three typical development modes of smart agriculture (precision agriculture, facility agriculture, and order agriculture) are presented. Then, 7 key technologies and 11 key applications are derived from the above modes. Based on the above technologies and applications, 6 security and privacy countermeasures (authentication and access control, privacy-preserving, blockchain-based solutions for data integrity, cryptography and key management, physical countermeasures, and intrusion detection systems) are summarized and discussed. Moreover, the security challenges of smart agriculture are analyzed and organized into two aspects: 1) agricultural production, and 2) information technology. Most current research projects have not taken agricultural equipment as potential security threats. Therefore, we did some additional experiments based on solar insecticidal lamps Internet of Things, and the results indicate that agricultural equipment has an impact on agricultural security. Finally, more technologies (5G communication, fog computing, Internet of Everything, renewable energy management system, software defined network, virtual reality, augmented reality, and cyber security datasets for smart agriculture) are described as the future research directions of smart agriculture.

Research paper thumbnail of Image Transmission over Fading Channels using RS-CC versus LDPC Coding

Signal and Image Processing, 2011

In this paper we present effective means of digital image transmission by means of Forward Error ... more In this paper we present effective means of digital image transmission by means of Forward Error Correcting (FEC) schemes and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The transmission was simulated over the AWGN and a Rayleigh fading channel whose power delay profile was adopted from the ITU channel model. The FEC and OFDM parameters were adopted from the DVB-T, WiMAX, and DVB-T2 standards. The results presented herein are in terms of BER, PSNR and visual performances. It is evident from the presented results that effective FEC schemes are necessary for reliable transmission of digital media in a mobile wireless scenario.

Research paper thumbnail of Detection and Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Research paper thumbnail of Image Transmission over Fading Channels using RS-CC versus LDPC Coding

Signal and Image Processing, 2011

In this paper we present effective means of digital image transmission by means of Forward Error ... more In this paper we present effective means of digital image transmission by means of Forward Error Correcting (FEC) schemes and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The transmission was simulated over the AWGN and a Rayleigh fading channel whose power delay profile was adopted from the ITU channel model. The FEC and OFDM parameters were adopted from the DVB-T, WiMAX, and DVB-T2 standards. The results presented herein are in terms of BER, PSNR and visual performances. It is evident from the presented results that effective FEC schemes are necessary for reliable transmission of digital media in a mobile wireless scenario.

Research paper thumbnail of Energy balancing for robotic aided clustered wireless sensor networks using mobility diversity algorithms

We consider the problem of energy balancing in a clustered wireless sensor network (WSN) deployed... more We consider the problem of energy balancing in a clustered wireless sensor network (WSN) deployed randomly in a large field and aided by a mobile robot (MR). The sensor nodes (SNs) are tasked to monitor a region of interest (ROI) and report their test statistics to the cluster heads (CHs), which subsequently report to the fusion center (FC) over a wireless fading channel. To maximize the lifetime of the WSN, the MR is deployed to act as an adaptive relay between a subset of the CHs and the FC. To achieve this we develop a multiple-link mobility diversity algorithm (MDA) executed by the MR that will allow to compensate simultaneously for the small-scale fading at the established wireless links (i.e., the MR-to-FC as well as various CH-to-MR communication links). Simulation results show that the proposed MR aided technique is able to significantly reduce the transmission power required and thus extend the operational lifetime of the WSN. We also show how the effect of small-scale fadi...

Research paper thumbnail of Quantized Fusion Rules for Energy-Based Distributed Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks

We consider the problem of soft decision fusion in a bandwidth-constrained wireless sensor networ... more We consider the problem of soft decision fusion in a bandwidth-constrained wireless sensor network (WSN). The WSN is tasked with the detection of an intruder transmitting an unknown signal over a fading channel. A binary hypothesis testing is performed using the soft decision of the sensor nodes (SNs). Using the likelihood ratio test, the optimal soft fusion rule at the fusion center (FC) has been shown to be the weighted distance from the soft decision mean under the null hypothesis. But as the optimal rule requires a-priori knowledge that is difficult to attain in practice, suboptimal fusion rules are proposed that are realizable in practice. We show how the effect of quantizing the test statistic can be mitigated by increasing the number of SN samples, i.e., bandwidth can be traded off against increased latency. The optimal power and bit allocation for the WSN is also derived. Simulation results show that SNs with good channels are allocated more bits, while SNs with poor channel...

Research paper thumbnail of Energy Balancing for Robotic Aided Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks Using Mobility Diversity Algorithms

2018 26th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), 2018

We consider the problem of energy balancing in a clustered wireless sensor network (WSN) deployed... more We consider the problem of energy balancing in a clustered wireless sensor network (WSN) deployed randomly in a large field and aided by a mobile robot (MR). The sensor nodes (SNs) are tasked to monitor a region of interest (ROI) and report their test statistics to the cluster heads (CHs), which subsequently report to the fusion center (FC) over a wireless fading channel. To maximize the lifetime of the WSN, the MR is deployed to act as an adaptive relay between a subset of the CHs and the FC. To achieve this we develop a multiple−link mobility diversity algorithm (MDA) executed by the MR that will allow to compensate simultaneously for the small-scale fading at the established wireless links (i.e., the MR-to-FC as well as various CH-to-MR communication links). Simulation results show that the proposed MR aided technique is able to significantly reduce the transmission power required and thus extend the operational lifetime of the WSN. We also show how the effect of small-scale fading at various wireless links is mitigated by using the proposed multiple − link MDA executed by a MR equipped with a single antenna.

Research paper thumbnail of Distributed Localization in Censored Wireless Sensor Networks with Binary Data

2021 IEEE Jordan International Joint Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (JEEIT), 2021

In this paper we investigate distributed localization of an intruder in wireless sensor networks ... more In this paper we investigate distributed localization of an intruder in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), in which the sensor nodes (SNs) censor their transmission to the fusion center (FC). The SNs locally detect the intruder and send their decision only if it is positive. The FC, on the other hand, uses those binary data to localize the intruder. We present the censored maximum likelihood (cML) localization algorithm, Furthermore, we derive two computationally simple localization algorithms, the quadratic approximate ML (QAML) and the linear approximate ML (LAML). The performance of the ML-based algorithms significantly outperforms the heuristics-based algorithms, such as the centroid method (CM) and the center of maximum enclosing rectangle (CMER), as the simulation results show.

Research paper thumbnail of Robotic Mobility Diversity Algorithm with Continuous Search Space

2018 26th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), 2018

Small scale fading makes the wireless channel gain vary significantly over small distances and in... more Small scale fading makes the wireless channel gain vary significantly over small distances and in the context of classical communication systems it can be detrimental to performance. But in the context of mobile robot (MR) wireless communications, we can take advantage of the fading using a mobility diversity algorithm (MDA) to deliberately locate the MR at a point where the channel gain is high. There are two classes of MDAs. In the first class, the MR explores various points, stops at each one to collect channel measurements and then locates the best position to establish communications. In the second class the MR moves, without stopping, along a continuous path while collecting channel measurements and then stops at the end of the path. It determines the best point to establish communications. Until now, the shape of the continuous path for such MDAs has been arbitrarily selected and currently there is no method to optimize it. In this paper, we propose a method to optimize such a path. Simulation results show that such optimized paths provide the MDAs with an increased performance, enabling them to experience higher channel gains while using less mechanical energy for the MR motion.

Research paper thumbnail of Optimal quantization and power allocation for energy-based distributed sensor detection

We consider the decentralized detection of an unknown deterministic signal in a spatially uncorre... more We consider the decentralized detection of an unknown deterministic signal in a spatially uncorrelated distributed wireless sensor network. N samples from the signal of interest are gathered by each of the M spatially distributed sensors, and the energy is estimated by each sensor. The sensors send their quantized information over orthogonal channels to the fusion center (FC) which linearly combines them and makes a final decision. We show how by maximizing the modified deflection coefficient we can calculate the optimal transmit power allocation for each sensor and the optimal number of quantization bits to match the channel capacity.

Research paper thumbnail of Energy-Efficient 3D UAV Trajectory Design for Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks

ICASSP 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2020

We consider the issue of designing closed 3D UAV trajectories that allow for an energy efficient ... more We consider the issue of designing closed 3D UAV trajectories that allow for an energy efficient collection of data with a UAV-aided wireless sensor network. We consider a 3D wireless channel model and a realistic dynamical model for the UAV. The proposed trajectory is largely derived analytically, thus making its online calculation computationally tractable. We also show the importance of using realistic dynamical and energy models for the UAV in designing efficient trajectories. This is done mainly by showing that minimising the flying time of the UAV is not equivalent to minimising its energy consumption. Simulation results corroborate these findings.

Research paper thumbnail of A Numerical Procedure to Determine the Power Intake/Delivery Capacity of a GaN RF Power Transistor over Broadband

A Numerical Procedure to Determine the Power Intake/Delivery Capacity of a GaN RF Power Transistor over Broadband

2022 Microwave Mediterranean Symposium (MMS)

Research paper thumbnail of Broadband performance assessment of a microwave power transistor employing the real frequency technique

International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications

Generation of proper source/ load pull impedances for a selected active device is essential to de... more Generation of proper source/ load pull impedances for a selected active device is essential to design an RF power amplifier for optimum gain and power added efficiency. As they are obtained, these impedances may not be realizable network functions over the desired frequency band to yield the input and the output matching networks for the amplifier. Therefore, in this paper, first, we introduce a new method to test if a given impedance is realizable. Then, a novel "Real Frequency Line Segment Technique" based numerical procedure is introduced to assess the gain-bandwidth limitations of the given source and load impedances, which in turn results in the ultimate RF-power intake and power delivery capacity of the amplifier. During the numerical performance assessments process, a robust tool called "Virtual Gain Optimization" is presented. Finally, a new definition called "Power-Performance-Product" is introduced to measure the quality of an active device. Examples are presented to test the realizability of the given source/load pull data and to assess the gain-bandwidth limitations of the given source/load pull impedances for a 45W-GaN power transistor, namely "Wolfspeed CG2H40045", over 0.8-3.8 GHz bandwidth.

Research paper thumbnail of FPGA-Based CNN for Real-Time UAV Tracking and Detection

Frontiers in Space Technologies

Neural networks (NNs) are now being extensively utilized in various artificial intelligence platf... more Neural networks (NNs) are now being extensively utilized in various artificial intelligence platforms specifically in the area of image classification and real-time object tracking. We propose a novel design to address the problem of real-time unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) monitoring and detection using a Zynq UltraScale FPGA-based convolutional neural network (CNN). The biggest challenge while implementing real-time algorithms on FPGAs is the limited DSP hardware resources available on FPGA platforms. Our proposed design overcomes the challenge of autonomous real-time UAV detection and tracking using a Xilinx’s Zynq UltraScale XCZU9EG system on a chip (SoC) platform. Our proposed design explores and provides a solution for overcoming the challenge of limited floating-point resources while maintaining real-time performance. The solution consists of two modules: UAV tracking module and neural network–based UAV detection module. The tracking module uses our novel background-differenci...

Research paper thumbnail of A novel energy-efficient and reliable ACO-based routing protocol for WSN-enabled forest fires detection

A novel energy-efficient and reliable ACO-based routing protocol for WSN-enabled forest fires detection

Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of A Practical Implementation of an Agriculture Field Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT Enabled

2018 IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems (iSES) (Formerly iNiS), 2018

In this work, we consider the problem of designing a state of the art energy − ef f icient wirele... more In this work, we consider the problem of designing a state of the art energy − ef f icient wireless sensor network (WSN) practically deployed in a large field. The sensor nodes (SNs) are tasked to monitor a large region of interest (ROI) and report their test statistics to the fusion center (FC) over a wireless fading channel. To maximize the lifetime of the WSN and enable long range communication with minimal transmit power, the long range wide area network (LoRaWAN) communication protocol is adopted. Each of the SN is designed and enabled with several state of the art sensors in order to estimate different and diverse parameters of interest (e.g., soil moisture, soil temperature, and salinity at different soil depth; barometric pressure, ambient humidity, leaf wetness, and etc.). The core feature of the proposed solution is that the SNs learn and adopt over the sensing time. This is very important in extending the operational lifetime of the WSN. The proposed system is validated through the infield experiments using few concept devices. Experimental results show that the proposed WSN features an effective large ROI monitoring with minimal number of SNs, a significantly reduced SN transmission power required and thus an extended WSN operational lifetime.

Research paper thumbnail of LDPC Coded OFDM And It's Application To DVBT2, DVBS2 And IEEE 80216e

Since the invention of Information Theory by Shannon in 1948, coding theorists have been trying t... more Since the invention of Information Theory by Shannon in 1948, coding theorists have been trying to come up with coding schemes that will achieve capacity dictated by Shannon’s Theorem. The most successful two coding schemes among many are the LDPCs and Turbo codes. In this thesis, we focus on LDPC codes and in particular their usage by the second generation terrestrial digital video broadcasting (DVB-T2), second generation satellite digital video broadcasting (DVB-S2) and IEEE 802.16e mobile WiMAX standards. Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) block codes were invented by Gallager in 1962 and they can achieve near Shannon limit performance on a wide variety of fading channels. LDPC codes are included in the DVB-T2 and DVB-S2 standards because of their excellent error-correcting capabilities. LDPC coding has also been adopted as an optional error correcting scheme in IEEE 802.16e mobile WiMAX. This thesis focuses on the bit error rate (BER) and PSNR performance analysis of DVB-T2, DVB-S2...

Research paper thumbnail of A Partition-based Mobile Crowd Sensing-enabled Task Allocation for Solar Insecticidal Lamp Internet of Things Maintenance

A Partition-based Mobile Crowd Sensing-enabled Task Allocation for Solar Insecticidal Lamp Internet of Things Maintenance

IEEE Internet of Things Journal

Research paper thumbnail of Two-Hop Energy Consumption Balanced Routing Algorithm for Solar Insecticidal Lamp Internet of Things

Sensors, 2021

Due to the sparsity deployment of nodes, the full connection requirement, and the unpredictable e... more Due to the sparsity deployment of nodes, the full connection requirement, and the unpredictable electromagnetic interference on communication caused by high voltage pulse current of Solar Insecticidal Lamps Internet of Things (SIL-IoTs), a Two-Hop Energy Consumption Balanced routing algorithm (THECB) is proposed in this research work. THECB selects next-hop nodes according to 1-hop and 2-hop neighbors’ information. In addition, the greedy forwarding mechanism is expressed in the form of probability; that is, each neighbor node is given a weight between 0 and 1 according to the distance. THECB reduces the data forwarding traffic of nodes whose discharge numbers are relatively higher than those of other nodes so that the unpredictable electromagnetic interference on communication can be weakened. We compare the energy consumption, energy consumption balance, and data forwarding traffic over various discharge numbers, network densities, and transmission radius. The results indicate tha...

Research paper thumbnail of On Enabling Mobile Crowd Sensing for Data Collection in Smart Agriculture: A Vision

IEEE Systems Journal, 2021

Smart agriculture enables the efficiency and intelligence of production in physical farm manageme... more Smart agriculture enables the efficiency and intelligence of production in physical farm management. Though promising, due to the limitation of the existing data collection methods, it still encounters few challenges that are required to be considered. Mobile Crowd Sensing (MCS) embeds three beneficial characteristics: a) cost-effectiveness, b) scalability, and c) mobility and robustness. With the Internet of Things (IoT) becoming a reality, the smart phones are widely becoming available even in remote areas. Hence, both the MCSs characteristics and the plug and play widely available infrastructure provides huge opportunities for the MCS-enabled smart agriculture.opening up several new opportunities at the application level. In this paper, we extensively evaluate the Agriculture Mobile Crowd Sensing (AMCS) and provide insights for agricultural data collection schemes. In addition, we provide a comparative study with the existing agriculture data collection solutions and conclude that AMCS has significant benefits in terms of flexibility, collecting implicit data, and low cost requirements. However, we note that AMCSs may still posses limitations in regard to data integrity and quality to be considered as a future work. To this end, we perform a detailed analysis of the challenges and opportunities that concerns the MCS-enabled agriculture by putting forward six potential applications of AMCS-enabled agriculture. Finally, we propose future research and focus on agricultural characteristics, e.g., seasonality and regionality.

Research paper thumbnail of A Survey on Smart Agriculture: Development Modes, Technologies, and Security and Privacy Challenges

IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 2021

With the deep combination of both modern information technology and traditional agriculture, the ... more With the deep combination of both modern information technology and traditional agriculture, the era of agriculture 4.0, which takes the form of smart agriculture, has come. Smart agriculture provides solutions for agricultural intelligence and automation. However, information security issues cannot be ignored with the development of agriculture brought by modern information technology. In this paper, three typical development modes of smart agriculture (precision agriculture, facility agriculture, and order agriculture) are presented. Then, 7 key technologies and 11 key applications are derived from the above modes. Based on the above technologies and applications, 6 security and privacy countermeasures (authentication and access control, privacy-preserving, blockchain-based solutions for data integrity, cryptography and key management, physical countermeasures, and intrusion detection systems) are summarized and discussed. Moreover, the security challenges of smart agriculture are analyzed and organized into two aspects: 1) agricultural production, and 2) information technology. Most current research projects have not taken agricultural equipment as potential security threats. Therefore, we did some additional experiments based on solar insecticidal lamps Internet of Things, and the results indicate that agricultural equipment has an impact on agricultural security. Finally, more technologies (5G communication, fog computing, Internet of Everything, renewable energy management system, software defined network, virtual reality, augmented reality, and cyber security datasets for smart agriculture) are described as the future research directions of smart agriculture.

Research paper thumbnail of Image Transmission over Fading Channels using RS-CC versus LDPC Coding

Signal and Image Processing, 2011

In this paper we present effective means of digital image transmission by means of Forward Error ... more In this paper we present effective means of digital image transmission by means of Forward Error Correcting (FEC) schemes and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The transmission was simulated over the AWGN and a Rayleigh fading channel whose power delay profile was adopted from the ITU channel model. The FEC and OFDM parameters were adopted from the DVB-T, WiMAX, and DVB-T2 standards. The results presented herein are in terms of BER, PSNR and visual performances. It is evident from the presented results that effective FEC schemes are necessary for reliable transmission of digital media in a mobile wireless scenario.

Research paper thumbnail of Detection and Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Research paper thumbnail of Image Transmission over Fading Channels using RS-CC versus LDPC Coding

Signal and Image Processing, 2011

In this paper we present effective means of digital image transmission by means of Forward Error ... more In this paper we present effective means of digital image transmission by means of Forward Error Correcting (FEC) schemes and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The transmission was simulated over the AWGN and a Rayleigh fading channel whose power delay profile was adopted from the ITU channel model. The FEC and OFDM parameters were adopted from the DVB-T, WiMAX, and DVB-T2 standards. The results presented herein are in terms of BER, PSNR and visual performances. It is evident from the presented results that effective FEC schemes are necessary for reliable transmission of digital media in a mobile wireless scenario.

Research paper thumbnail of Energy balancing for robotic aided clustered wireless sensor networks using mobility diversity algorithms

We consider the problem of energy balancing in a clustered wireless sensor network (WSN) deployed... more We consider the problem of energy balancing in a clustered wireless sensor network (WSN) deployed randomly in a large field and aided by a mobile robot (MR). The sensor nodes (SNs) are tasked to monitor a region of interest (ROI) and report their test statistics to the cluster heads (CHs), which subsequently report to the fusion center (FC) over a wireless fading channel. To maximize the lifetime of the WSN, the MR is deployed to act as an adaptive relay between a subset of the CHs and the FC. To achieve this we develop a multiple-link mobility diversity algorithm (MDA) executed by the MR that will allow to compensate simultaneously for the small-scale fading at the established wireless links (i.e., the MR-to-FC as well as various CH-to-MR communication links). Simulation results show that the proposed MR aided technique is able to significantly reduce the transmission power required and thus extend the operational lifetime of the WSN. We also show how the effect of small-scale fadi...

Research paper thumbnail of Quantized Fusion Rules for Energy-Based Distributed Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks

We consider the problem of soft decision fusion in a bandwidth-constrained wireless sensor networ... more We consider the problem of soft decision fusion in a bandwidth-constrained wireless sensor network (WSN). The WSN is tasked with the detection of an intruder transmitting an unknown signal over a fading channel. A binary hypothesis testing is performed using the soft decision of the sensor nodes (SNs). Using the likelihood ratio test, the optimal soft fusion rule at the fusion center (FC) has been shown to be the weighted distance from the soft decision mean under the null hypothesis. But as the optimal rule requires a-priori knowledge that is difficult to attain in practice, suboptimal fusion rules are proposed that are realizable in practice. We show how the effect of quantizing the test statistic can be mitigated by increasing the number of SN samples, i.e., bandwidth can be traded off against increased latency. The optimal power and bit allocation for the WSN is also derived. Simulation results show that SNs with good channels are allocated more bits, while SNs with poor channel...

Research paper thumbnail of Energy Balancing for Robotic Aided Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks Using Mobility Diversity Algorithms

2018 26th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), 2018

We consider the problem of energy balancing in a clustered wireless sensor network (WSN) deployed... more We consider the problem of energy balancing in a clustered wireless sensor network (WSN) deployed randomly in a large field and aided by a mobile robot (MR). The sensor nodes (SNs) are tasked to monitor a region of interest (ROI) and report their test statistics to the cluster heads (CHs), which subsequently report to the fusion center (FC) over a wireless fading channel. To maximize the lifetime of the WSN, the MR is deployed to act as an adaptive relay between a subset of the CHs and the FC. To achieve this we develop a multiple−link mobility diversity algorithm (MDA) executed by the MR that will allow to compensate simultaneously for the small-scale fading at the established wireless links (i.e., the MR-to-FC as well as various CH-to-MR communication links). Simulation results show that the proposed MR aided technique is able to significantly reduce the transmission power required and thus extend the operational lifetime of the WSN. We also show how the effect of small-scale fading at various wireless links is mitigated by using the proposed multiple − link MDA executed by a MR equipped with a single antenna.

Research paper thumbnail of Distributed Localization in Censored Wireless Sensor Networks with Binary Data

2021 IEEE Jordan International Joint Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (JEEIT), 2021

In this paper we investigate distributed localization of an intruder in wireless sensor networks ... more In this paper we investigate distributed localization of an intruder in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), in which the sensor nodes (SNs) censor their transmission to the fusion center (FC). The SNs locally detect the intruder and send their decision only if it is positive. The FC, on the other hand, uses those binary data to localize the intruder. We present the censored maximum likelihood (cML) localization algorithm, Furthermore, we derive two computationally simple localization algorithms, the quadratic approximate ML (QAML) and the linear approximate ML (LAML). The performance of the ML-based algorithms significantly outperforms the heuristics-based algorithms, such as the centroid method (CM) and the center of maximum enclosing rectangle (CMER), as the simulation results show.

Research paper thumbnail of Robotic Mobility Diversity Algorithm with Continuous Search Space

2018 26th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), 2018

Small scale fading makes the wireless channel gain vary significantly over small distances and in... more Small scale fading makes the wireless channel gain vary significantly over small distances and in the context of classical communication systems it can be detrimental to performance. But in the context of mobile robot (MR) wireless communications, we can take advantage of the fading using a mobility diversity algorithm (MDA) to deliberately locate the MR at a point where the channel gain is high. There are two classes of MDAs. In the first class, the MR explores various points, stops at each one to collect channel measurements and then locates the best position to establish communications. In the second class the MR moves, without stopping, along a continuous path while collecting channel measurements and then stops at the end of the path. It determines the best point to establish communications. Until now, the shape of the continuous path for such MDAs has been arbitrarily selected and currently there is no method to optimize it. In this paper, we propose a method to optimize such a path. Simulation results show that such optimized paths provide the MDAs with an increased performance, enabling them to experience higher channel gains while using less mechanical energy for the MR motion.

Research paper thumbnail of Optimal quantization and power allocation for energy-based distributed sensor detection

We consider the decentralized detection of an unknown deterministic signal in a spatially uncorre... more We consider the decentralized detection of an unknown deterministic signal in a spatially uncorrelated distributed wireless sensor network. N samples from the signal of interest are gathered by each of the M spatially distributed sensors, and the energy is estimated by each sensor. The sensors send their quantized information over orthogonal channels to the fusion center (FC) which linearly combines them and makes a final decision. We show how by maximizing the modified deflection coefficient we can calculate the optimal transmit power allocation for each sensor and the optimal number of quantization bits to match the channel capacity.

Research paper thumbnail of Energy-Efficient 3D UAV Trajectory Design for Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks

ICASSP 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2020

We consider the issue of designing closed 3D UAV trajectories that allow for an energy efficient ... more We consider the issue of designing closed 3D UAV trajectories that allow for an energy efficient collection of data with a UAV-aided wireless sensor network. We consider a 3D wireless channel model and a realistic dynamical model for the UAV. The proposed trajectory is largely derived analytically, thus making its online calculation computationally tractable. We also show the importance of using realistic dynamical and energy models for the UAV in designing efficient trajectories. This is done mainly by showing that minimising the flying time of the UAV is not equivalent to minimising its energy consumption. Simulation results corroborate these findings.