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The measurement of partial discharges (PD) in HV installations by means of high-frequency current... more The measurement of partial discharges (PD) in HV installations by means of high-frequency current transformers (HFCT) is being extended progressively in recent years, as they are affordable non-invasive sensors that can be easily installed. Several manufacturers provide in their data sheets the technical characteristics considered most relevant. However, there is no formal definition of these characteristics and/or minimum requirements to be met for such type of sensors, nor objective procedures to measure and quantify them. A new European EMPIR Project [1] aims to develop a characterization procedure for PD measuring systems. The main objective of this article is to analyze some of the most relevant characteristics of an HFCT sensor and to present testsetups to be used for obtaining them, especially its frequency response, as well as its EMC immunity, and their impact on the measured PD signals.

The evaluation of the insulation condition of high voltage (HV) electrical grids by means of non-... more The evaluation of the insulation condition of high voltage (HV) electrical grids by means of non-invasive and on-line partial discharge (PD) monitoring is currently a common practice in the maintenance programs of electrical utilities. Several difficulties must be undertaken when on-line temporary measuring or monitoring applications are applied, the most important are: high levels of background noise and the appearance of interferences, the simultaneous presence of different PD sources, the requirement of locating the insulation defects emplacement and the challenge of identifying them. An on-line PD electromagnetic method that implements non-invasive high-frequency current transformers (HFCT) as sensors for PD temporary measuring or monitoring is explained in this article. The application of the proposed method and the use of powerful signal processing tools enable the performance of accurate diagnosis with regard to the insulation condition of HV electrical installations. The signal acquisition of the HFCT sensors used is synchronized to discriminate whether an eventual PD source detected is located in a certain element of the HV installation. The effectiveness of the measuring or monitoring method and of the signal processing tools proposed is demonstrated through experimental measurements, where PD type pulses were measured simultaneously in a HV installation configured in a laboratory setup.

Sensors, Jul 11, 2023

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

During the last two decades, the measurement of partial discharges (PD) in rotating electrical ma... more During the last two decades, the measurement of partial discharges (PD) in rotating electrical machines that operate with high voltages is being the most effective method for detecting defects in their insulation. However, several inconveniences must be overcome by the technical analysts when on-line measurements are carried out. Among them, the most import is the high levels of background noise and interferences which, in many cases, affect significantly in the sensitivity of PD activity detection. In this article, three noise filtering techniques applied in PD measurements performed in a real installation are analyzed. In addition, the benefits of using advanced processing and diagnostic techniques for the evaluation of the dielectrics condition are evidenced. The practical experience presented was carried out in a HV installation comprising the alternator of a hydraulic plant, the plant substation and the insulated cable system that interconnects both parts. The results obtained highlight the importance of applying appropriate signal processing techniques when performing in-situ and on-line PD measurements in rotating machines.

2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE), 2018

Partial discharge (PD) monitoring applications enable the performance of appropriate diagnosis re... more Partial discharge (PD) monitoring applications enable the performance of appropriate diagnosis regarding the insulation condition of high-voltage (HV) electrical grids. During the last decade on-line PD monitoring systems have been increasingly implemented by utilities and large electricity consumers in HV installations. Therefore, the evaluation of their performance is interesting in order to check whether they are generally effective with respect to their functionalities. For the characterisation of the PD monitoring instruments and of the requirements of acquisition time (number of cycles per second), the performance of laboratory tests with real insulation defects is required. As these are monitoring tests, they entail a long time (at least one day), and during this time the monitored insulation defects must behave in a stable manner. The main scope of the study presented is to design, manufacture and characterise the behaviour of three test cells, each integrating a characteris...

Sensors

On-site partial discharge (PD) measurements have turned out to be a very efficient technique for ... more On-site partial discharge (PD) measurements have turned out to be a very efficient technique for determining the insulation condition in high-voltage electrical grids (AIS, cable systems, GIS, HVDC converters, etc.); however, there is not any standardised procedure for determining the performances of PD measuring systems. In on-line and on-site PD measurements, high-frequency current transformers (HFCTs) are commonly used as sensors as they allow for monitoring over long distances in high-voltage installations. To ensure the required performances, a metrological qualification of the PD analysers by applying an evaluation procedure is necessary. A novel evaluation procedure was established to specify the quantities to be measured (electrical charge and PD repetition rate) and to describe the evaluation tests considering the measured influence parameters: noise, charge amplitude, pulse width and time interval between consecutive pulses. This procedure was applied to different types of...

Applied Sciences

The insulation condition of HVDC grids consisting of cable systems, GIS, and converters should be... more The insulation condition of HVDC grids consisting of cable systems, GIS, and converters should be monitored by partial discharge (PD) analysers using artificial intelligence (AI) tools for efficient insulation diagnosis. Although there are many experiences of PD monitoring solutions developed for the supervision of the insulation condition of HVAC grids using PD analysers, there are no standardised requirements for their qualification available yet. The international technical specification TS IEC 62478 provides general rules for PD measurements using electromagnetic methods but does not define performance requirements for qualification tests. HVDC and HVAC PD analysers must be tested by unambiguous test procedures. This paper compiles experiences of using PD analysers with HFCT sensors in HVAC grids (cable systems, GIS, and AIS) to define a qualification procedure for HVAC systems. This procedure is applicable to HVDC grids (cable systems, GIS, AIS, and converters) because the part...

Data set belonging to the 2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC) paper with DOI: 10.110... more Data set belonging to the 2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC) paper with DOI: 10.1109/EIC49891.2021.9612353 The authors preprint is available from Zendodo with DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5769815. Kamlichi, Abderrahim, Garnancho Fernando; Álvarez Fernando <em>Error in the measurement of partial discharge pulses according to the frequency response of HFCT sensors</em>

2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC), 2021

The measurement of partial discharges (PD) in HV installations by means of high-frequency current... more The measurement of partial discharges (PD) in HV installations by means of high-frequency current transformers (HFCT) is being extended progressively in recent years, as they are affordable non-invasive sensors that can be easily installed. Several manufacturers provide in their data sheets the technical characteristics considered most relevant. However, there is no formal definition of these characteristics and/or minimum requirements to be met for such type of sensors, nor objective procedures to measure and quantify them. A new European EMPIR Project [1] aims to develop a characterization procedure for PD measuring systems. The main objective of this article is to analyze some of the most relevant characteristics of an HFCT sensor and to present test-setups to be used for obtaining them, especially its frequency response, as well as its EMC immunity, and their impact on the measured PD signals.

2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)

The measurement of partial discharges (PD) in HV installations by means of high-frequency current... more The measurement of partial discharges (PD) in HV installations by means of high-frequency current transformers (HFCT) is being extended progressively in recent years, as they are affordable non-invasive sensors that can be easily installed. Several manufacturers provide in their data sheets the technical characteristics considered most relevant. However, there is no formal definition of these characteristics and/or minimum requirements to be met for such type of sensors, nor objective procedures to measure and quantify them. A new European EMPIR Project [1] aims to develop a characterization procedure for PD measuring systems. The main objective of this article is to analyze some of the most relevant characteristics of an HFCT sensor and to present testsetups to be used for obtaining them, especially its frequency response, as well as its EMC immunity, and their impact on the measured PD signals.

The evaluation of the insulation condition of high voltage (HV) electrical grids by means of non-... more The evaluation of the insulation condition of high voltage (HV) electrical grids by means of non-invasive and on-line partial discharge (PD) monitoring is currently a common practice in the maintenance programs of electrical utilities. Several difficulties must be undertaken when on-line temporary measuring or monitoring applications are applied, the most important are: high levels of background noise and the appearance of interferences, the simultaneous presence of different PD sources, the requirement of locating the insulation defects emplacement and the challenge of identifying them. An on-line PD electromagnetic method that implements non-invasive high-frequency current transformers (HFCT) as sensors for PD temporary measuring or monitoring is explained in this article. The application of the proposed method and the use of powerful signal processing tools enable the performance of accurate diagnosis with regard to the insulation condition of HV electrical installations. The signal acquisition of the HFCT sensors used is synchronized to discriminate whether an eventual PD source detected is located in a certain element of the HV installation. The effectiveness of the measuring or monitoring method and of the signal processing tools proposed is demonstrated through experimental measurements, where PD type pulses were measured simultaneously in a HV installation configured in a laboratory setup.

Sensors, Jul 11, 2023

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

During the last two decades, the measurement of partial discharges (PD) in rotating electrical ma... more During the last two decades, the measurement of partial discharges (PD) in rotating electrical machines that operate with high voltages is being the most effective method for detecting defects in their insulation. However, several inconveniences must be overcome by the technical analysts when on-line measurements are carried out. Among them, the most import is the high levels of background noise and interferences which, in many cases, affect significantly in the sensitivity of PD activity detection. In this article, three noise filtering techniques applied in PD measurements performed in a real installation are analyzed. In addition, the benefits of using advanced processing and diagnostic techniques for the evaluation of the dielectrics condition are evidenced. The practical experience presented was carried out in a HV installation comprising the alternator of a hydraulic plant, the plant substation and the insulated cable system that interconnects both parts. The results obtained highlight the importance of applying appropriate signal processing techniques when performing in-situ and on-line PD measurements in rotating machines.

2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE), 2018

Partial discharge (PD) monitoring applications enable the performance of appropriate diagnosis re... more Partial discharge (PD) monitoring applications enable the performance of appropriate diagnosis regarding the insulation condition of high-voltage (HV) electrical grids. During the last decade on-line PD monitoring systems have been increasingly implemented by utilities and large electricity consumers in HV installations. Therefore, the evaluation of their performance is interesting in order to check whether they are generally effective with respect to their functionalities. For the characterisation of the PD monitoring instruments and of the requirements of acquisition time (number of cycles per second), the performance of laboratory tests with real insulation defects is required. As these are monitoring tests, they entail a long time (at least one day), and during this time the monitored insulation defects must behave in a stable manner. The main scope of the study presented is to design, manufacture and characterise the behaviour of three test cells, each integrating a characteris...

Sensors

On-site partial discharge (PD) measurements have turned out to be a very efficient technique for ... more On-site partial discharge (PD) measurements have turned out to be a very efficient technique for determining the insulation condition in high-voltage electrical grids (AIS, cable systems, GIS, HVDC converters, etc.); however, there is not any standardised procedure for determining the performances of PD measuring systems. In on-line and on-site PD measurements, high-frequency current transformers (HFCTs) are commonly used as sensors as they allow for monitoring over long distances in high-voltage installations. To ensure the required performances, a metrological qualification of the PD analysers by applying an evaluation procedure is necessary. A novel evaluation procedure was established to specify the quantities to be measured (electrical charge and PD repetition rate) and to describe the evaluation tests considering the measured influence parameters: noise, charge amplitude, pulse width and time interval between consecutive pulses. This procedure was applied to different types of...

Applied Sciences

The insulation condition of HVDC grids consisting of cable systems, GIS, and converters should be... more The insulation condition of HVDC grids consisting of cable systems, GIS, and converters should be monitored by partial discharge (PD) analysers using artificial intelligence (AI) tools for efficient insulation diagnosis. Although there are many experiences of PD monitoring solutions developed for the supervision of the insulation condition of HVAC grids using PD analysers, there are no standardised requirements for their qualification available yet. The international technical specification TS IEC 62478 provides general rules for PD measurements using electromagnetic methods but does not define performance requirements for qualification tests. HVDC and HVAC PD analysers must be tested by unambiguous test procedures. This paper compiles experiences of using PD analysers with HFCT sensors in HVAC grids (cable systems, GIS, and AIS) to define a qualification procedure for HVAC systems. This procedure is applicable to HVDC grids (cable systems, GIS, AIS, and converters) because the part...

Data set belonging to the 2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC) paper with DOI: 10.110... more Data set belonging to the 2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC) paper with DOI: 10.1109/EIC49891.2021.9612353 The authors preprint is available from Zendodo with DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5769815. Kamlichi, Abderrahim, Garnancho Fernando; Álvarez Fernando <em>Error in the measurement of partial discharge pulses according to the frequency response of HFCT sensors</em>

2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC), 2021

The measurement of partial discharges (PD) in HV installations by means of high-frequency current... more The measurement of partial discharges (PD) in HV installations by means of high-frequency current transformers (HFCT) is being extended progressively in recent years, as they are affordable non-invasive sensors that can be easily installed. Several manufacturers provide in their data sheets the technical characteristics considered most relevant. However, there is no formal definition of these characteristics and/or minimum requirements to be met for such type of sensors, nor objective procedures to measure and quantify them. A new European EMPIR Project [1] aims to develop a characterization procedure for PD measuring systems. The main objective of this article is to analyze some of the most relevant characteristics of an HFCT sensor and to present test-setups to be used for obtaining them, especially its frequency response, as well as its EMC immunity, and their impact on the measured PD signals.

2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)