Edward Pandolfino - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Edward Pandolfino

Central Valley Birds, 2024

The Least Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) is federally and state listed as Endangered in the... more The Least Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) is federally and state listed as Endangered in the U.S. and California and has been recommended for downlisting to Threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. This taxon, once abundant in the Central Valley of California, was extirpated from this region by the middle of the 20 th century. Since its listing in the 1980s, the subspecies has been increasing at many southern California locations. Beginning in the early part of the 21 st century Least Bell's Vireos began appearing at sites in the Central Valley and surrounding foothills in the breeding season and these observations have continued. To update the status and distribution of the Least Bell's Vireo in its historical Central Valley center of abundance, I reviewed all available reports of breeding season observations of this taxon from 2004 through 2024. These reports indicate that establishment of a breeding population has not occurred but suggest that re-establishment of a breeding population within this region may be feasible. Suggested specific actions could facilitate this reestablishment.

Central Valley Birds, 2023

Assessing trends in abundance of bird species whose breeding range is poorly sampled by Breeding ... more Assessing trends in abundance of bird species whose breeding range is poorly sampled by Breeding Bird Surveys poses significant challenges. The Golden-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia atricapilla) is one such species. Range-wide data from the Christmas Bird Count (CBC) can be used to assess trends in this species' winter abundance and, by inference, range-wide breeding population trends. We used CBC data from throughout the winter range of the Golden-crowned Sparrow over the 40 years from 1984-2023 to assess abundance trends. Our analysis suggests that the overall population is stable, but that numbers are increasing significantly at the northern edge of the winter range, and declining significantly at the southern edge, suggesting a poleward shift in relative abundance in recent decades. Increases in winter temperatures throughout this species' winter range may be a key driver of this northward shift either through changes in over-winter survival, breeding season productivity, or both.

Journal of Raptor Research, Sep 1, 2011

BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access t... more BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

California birds, Aug 1, 2022

Kleptoparasitism, one individual stealing a prey item from another, is common among and between m... more Kleptoparasitism, one individual stealing a prey item from another, is common among and between many raptor species (Newton 2010). The White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus) is an occasional victim of kleptoparasitism (Rigolosi and Hayes 2018) with published observations of prey theft by the Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralis;

California birds, Jun 3, 2019

Birds of the World, May 12, 2023

California birds, Mar 21, 2017

There are significant discrepancies among the published descriptions of the ranges of California'... more There are significant discrepancies among the published descriptions of the ranges of California's two subspecies of the White-breasted Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis aculeata and S. c. tenuissima. To reevaluate the relationship between their ranges in the state, we recorded observations along the west edge of the range of S. c. tenuissima and the east edge of the range of S. c. aculeata, identifying birds to subspecies by diagnostic vocalizations. We made 457 observations in which the subspecies could be confirmed vocally. We found that the two subspecies are generally well separated in the north-central portions of the Sierra Nevada, with S. c. aculeata found well west of the crest and S. c. tenuissima east of the crest or at the higher elevations on the west side. The relatively wide band of dense fir (Abies spp.) and mixed conifer forest at the middle to lower elevations of the west side likely forms a barrier between them. In the southern Sierra and at the southern edge of the Cascades, the two subspecies come into close contact and we found evidence suggesting intergradation in the latter area.

Journal of Biological Chemistry, Sep 1, 1980

Binding of Cd2+ to concanavalin A and the subsequent induction of saccharide-binding activity has... more Binding of Cd2+ to concanavalin A and the subsequent induction of saccharide-binding activity has been studied at pH 6.5. We found that Cd2+ bound to both metal sites, S1 and S2, and that Cd2+ alone would induce sugar binding in concanavalin A. Using the fluorescent sugar 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside we determined that full saccharide-binding activity was obtained only when the total bound Cd2+ stoichiometry reached 2 ions/concanavalin A subunit. We also report evidence suggesting that the binding of Cd2+ to S2 is the crucial step in activation and that Cd2+ binding to S1 induces a form of concanavalin A similar to that induced by Zn2+, Ni2+, or Co2+ and different from that induced by Mn2+.

Journal of Biological Chemistry, Aug 1, 1983

Using the two lectins from lima bean, we have tested the model for mitogenic stimulation of lymph... more Using the two lectins from lima bean, we have tested the model for mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes proposed by Prujansky et al. (Prujansky, A., Ravid, A., and Sharon, N. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 508, 137-146). The lectins used, a tetramer with two saccharide-binding sites and an octamer with four binding sites, are specific for N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Our results show that cooperative binding may not be a prerequisite for mitogenicity of all lectins. We found that neither the weakly mitogenic tetramer nor the potently mitogenic octamer bound cooperatively to bovine lymphocytes. The strong mitogen bound with a higher affinity than the weak mitogen and fewer mitogen molecules bound to the lymphocyte surface at saturation. Competitive binding experiments indicated that both lectins bound to the same receptors. Our results suggest that the mitogenic lectin is able to bind and cross-link more membrane receptors. We have also studied the binding of the lima bean lectins to human red blood cells of types A, AB, B, and O. Both lectins bound cooperatively to type A and type AB cells and our data indicate that the lima bean lectins bind predominantly to the type A determinant.

Journal of Biological Chemistry, Feb 1, 1980

We have purified the two lectins from lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and studied the binding of Ca... more We have purified the two lectins from lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and studied the binding of Ca" and Mnz+ ions t Q each. The 120,000-dalton tetrameric lima bean lectin (LBL) and the 240,000-dalton octamer (LBL) were purified by chromatography on Ultrogel and sulfopropyl Sephadex. Using equilibrium dialysis, we have found that demetallized LBL, (apo-LBL) will bind either 2 Mn2+ or 4 Ca2+ ions. The Ca2+ binding is strongly cooperative while the Mn2+ binding is not. If apo-LBL is presaturated with Mn2+ (MnZ+-LBL,), it will bind only 2 Ca2+ ions in a noncooperative manner. Apo-LBL, presaturated with Ca2+ (Ca2+-LBL,) does not bind Mn2+. The metal stoichiometry for LBL is double that for LBL under all of the above conditions.

Biochemistry, Sep 6, 1977

Titrations employing electron spin resonance spectroscopy and equilibrium dialysis studies have r... more Titrations employing electron spin resonance spectroscopy and equilibrium dialysis studies have revealed that Mn2+ binding to concanavalin A is cooperative in the presence and noncooperative in the absence of Ca2+. The degree of cooperativity increases with increasing pH. Hill coefficients range from 1.4 at pH 5.0 to 1.8 at pH 6.85. In addition to inducing cooperativity in Mn2+ binding, Ca2+ influences the pH dependence and increases the affinity of Mn2+ binding.

Journal of Biosciences, Dec 1, 1983

Metal ion activation of saccharide binding has been studied for concanavalin A near pH 7.0. Altho... more Metal ion activation of saccharide binding has been studied for concanavalin A near pH 7.0. Although two metal ions, a transition metal ion and a Ca 2+ ion, can bind, both are not required. Ca 2+ alone, Mn 2+ alone, or Ca 2+ with other transition metal ions can activate this lectin. Only one Ca 2+ ion per subunit or only one Mn 2+ per subunit is sufficient. Metal ion binding was studied by magnetic resonance techniques and direct binding assays. Saccharide binding activity was monitored by following the fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferyl aD -mannopyranoside. When Ca 2+ binds to demetalized concanavalin A, the transition metal ion site is hindered. When Mn 2+ alone binds to demetalized concanavalin A, saccharide binding activity is induced. A subsequent conformational change, not necessary for carbohydrate binding activity, covers the Mn 2+ .

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Oct 1, 1980

The Journal of Immunology

Binding and mitogenic characteristics of the 2 Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) lectins have been ex... more Binding and mitogenic characteristics of the 2 Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) lectins have been examined with human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Chemical cross-linking of the nonmitogenic lima bean lectin produced a species that stimulated human lymphocytes as well as or better than the mitogenic lima bean lectin, which is a T lymphocyte mitogen with requirement for monocyte participation. The maximal stimulation and the dose response to the cross-linked lima bean lectin did not significantly differ from that observed with the mitogenic lectin. We have used fluorescein-labeled lima bean lectins to show that both lectins share mutually exclusive binding sites on lymphocytes. Our results strongly support the concept that multiple valence of lectins is important in inducing mitogenesis. Both the mitogenic and nonmitogenic lectins demonstrated selective binding by labeling only 70% od human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The fraction not binding lectin is a population of T lymphocytes. C...

Journal of Biosciences, 1983

Two lectins, a tetramer designated LBL 4 and an octamer LBL 8 designated have been purified from ... more Two lectins, a tetramer designated LBL 4 and an octamer LBL 8 designated have been purified from the lima bean Phaseolus lunatus. The tetramer appears to be nonmitogenic for human lymphocytes and is a weak mitogen for bovine cells. The octamer and a chemically cross-linked form of the tetramer are good mitogens. The lima bean lectin binds to only certain sub-populations of human lymphocytes. The primary class which does not bind appears to be a sub-population of T-lymphocytes. Comparisons of cell binding with other lectins which bind to 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-Dgalactose have been carried out. Quantitative analysis of the binding to human erythrocytes is cooperative but binding to lymphocytes is non-cooperative. These results show that there may not be a direct correlation between mitogenic stimulation and cooperative binding to membrane receptors.

Central Valley Birds, 2023

Black-chinned Sparrows (Spizella atrogularis) are rarely found in winter much beyond their typica... more Black-chinned Sparrows (Spizella atrogularis) are rarely found in winter much beyond their typical non-breeding range. Therefore, the Black-chinned Sparrow that spent the fall/winter of 2015-16 in Yolo County, California was remarkable. To put this record into perspective, I reviewed all available confirmed reports of extralimital winter Blackchinned Sparrows available from American Birds/North American Birds, Christmas Bird Counts, eBird, and various state rare bird committee reports. Based on these records, the Yolo wintering bird was the first found in winter in the Central Valley and the second winter record for Northern California. It was also the second most northerly winter record in California by 3.8° latitude (over 440 km) and further north than any winter record outside of California by over 3° latitude (over 330 km).

Journal of Field Ornithology, 2023

Conservation of a migratory species requires knowledge not only of its breeding range, but also o... more Conservation of a migratory species requires knowledge not only of its breeding range, but also of its migratory path and non-breeding range. Except for timing, other aspects of the migration of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Corthylio calendula) remain largely unstudied, with no published data on migration routes. Breeding populations of this species in the Sierra Nevada and Cascades mountain ranges, as well as those in eastern Canada and the northeastern U.S., have experienced significant declines, whereas Rocky Mountain breeders have increased. Understanding the winter range and migratory pathways used by different breeding populations may be key to explaining these contrasting population trends. Song dialects of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet differ regionally among various breeding populations, and these dialect regions were previously mapped. Because this kinglet sings during spring migration and winter, we obtained archived, non-breeding-season recordings of song and assigned each to one of those regional song dialects. This allowed us to assess the likely winter ranges and migration pathways of different breeding populations. This approach offers some advantages over typical methods of tracking movements. Birds do not need to be captured; one can easily obtain data over large ranges and from many individuals; and it can be applied to species, such as this kinglet, that are too small to permit use of most tracking devices. We were able to assess likely winter range and spring migration routes for populations that breed in the eastern U.S. and Canada, the interior of Alaska, and for the subspecies C c. grinnelli that breeds along the Gulf of Alaska and western British Columbia. We found that kinglets breeding in the eastern portions of the range wintered in the southeastern and south-central U.S., and that their spring migrations occurred across a broad swath of the eastern U.S. Interior Alaska breeders wintered mostly in California, and the subspecies C. c. grinnelli wintered from the southernmost parts of their breeding range, south as far as northwestern California. We obtained too few winter recordings from birds using the dialects of kinglets breeding in the interior west (Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada and Cascades ranges) to determine their winter range, and spring recordings were also sparse from those regions. It is likely that those interior-west breeders winter mainly in Mexico, an area with very few archived recordings. We also analyzed unpublished banding data for the Ruby-crowned Kinglet that, although providing little information about breeding-wintering range connectivity, were consistent with the migratory pathways we determined from song dialects.

journal of field ornithology, 2023

Conservation of a migratory species requires knowledge not only of its breeding range, but also o... more Conservation of a migratory species requires knowledge not only of its breeding range, but also of its migratory path and non-breeding range. Except for timing, other aspects of the migration of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Corthylio calendula) remain largely unstudied, with no published data on migration routes. Breeding populations of this species in the Sierra Nevada and Cascades mountain ranges, as well as those in eastern Canada and the northeastern U.S., have experienced significant declines, whereas Rocky Mountain breeders have increased. Understanding the winter range and migratory pathways used by different breeding populations may be key to explaining these contrasting population trends. Song dialects of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet differ regionally among various breeding populations, and these dialect regions were previously mapped. Because this kinglet sings during spring migration and winter, we obtained archived, non-breeding-season recordings of song and assigned each to one of those regional song dialects. This allowed us to assess the likely winter ranges and migration pathways of different breeding populations. This approach offers some advantages over typical methods of tracking movements. Birds do not need to be captured; one can easily obtain data over large ranges and from many individuals; and it can be applied to species, such as this kinglet, that are too small to permit use of most tracking devices. We were able to assess likely winter range and spring migration routes for populations that breed in the eastern U.S. and Canada, the interior of Alaska, and for the subspecies C c. grinnelli that breeds along the Gulf of Alaska and western British Columbia. We found that kinglets breeding in the eastern portions of the range wintered in the southeastern and south-central U.S., and that their spring migrations occurred across a broad swath of the eastern U.S. Interior Alaska breeders wintered mostly in California, and the subspecies C. c. grinnelli wintered from the southernmost parts of their breeding range, south as far as northwestern California. We obtained too few winter recordings from birds using the dialects of kinglets breeding in the interior west (Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada and Cascades ranges) to determine their winter range, and spring recordings were also sparse from those regions. It is likely that those interior-west breeders winter mainly in Mexico, an area with very few archived recordings. We also analyzed unpublished banding data for the Ruby-crowned Kinglet that, although providing little information about breeding-wintering range connectivity, were consistent with the migratory pathways we determined from song dialects.

The Birds of North America Online, 1995

Central Valley Birds, 2022

Grassland birds of North America are in more rapid and widespread decline than those of any other... more Grassland birds of North America are in more rapid and widespread decline than those of any other habitat guild. While most population trend data are based on breeding season surveys, this decline is also evident from studies in the non-breeding season. A study using Christmas Bird Count (CBC) data from California's Central Valley showed highly significant declines in nearly all grasslandassociated birds from the late 1970s to 2014 (Pandolfino and Handel 2018). We used data from the same Central Valley CBCs used in that study to demonstrate that this decline has continued through at least 2019 for the American Kestrel (Falco sparverius), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris), American Pipit (Anthus rubescens), Lark Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus), and Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). The rate of decline for the Loggerhead Shrike and the Horned Lark may have increased in recent years. We also compared the rate of these declines to the loss of grassland habitat in the CBC circles and discuss some of the implications of these findings. The one wintering grassland species that showed a positive trend in earlier studies, the Say's Phoebe (Sayornis saya), continued to increase in abundance.

Central Valley Birds, 2024

The Least Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) is federally and state listed as Endangered in the... more The Least Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) is federally and state listed as Endangered in the U.S. and California and has been recommended for downlisting to Threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. This taxon, once abundant in the Central Valley of California, was extirpated from this region by the middle of the 20 th century. Since its listing in the 1980s, the subspecies has been increasing at many southern California locations. Beginning in the early part of the 21 st century Least Bell's Vireos began appearing at sites in the Central Valley and surrounding foothills in the breeding season and these observations have continued. To update the status and distribution of the Least Bell's Vireo in its historical Central Valley center of abundance, I reviewed all available reports of breeding season observations of this taxon from 2004 through 2024. These reports indicate that establishment of a breeding population has not occurred but suggest that re-establishment of a breeding population within this region may be feasible. Suggested specific actions could facilitate this reestablishment.

Central Valley Birds, 2023

Assessing trends in abundance of bird species whose breeding range is poorly sampled by Breeding ... more Assessing trends in abundance of bird species whose breeding range is poorly sampled by Breeding Bird Surveys poses significant challenges. The Golden-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia atricapilla) is one such species. Range-wide data from the Christmas Bird Count (CBC) can be used to assess trends in this species' winter abundance and, by inference, range-wide breeding population trends. We used CBC data from throughout the winter range of the Golden-crowned Sparrow over the 40 years from 1984-2023 to assess abundance trends. Our analysis suggests that the overall population is stable, but that numbers are increasing significantly at the northern edge of the winter range, and declining significantly at the southern edge, suggesting a poleward shift in relative abundance in recent decades. Increases in winter temperatures throughout this species' winter range may be a key driver of this northward shift either through changes in over-winter survival, breeding season productivity, or both.

Journal of Raptor Research, Sep 1, 2011

BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access t... more BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

California birds, Aug 1, 2022

Kleptoparasitism, one individual stealing a prey item from another, is common among and between m... more Kleptoparasitism, one individual stealing a prey item from another, is common among and between many raptor species (Newton 2010). The White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus) is an occasional victim of kleptoparasitism (Rigolosi and Hayes 2018) with published observations of prey theft by the Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralis;

California birds, Jun 3, 2019

Birds of the World, May 12, 2023

California birds, Mar 21, 2017

There are significant discrepancies among the published descriptions of the ranges of California'... more There are significant discrepancies among the published descriptions of the ranges of California's two subspecies of the White-breasted Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis aculeata and S. c. tenuissima. To reevaluate the relationship between their ranges in the state, we recorded observations along the west edge of the range of S. c. tenuissima and the east edge of the range of S. c. aculeata, identifying birds to subspecies by diagnostic vocalizations. We made 457 observations in which the subspecies could be confirmed vocally. We found that the two subspecies are generally well separated in the north-central portions of the Sierra Nevada, with S. c. aculeata found well west of the crest and S. c. tenuissima east of the crest or at the higher elevations on the west side. The relatively wide band of dense fir (Abies spp.) and mixed conifer forest at the middle to lower elevations of the west side likely forms a barrier between them. In the southern Sierra and at the southern edge of the Cascades, the two subspecies come into close contact and we found evidence suggesting intergradation in the latter area.

Journal of Biological Chemistry, Sep 1, 1980

Binding of Cd2+ to concanavalin A and the subsequent induction of saccharide-binding activity has... more Binding of Cd2+ to concanavalin A and the subsequent induction of saccharide-binding activity has been studied at pH 6.5. We found that Cd2+ bound to both metal sites, S1 and S2, and that Cd2+ alone would induce sugar binding in concanavalin A. Using the fluorescent sugar 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside we determined that full saccharide-binding activity was obtained only when the total bound Cd2+ stoichiometry reached 2 ions/concanavalin A subunit. We also report evidence suggesting that the binding of Cd2+ to S2 is the crucial step in activation and that Cd2+ binding to S1 induces a form of concanavalin A similar to that induced by Zn2+, Ni2+, or Co2+ and different from that induced by Mn2+.

Journal of Biological Chemistry, Aug 1, 1983

Using the two lectins from lima bean, we have tested the model for mitogenic stimulation of lymph... more Using the two lectins from lima bean, we have tested the model for mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes proposed by Prujansky et al. (Prujansky, A., Ravid, A., and Sharon, N. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 508, 137-146). The lectins used, a tetramer with two saccharide-binding sites and an octamer with four binding sites, are specific for N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Our results show that cooperative binding may not be a prerequisite for mitogenicity of all lectins. We found that neither the weakly mitogenic tetramer nor the potently mitogenic octamer bound cooperatively to bovine lymphocytes. The strong mitogen bound with a higher affinity than the weak mitogen and fewer mitogen molecules bound to the lymphocyte surface at saturation. Competitive binding experiments indicated that both lectins bound to the same receptors. Our results suggest that the mitogenic lectin is able to bind and cross-link more membrane receptors. We have also studied the binding of the lima bean lectins to human red blood cells of types A, AB, B, and O. Both lectins bound cooperatively to type A and type AB cells and our data indicate that the lima bean lectins bind predominantly to the type A determinant.

Journal of Biological Chemistry, Feb 1, 1980

We have purified the two lectins from lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and studied the binding of Ca... more We have purified the two lectins from lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and studied the binding of Ca" and Mnz+ ions t Q each. The 120,000-dalton tetrameric lima bean lectin (LBL) and the 240,000-dalton octamer (LBL) were purified by chromatography on Ultrogel and sulfopropyl Sephadex. Using equilibrium dialysis, we have found that demetallized LBL, (apo-LBL) will bind either 2 Mn2+ or 4 Ca2+ ions. The Ca2+ binding is strongly cooperative while the Mn2+ binding is not. If apo-LBL is presaturated with Mn2+ (MnZ+-LBL,), it will bind only 2 Ca2+ ions in a noncooperative manner. Apo-LBL, presaturated with Ca2+ (Ca2+-LBL,) does not bind Mn2+. The metal stoichiometry for LBL is double that for LBL under all of the above conditions.

Biochemistry, Sep 6, 1977

Titrations employing electron spin resonance spectroscopy and equilibrium dialysis studies have r... more Titrations employing electron spin resonance spectroscopy and equilibrium dialysis studies have revealed that Mn2+ binding to concanavalin A is cooperative in the presence and noncooperative in the absence of Ca2+. The degree of cooperativity increases with increasing pH. Hill coefficients range from 1.4 at pH 5.0 to 1.8 at pH 6.85. In addition to inducing cooperativity in Mn2+ binding, Ca2+ influences the pH dependence and increases the affinity of Mn2+ binding.

Journal of Biosciences, Dec 1, 1983

Metal ion activation of saccharide binding has been studied for concanavalin A near pH 7.0. Altho... more Metal ion activation of saccharide binding has been studied for concanavalin A near pH 7.0. Although two metal ions, a transition metal ion and a Ca 2+ ion, can bind, both are not required. Ca 2+ alone, Mn 2+ alone, or Ca 2+ with other transition metal ions can activate this lectin. Only one Ca 2+ ion per subunit or only one Mn 2+ per subunit is sufficient. Metal ion binding was studied by magnetic resonance techniques and direct binding assays. Saccharide binding activity was monitored by following the fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferyl aD -mannopyranoside. When Ca 2+ binds to demetalized concanavalin A, the transition metal ion site is hindered. When Mn 2+ alone binds to demetalized concanavalin A, saccharide binding activity is induced. A subsequent conformational change, not necessary for carbohydrate binding activity, covers the Mn 2+ .

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Oct 1, 1980

The Journal of Immunology

Binding and mitogenic characteristics of the 2 Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) lectins have been ex... more Binding and mitogenic characteristics of the 2 Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) lectins have been examined with human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Chemical cross-linking of the nonmitogenic lima bean lectin produced a species that stimulated human lymphocytes as well as or better than the mitogenic lima bean lectin, which is a T lymphocyte mitogen with requirement for monocyte participation. The maximal stimulation and the dose response to the cross-linked lima bean lectin did not significantly differ from that observed with the mitogenic lectin. We have used fluorescein-labeled lima bean lectins to show that both lectins share mutually exclusive binding sites on lymphocytes. Our results strongly support the concept that multiple valence of lectins is important in inducing mitogenesis. Both the mitogenic and nonmitogenic lectins demonstrated selective binding by labeling only 70% od human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The fraction not binding lectin is a population of T lymphocytes. C...

Journal of Biosciences, 1983

Two lectins, a tetramer designated LBL 4 and an octamer LBL 8 designated have been purified from ... more Two lectins, a tetramer designated LBL 4 and an octamer LBL 8 designated have been purified from the lima bean Phaseolus lunatus. The tetramer appears to be nonmitogenic for human lymphocytes and is a weak mitogen for bovine cells. The octamer and a chemically cross-linked form of the tetramer are good mitogens. The lima bean lectin binds to only certain sub-populations of human lymphocytes. The primary class which does not bind appears to be a sub-population of T-lymphocytes. Comparisons of cell binding with other lectins which bind to 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-Dgalactose have been carried out. Quantitative analysis of the binding to human erythrocytes is cooperative but binding to lymphocytes is non-cooperative. These results show that there may not be a direct correlation between mitogenic stimulation and cooperative binding to membrane receptors.

Central Valley Birds, 2023

Black-chinned Sparrows (Spizella atrogularis) are rarely found in winter much beyond their typica... more Black-chinned Sparrows (Spizella atrogularis) are rarely found in winter much beyond their typical non-breeding range. Therefore, the Black-chinned Sparrow that spent the fall/winter of 2015-16 in Yolo County, California was remarkable. To put this record into perspective, I reviewed all available confirmed reports of extralimital winter Blackchinned Sparrows available from American Birds/North American Birds, Christmas Bird Counts, eBird, and various state rare bird committee reports. Based on these records, the Yolo wintering bird was the first found in winter in the Central Valley and the second winter record for Northern California. It was also the second most northerly winter record in California by 3.8° latitude (over 440 km) and further north than any winter record outside of California by over 3° latitude (over 330 km).

Journal of Field Ornithology, 2023

Conservation of a migratory species requires knowledge not only of its breeding range, but also o... more Conservation of a migratory species requires knowledge not only of its breeding range, but also of its migratory path and non-breeding range. Except for timing, other aspects of the migration of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Corthylio calendula) remain largely unstudied, with no published data on migration routes. Breeding populations of this species in the Sierra Nevada and Cascades mountain ranges, as well as those in eastern Canada and the northeastern U.S., have experienced significant declines, whereas Rocky Mountain breeders have increased. Understanding the winter range and migratory pathways used by different breeding populations may be key to explaining these contrasting population trends. Song dialects of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet differ regionally among various breeding populations, and these dialect regions were previously mapped. Because this kinglet sings during spring migration and winter, we obtained archived, non-breeding-season recordings of song and assigned each to one of those regional song dialects. This allowed us to assess the likely winter ranges and migration pathways of different breeding populations. This approach offers some advantages over typical methods of tracking movements. Birds do not need to be captured; one can easily obtain data over large ranges and from many individuals; and it can be applied to species, such as this kinglet, that are too small to permit use of most tracking devices. We were able to assess likely winter range and spring migration routes for populations that breed in the eastern U.S. and Canada, the interior of Alaska, and for the subspecies C c. grinnelli that breeds along the Gulf of Alaska and western British Columbia. We found that kinglets breeding in the eastern portions of the range wintered in the southeastern and south-central U.S., and that their spring migrations occurred across a broad swath of the eastern U.S. Interior Alaska breeders wintered mostly in California, and the subspecies C. c. grinnelli wintered from the southernmost parts of their breeding range, south as far as northwestern California. We obtained too few winter recordings from birds using the dialects of kinglets breeding in the interior west (Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada and Cascades ranges) to determine their winter range, and spring recordings were also sparse from those regions. It is likely that those interior-west breeders winter mainly in Mexico, an area with very few archived recordings. We also analyzed unpublished banding data for the Ruby-crowned Kinglet that, although providing little information about breeding-wintering range connectivity, were consistent with the migratory pathways we determined from song dialects.

journal of field ornithology, 2023

Conservation of a migratory species requires knowledge not only of its breeding range, but also o... more Conservation of a migratory species requires knowledge not only of its breeding range, but also of its migratory path and non-breeding range. Except for timing, other aspects of the migration of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Corthylio calendula) remain largely unstudied, with no published data on migration routes. Breeding populations of this species in the Sierra Nevada and Cascades mountain ranges, as well as those in eastern Canada and the northeastern U.S., have experienced significant declines, whereas Rocky Mountain breeders have increased. Understanding the winter range and migratory pathways used by different breeding populations may be key to explaining these contrasting population trends. Song dialects of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet differ regionally among various breeding populations, and these dialect regions were previously mapped. Because this kinglet sings during spring migration and winter, we obtained archived, non-breeding-season recordings of song and assigned each to one of those regional song dialects. This allowed us to assess the likely winter ranges and migration pathways of different breeding populations. This approach offers some advantages over typical methods of tracking movements. Birds do not need to be captured; one can easily obtain data over large ranges and from many individuals; and it can be applied to species, such as this kinglet, that are too small to permit use of most tracking devices. We were able to assess likely winter range and spring migration routes for populations that breed in the eastern U.S. and Canada, the interior of Alaska, and for the subspecies C c. grinnelli that breeds along the Gulf of Alaska and western British Columbia. We found that kinglets breeding in the eastern portions of the range wintered in the southeastern and south-central U.S., and that their spring migrations occurred across a broad swath of the eastern U.S. Interior Alaska breeders wintered mostly in California, and the subspecies C. c. grinnelli wintered from the southernmost parts of their breeding range, south as far as northwestern California. We obtained too few winter recordings from birds using the dialects of kinglets breeding in the interior west (Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada and Cascades ranges) to determine their winter range, and spring recordings were also sparse from those regions. It is likely that those interior-west breeders winter mainly in Mexico, an area with very few archived recordings. We also analyzed unpublished banding data for the Ruby-crowned Kinglet that, although providing little information about breeding-wintering range connectivity, were consistent with the migratory pathways we determined from song dialects.

The Birds of North America Online, 1995

Central Valley Birds, 2022

Grassland birds of North America are in more rapid and widespread decline than those of any other... more Grassland birds of North America are in more rapid and widespread decline than those of any other habitat guild. While most population trend data are based on breeding season surveys, this decline is also evident from studies in the non-breeding season. A study using Christmas Bird Count (CBC) data from California's Central Valley showed highly significant declines in nearly all grasslandassociated birds from the late 1970s to 2014 (Pandolfino and Handel 2018). We used data from the same Central Valley CBCs used in that study to demonstrate that this decline has continued through at least 2019 for the American Kestrel (Falco sparverius), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris), American Pipit (Anthus rubescens), Lark Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus), and Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). The rate of decline for the Loggerhead Shrike and the Horned Lark may have increased in recent years. We also compared the rate of these declines to the loss of grassland habitat in the CBC circles and discuss some of the implications of these findings. The one wintering grassland species that showed a positive trend in earlier studies, the Say's Phoebe (Sayornis saya), continued to increase in abundance.