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THE ROLE OF FAMILY BACKGROUND ON HIV/AIDS AWARENESS AND CONDOM USE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENT... more THE ROLE OF FAMILY BACKGROUND ON HIV/AIDS AWARENESS AND CONDOM USE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN SELIBE-PHIKWE (BOTSWANA) Background: This study investigated the relationship between family background and adolescent sexuality among secondary school students in Botswana. Objective: Controlling for individual, household, and community level variables, the main goals of the study are to determine the role of family background variables [at age 11, which significant adult did the subject live with, presence/absence of communication on sexuality with either co-resident and non-resident family members or both, presence/absence of punishment, for sexually-related behaviour, from resident adult family members] on awareness of HIV/AIDS and condom use among Secondary School students. Design: The study is cross-sectional and used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The main data source are the responses to the current and retrospective questions, obtained via self-administered questionnaires which were distributed among a selection of 531 students attending purposively selected Secondary Schools in Selibe-Phikwe, in 2001. Data from key informant interviews with Headmasters and other community leaders was also collected. This information was bolstered by that obtained from focus group discussions with the students. SPSS v-11.0 was employed to obtain bivariate analysis of the data, and to estimate logistic regression equation of the likelihood of the dependent variable. These findings are interpreted in combination with the information obtained qualitatively. Results: Compared to living in a family of orientation that included both parents, living in a family of orientation that included "other" adults, other than mother, father, or grandparents, at age 11, significantly reduced the likelihood of condom use at first sexual encounter among adolescents. Also, communication on sexuality issues with a co-resident parent significantly increased the likelihood of both HIV/AIDS awareness and condom use at first sexual encounter among adolescents. The likelihood of condom use increased very significantly when communication was with a grandparent than with a parent(s). On the other hand, punishment for sexually related behaviour by a resident adult family member significantly decreased the likelihood of condom use at first sexual encounter among adolescents. Conclusion: On the basis of these results, it is concluded that communication about sexual and reproductive health issues by significant adult family members with their children should be promoted. 3 Chapter 1 1. Chapter 2 2. Literature Review and Conceptual Model 2.1 Global overview of teenage sexuality and HIV/AIDS problem in Botswana. Teenage sexual activity has increased in many countries around the world during the last two decades. Surveys of premarital sexual activity throughout Africa have found wide variations, ranging from 4 percent in Burundi to over 75 percent in Botswana and Liberia (Population Reference Bureau 1992). Many factors have been associated with this increase including inter alia; changes in the traditional control on sexual activity, development of communication networks, schooling, and urbanization (Gage Brandon & Meekers D 1992). High rates of teenage pregnancies clearly show that a significant number of adolescents are engaging in unprotected sex. Many studies on adolescent sexuality have reported such factors as early age at first sexual intercourse and high numbers of sexual partners. It has been documented that in general, adolescent sexuality is characterized by low contraceptive usage at first sexual intercourse and overall lack or inconsistent use of contraception, especially condom use. This early sexual debut and risky sexual behavior predisposes adolescents to the risks associated with STD's and HIV/AIDS. According to WHO, 333 million cases of STD's occur worldwide each year, and at least 111 million of these cases occur in people under the age of 25 years (WHO 1999). Nearly half of all HIV infections occur in men and women younger than 25 years. Due to the longer
THE ROLE OF FAMILY BACKGROUND ON HIV/AIDS AWARENESS AND CONDOM USE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENT... more THE ROLE OF FAMILY BACKGROUND ON HIV/AIDS AWARENESS AND CONDOM USE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN SELIBE-PHIKWE (BOTSWANA) Background: This study investigated the relationship between family background and adolescent sexuality among secondary school students in Botswana. Objective: Controlling for individual, household, and community level variables, the main goals of the study are to determine the role of family background variables [at age 11, which significant adult did the subject live with, presence/absence of communication on sexuality with either co-resident and non-resident family members or both, presence/absence of punishment, for sexually-related behaviour, from resident adult family members] on awareness of HIV/AIDS and condom use among Secondary School students. Design: The study is cross-sectional and used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The main data source are the responses to the current and retrospective questions, obtained via self-administered questionnaires which were distributed among a selection of 531 students attending purposively selected Secondary Schools in Selibe-Phikwe, in 2001. Data from key informant interviews with Headmasters and other community leaders was also collected. This information was bolstered by that obtained from focus group discussions with the students. SPSS v-11.0 was employed to obtain bivariate analysis of the data, and to estimate logistic regression equation of the likelihood of the dependent variable. These findings are interpreted in combination with the information obtained qualitatively. Results: Compared to living in a family of orientation that included both parents, living in a family of orientation that included "other" adults, other than mother, father, or grandparents, at age 11, significantly reduced the likelihood of condom use at first sexual encounter among adolescents. Also, communication on sexuality issues with a co-resident parent significantly increased the likelihood of both HIV/AIDS awareness and condom use at first sexual encounter among adolescents. The likelihood of condom use increased very significantly when communication was with a grandparent than with a parent(s). On the other hand, punishment for sexually related behaviour by a resident adult family member significantly decreased the likelihood of condom use at first sexual encounter among adolescents. Conclusion: On the basis of these results, it is concluded that communication about sexual and reproductive health issues by significant adult family members with their children should be promoted. 3 Chapter 1 1. Chapter 2 2. Literature Review and Conceptual Model 2.1 Global overview of teenage sexuality and HIV/AIDS problem in Botswana. Teenage sexual activity has increased in many countries around the world during the last two decades. Surveys of premarital sexual activity throughout Africa have found wide variations, ranging from 4 percent in Burundi to over 75 percent in Botswana and Liberia (Population Reference Bureau 1992). Many factors have been associated with this increase including inter alia; changes in the traditional control on sexual activity, development of communication networks, schooling, and urbanization (Gage Brandon & Meekers D 1992). High rates of teenage pregnancies clearly show that a significant number of adolescents are engaging in unprotected sex. Many studies on adolescent sexuality have reported such factors as early age at first sexual intercourse and high numbers of sexual partners. It has been documented that in general, adolescent sexuality is characterized by low contraceptive usage at first sexual intercourse and overall lack or inconsistent use of contraception, especially condom use. This early sexual debut and risky sexual behavior predisposes adolescents to the risks associated with STD's and HIV/AIDS. According to WHO, 333 million cases of STD's occur worldwide each year, and at least 111 million of these cases occur in people under the age of 25 years (WHO 1999). Nearly half of all HIV infections occur in men and women younger than 25 years. Due to the longer
THE ROLE OF FAMILY BACKGROUND ON HIV/AIDS AWARENESS AND CONDOM USE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENT... more THE ROLE OF FAMILY BACKGROUND ON HIV/AIDS AWARENESS AND CONDOM USE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN SELIBE-PHIKWE (BOTSWANA) Background: This study investigated the relationship between family background and adolescent sexuality among secondary school students in Botswana. Objective: Controlling for individual, household, and community level variables, the main goals of the study are to determine the role of family background variables [at age 11, which significant adult did the subject live with, presence/absence of communication on sexuality with either co-resident and non-resident family members or both, presence/absence of punishment, for sexually-related behaviour, from resident adult family members] on awareness of HIV/AIDS and condom use among Secondary School students. Design: The study is cross-sectional and used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The main data source are the responses to the current and retrospective questions, obtained via self-administered questionnaires which were distributed among a selection of 531 students attending purposively selected Secondary Schools in Selibe-Phikwe, in 2001. Data from key informant interviews with Headmasters and other community leaders was also collected. This information was bolstered by that obtained from focus group discussions with the students. SPSS v-11.0 was employed to obtain bivariate analysis of the data, and to estimate logistic regression equation of the likelihood of the dependent variable. These findings are interpreted in combination with the information obtained qualitatively. Results: Compared to living in a family of orientation that included both parents, living in a family of orientation that included "other" adults, other than mother, father, or grandparents, at age 11, significantly reduced the likelihood of condom use at first sexual encounter among adolescents. Also, communication on sexuality issues with a co-resident parent significantly increased the likelihood of both HIV/AIDS awareness and condom use at first sexual encounter among adolescents. The likelihood of condom use increased very significantly when communication was with a grandparent than with a parent(s). On the other hand, punishment for sexually related behaviour by a resident adult family member significantly decreased the likelihood of condom use at first sexual encounter among adolescents. Conclusion: On the basis of these results, it is concluded that communication about sexual and reproductive health issues by significant adult family members with their children should be promoted. 3 Chapter 1 1. Chapter 2 2. Literature Review and Conceptual Model 2.1 Global overview of teenage sexuality and HIV/AIDS problem in Botswana. Teenage sexual activity has increased in many countries around the world during the last two decades. Surveys of premarital sexual activity throughout Africa have found wide variations, ranging from 4 percent in Burundi to over 75 percent in Botswana and Liberia (Population Reference Bureau 1992). Many factors have been associated with this increase including inter alia; changes in the traditional control on sexual activity, development of communication networks, schooling, and urbanization (Gage Brandon & Meekers D 1992). High rates of teenage pregnancies clearly show that a significant number of adolescents are engaging in unprotected sex. Many studies on adolescent sexuality have reported such factors as early age at first sexual intercourse and high numbers of sexual partners. It has been documented that in general, adolescent sexuality is characterized by low contraceptive usage at first sexual intercourse and overall lack or inconsistent use of contraception, especially condom use. This early sexual debut and risky sexual behavior predisposes adolescents to the risks associated with STD's and HIV/AIDS. According to WHO, 333 million cases of STD's occur worldwide each year, and at least 111 million of these cases occur in people under the age of 25 years (WHO 1999). Nearly half of all HIV infections occur in men and women younger than 25 years. Due to the longer
THE ROLE OF FAMILY BACKGROUND ON HIV/AIDS AWARENESS AND CONDOM USE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENT... more THE ROLE OF FAMILY BACKGROUND ON HIV/AIDS AWARENESS AND CONDOM USE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN SELIBE-PHIKWE (BOTSWANA) Background: This study investigated the relationship between family background and adolescent sexuality among secondary school students in Botswana. Objective: Controlling for individual, household, and community level variables, the main goals of the study are to determine the role of family background variables [at age 11, which significant adult did the subject live with, presence/absence of communication on sexuality with either co-resident and non-resident family members or both, presence/absence of punishment, for sexually-related behaviour, from resident adult family members] on awareness of HIV/AIDS and condom use among Secondary School students. Design: The study is cross-sectional and used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The main data source are the responses to the current and retrospective questions, obtained via self-administered questionnaires which were distributed among a selection of 531 students attending purposively selected Secondary Schools in Selibe-Phikwe, in 2001. Data from key informant interviews with Headmasters and other community leaders was also collected. This information was bolstered by that obtained from focus group discussions with the students. SPSS v-11.0 was employed to obtain bivariate analysis of the data, and to estimate logistic regression equation of the likelihood of the dependent variable. These findings are interpreted in combination with the information obtained qualitatively. Results: Compared to living in a family of orientation that included both parents, living in a family of orientation that included "other" adults, other than mother, father, or grandparents, at age 11, significantly reduced the likelihood of condom use at first sexual encounter among adolescents. Also, communication on sexuality issues with a co-resident parent significantly increased the likelihood of both HIV/AIDS awareness and condom use at first sexual encounter among adolescents. The likelihood of condom use increased very significantly when communication was with a grandparent than with a parent(s). On the other hand, punishment for sexually related behaviour by a resident adult family member significantly decreased the likelihood of condom use at first sexual encounter among adolescents. Conclusion: On the basis of these results, it is concluded that communication about sexual and reproductive health issues by significant adult family members with their children should be promoted. 3 Chapter 1 1. Chapter 2 2. Literature Review and Conceptual Model 2.1 Global overview of teenage sexuality and HIV/AIDS problem in Botswana. Teenage sexual activity has increased in many countries around the world during the last two decades. Surveys of premarital sexual activity throughout Africa have found wide variations, ranging from 4 percent in Burundi to over 75 percent in Botswana and Liberia (Population Reference Bureau 1992). Many factors have been associated with this increase including inter alia; changes in the traditional control on sexual activity, development of communication networks, schooling, and urbanization (Gage Brandon & Meekers D 1992). High rates of teenage pregnancies clearly show that a significant number of adolescents are engaging in unprotected sex. Many studies on adolescent sexuality have reported such factors as early age at first sexual intercourse and high numbers of sexual partners. It has been documented that in general, adolescent sexuality is characterized by low contraceptive usage at first sexual intercourse and overall lack or inconsistent use of contraception, especially condom use. This early sexual debut and risky sexual behavior predisposes adolescents to the risks associated with STD's and HIV/AIDS. According to WHO, 333 million cases of STD's occur worldwide each year, and at least 111 million of these cases occur in people under the age of 25 years (WHO 1999). Nearly half of all HIV infections occur in men and women younger than 25 years. Due to the longer