Mohamed El-Khateeb - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Mohamed El-Khateeb

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT

This work aims to valorize a considerable part of solid waste that accumulates in the environment... more This work aims to valorize a considerable part of solid waste that accumulates in the environment as well as the safe reuse of the treated wastewater. A non-woven fabric of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was coated with a thin layer of a nano-ceramic material. The inhibitory effect of the nanoceramic material was evaluated against gram +ve (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-ve bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli) using the spread plate technique. Domestic wastewater was treated using a combined upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) followed by a downflow hanging non-woven fabric (DHNW) reactor. The DHNW consisted of four segments (compartments). The hydraulic residence time (HRT) of the UASB reactor was 5 h. The coated sheets were used as a packing material for the DHNW reactor. The levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS) were decreased in the final treated effluent (UASB/DHNW) from 386, 293, and 192 mg/L to 45, 30, and 12 mg/L with total removal states of 88%, 90%, and 90%, respectively. The fecal coliform and E. coli counts were reduced from 4.6 × 10 7 and 3.5 × 10 5 to 4.8 × 10 6 and 7 × 10 4 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The results showed that the effluent of the combined UASB/DHNW treatment system with the nano-ceramic sheets could be safely reused for different purposes.

Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2014

Acid leaching for mixed different types of spent Li-ion mobile batteries are carried out after al... more Acid leaching for mixed different types of spent Li-ion mobile batteries are carried out after alkali decomposition using NH 4 OH followed by H 2 SO 4 + H 2 O 2 leaching. In the alkali decomposition step, the effects of reaction time, NH 4 OH concentration, liquid/solid mass ratio and reaction temperature on the decomposition process are investigated to remove Al, Cu, Mn, Ni, Co, and Li. After alkaline treatment, the alkali paste is treated to leach the remaining metals using H 2 SO 4 +H 2 O 2. The significant effects of reaction time, acid concentration, H 2 O 2 concentration, liquid/ acid mass ratios and reaction temperature on the leaching rate are studied. More than 97% of Al, Mn, Ni, Co, and Li and about 65% Cu are leached in two stages. Kinetic analysis shows that, the data fit with chemical reaction control mechanism and the activation energies for the investigated metals using the Arrhenius equation ranged from 30.1-41.4 kJ/mol. Recovered metals are precipitated from the leaching liquor at varying pH values using NaOH solution and Na 2 CO 3 .Firstly, Mn is precipitated as MnCO 3 at pH = 7.5. Secondly, at pH = 9.0, nickel is precipitated as NiCO 3. Thirdly, as the pH of the leaching liquor reach to 11-12, Co(OH) 2 is precipitated and the remaining Li is readily precipitated as Li 2 CO 3 using a saturated Na 2 CO 3 solution. Based on the experimental data, a flow sheet is developed and tested for the recovery process.

Waste and Biomass Valorization

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

A COMPARATIVE chemical study was carried out to evaluate the physical, chemical and biological ch... more A COMPARATIVE chemical study was carried out to evaluate the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of a selected Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) in Egypt. The evaluation includes the inlet fresh water of the Canal, the produced drinking water (DW) and the sand filter backwashing water (BWW). An extensive sampling program was carried out to collect water from each of these studied points. All experimental studies were carried out according to APHA. The results showed that the Canal water is not contaminated by any hazardous pollutants, and the conventional treatment system of the plant could successfully produce good quality of DW that cope with the Egyptian, WHO and EPA regulations. The characteristics of the BWW showed slight increase of TSS, turbidity and aluminum. This water consists of 19.5% of the produced DW and is daily discharged to the Canal water way. Thus, it is a source of contamination to the Canal. Several recommendations are included in this study to the decision makers that can save 20% of the wasted water in one hand and protect the waterways of the Canal on the other hand. The pre-chlorination of the fresh Canal water in the DWTP should be replaced by ozone instead of chlorine to avoid any formation of trihalomethanes that might be available in the Canal. Meanwhile, the Canal should be prevented from the disposal of the BWW. Thus, the BWW should not be wasted; it should be reused for other purposes such as irrigating the green area around the DWTP, for flushing, or treated by using simple system and recycled. This will prevent the ecosystem of the Canal in one hand and can be as additional water resources on the other hand. The chemical characteristics of the BWW should be carriedout periodically along with the surface and the produced drinking water to ensure the suitability of BWW for recycling.

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

T he pReseNt study is related to new green and low cost technical method for wastewater treatment... more T he pReseNt study is related to new green and low cost technical method for wastewater treatment using chitosan as natural material. chitosan was prepared from chitin of the seafood's shell (Procambrus clarkia). preparation of chitosan was carried out by a chemical process involving demineralization, deproteinization and deacetylation. chitosan is largely known for its activity against a wide range of microorganisms. Antibacterial effect of different doses of chitosan (0.09, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 g) on Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in the secondary treated wastewater samples was studied. the secondary treated wastewater was collected from Zenein wastewater treatment plant. Also the effectiveness of chitosan on Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtillus, Staphylococcu saureus (gram +ve bacteria), Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes (gram-ve) was evaluated by the reduction in total bacterial count of each strain in synthetic media. the study was extended to measure the antibacterial activity (inhibition zone) of chitosan on E. coli by the poured plate method. the results indicated that the optimum conditions at which 99.98% removal for all types of bacteria were 0.6 g chitosan, contact time 30 min and shaking 250 rpm. According to the obtained results, the most acceptable antimicrobial mechanism is found to include the presence of charged groups in the polymer backbone and their ionic interactions with bacterial wall constituents. It could be concluded that chitosan could be used for disinfection of the secondary treated wastewater.

Water Resources and Industry

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT

The present study introduces a new technique using combined up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) r... more The present study introduces a new technique using combined up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor followed by innovative downflow hanging non-woven fabric (DHNW) reactor for treating of sewage. The packing material used in this study could be produced from waste plastic bottles, thus huge part of solid waste can be reduced, recycled and reused in wastewater treatment plant to produce treated reusable effluent. Both packed and classical UASB reactors (in parallel mode) were used for the treatment of sewage. The UASB (packed and classical) were operated at two hydraulic residence time (HRT). The quality of the packed UASB (P-UASB) effluent was found to be better than that of the classical UASB reactor. Consequently, the effluent of the P-UASB reactor was fed directly to the DHNW reactor. The source of wastewater was the domestic wastewater from Zenein's wastewater treatment plant. The performance of the combined P-UASB/DHNW showed reduction of COD, BOD and TSS from 441, 309 and 187 to 41, 21 and 17 mg/l, and from 386, 293 and 192 mg/l to 45, 30 and 19 mg/l, at HRT 6 h and 5 h, respectively. While, the fecal coliform (FCs) count was reduced from 3.8×10 7 to 5×10 5 MPN/100 ml and from 3.6×10 7 to 7×10 5 MPN/100 ml at HRT 6 h and 5 h, respectively. Consequently, the effluent needs disinfection for safe reuse in irrigation. The results indicated that polyethylene terephthalate (PET) spun-bond non-woven fabric can offer a reliable and simple solution as well as efficient packing material for wastewater treatment.

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

I T is well known that pH is the controlling factor for solubility of metals, which is affected b... more I T is well known that pH is the controlling factor for solubility of metals, which is affected by the "law of chemical solubility product constant" (ChSP). The present investigation focuses on the fate of heavy metals resulted from the use of primary treated sewage water for irrigating edible plant in a local sewage farm. The studied plants are maize, green beans, and alfalfa. Extensive sampling program was designed to collect both irrigated water and plant samples every two weeks. The plant samples were partitioned into roots, stems, and leaves, as well as the grains of maize and been plants. The physical and chemical characteristics of irrigated water were determined. Level of heavy metals in sewage water and all plant samples was determined. It was found that the availability of metals to plant is, generally, governed by the law of ChSP constant. In present study, the pH of both irrigated water and the soil were within the slight alkaline medium which restricted the solubility of metals. Thus, negative impact on the accumulation of metals by the irrigated plants was detected. The level of metals in all the studied plant parts was within the permissible limits according to the WHO, FAO and the Egyptian regulations. This is mainly attributed to the limited solubility of metals at the slight alkaline medium according to the law ChSP constant. It was thus concluded that the availability of metals from both irrigated waters and soils were greatly restricted and controlled by the pH value. This explains the limited accumulation of metals by all studied plants. However, log-term irrigation with sewage will certainly result in a dramatic accumulation of metals by both soil and plants. It was recommended to restrict the reuse of disinfected tertiary treated water for irrigating vegetable plants according to the local regulations.

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

T HE PRESENT study focuses on the efficiency of a suggested innovative system for the treatment o... more T HE PRESENT study focuses on the efficiency of a suggested innovative system for the treatment of the sand filter backwashing water (SFBW) in the Drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). Usually, the DWTP is consumes between 15 to 20% of their clean treated drinking water to backwashing their sand filter. Such sand filter backwashing water (SFBW) is, usually, discharged as waste. Presently, the suggested innovative system as pilot plant (PP) was employed for the treatment of SFBW. Physical and chemical characteristics of the raw Canal fresh water and the treated drinking water were extensively determined via sampling program. Meanwhile, the inlet SFBW and the treated outlet of the suggested PP were also sampled and subjected to the physical and chemical analysis. The settled particles as sludge of the PP were sand filtered. The filtered water was also evaluated in terms of the physical and chemical characteristics. The suggested PP was operated continuously where it proved efficient removal of TSS, turbidity, and aluminum at 74.1, 84.2 and 71.4%, respectively. Removal of total residue, and alkalinity reached 30.1 and 29.1%, successively. The residual Al 3+ was 3.0 mg/l. Correlation between the physical and chemical characteristics of Canal water in one hand and the treated SFBW and the filtered water of the sludge on the other hand indicated that both later waters were at better quality than the former. Therefore, it was suggested to reuse this treated effluents as an additional fresh water resource to the DWTP. The advantages are: saving this wasted water, save the intial supply of water to the DWTP, and to decrease the amount of added alum to the water treatment system while protecting the Canal water from the dischrge of the SFBW that contained residual of Al 3+ .

African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2014

Egypt. J. Chem., 2017

N ANO-PARTICLES, within 29-45 nano-meters, based on wollastonite were prepared with/ without CuO ... more N ANO-PARTICLES, within 29-45 nano-meters, based on wollastonite were prepared with/ without CuO through wet method. The adsorption process was occurred on nano-particles powder ceramic at different conditions (pH, contact time and dose) for removing of cadmium ions from waste water. The SEM of nano-particles after treatment of waste water revealed that, surface texture of the blank adsorbents changes totally due to the adsorption of cadmium ions on the particles. At optimum operating conditions (at pH 9) cadmium ions removal reached 98.88% after measurement by ICP and EDX techniques. The obtained results showed that the produced ceramic nano-particles could be used efficiently for removal of cadmium ions with reasonable simple and low cost technique.

Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2018

tThis work investigates the effect of electrocoagulation (EC) using Al, Fe, and Zn electrodesfor ... more tThis work investigates the effect of electrocoagulation (EC) using Al, Fe, and Zn electrodesfor removing hardness ions and dissolved silica from cooling tower blowdown (CTB) water.The real samples were collected from urea fertilizer factory (Helwan Fertilizer Company),Cairo, Egypt. The effect of operational parameters, such as current density, electrolysis time,inter-electrode distance and stirring rate were studied and evaluated for the maximumefficiency. At the optimum operational conditions, Al-electrode removed the scale formingspecies from CTB water more efficiently than Zn and Fe electrodes. Al, Fe, and Zn electrodesremoved 55.36% and 99.54%, 36.99% and 98.93% as well as 38.63% and 95.62% for the totalhardness and silica ions, respectively. In order to rationalize the removal mechanism, the ECgenerated sludge was characterized by SEM-EDX, XRD, and FTIR. The present investigationinferred that Al-EC generates amorphous nature crystalline and other anode materials (Feand Zn) forms definite crystalline particles. EDX showed the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+, and silicaions in the sludge which proved the removal of these scale species from CTB water. As aconclusion, this study revealed that EC process using Al-electrode is a promising technologyfor the removal of scale forming species from CTB water.

In this work, the adsorption of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) f... more In this work, the adsorption of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) from treated sewage with low-cost activated carbon prepared from date palm shell waste by chemical activation method was studied. Different parameters affecting the adsorption process such as carbon dose, pH, contact time, agitation rate, and temperature were studied. Adsorption equilibrium was attained after 150 min at pH 6.0 with agitation rate of 400 rpm at 25°C. The results showed that COD removal percentage of 95.4 and 92.8% for BOD was obtained with carbon dosage of 0.1 g/100 ml of solution. The experimental batch equilibrium results follow linear, Langmuir, and Freundlich isotherm models. The experimental data was fitted to a pseudo-second-order kinetics model controlled by pore diffusion. Thermodynamic parameter values of ΔH 0 , ΔG 0 , and ΔS 0 were calculated. The obtained data indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous, endothermic nature and reflects an increased randomness and degree of disorderliness at the activated carbon/sewage interface during the adsorption process investigated in this study. Concentrations of different impurities were reduced to very small value by investigated adsorption process.

KGK, 2019

Recycled wastepaper · bleached wood pulp · CMC · HA-NPs · heavy metals removal The paper sheets n... more Recycled wastepaper · bleached wood pulp · CMC · HA-NPs · heavy metals removal The paper sheets nanocomposite of cellulose pulp/ carboxymethyl cellulose/ hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA-NP) were prepared with different ratios of HA-NPs. Two types of cellulose pulps were used, the recycled wastepaper pulp (RWP) and the bleached wood pulp (BWP) to prepare RWP/CMC/HA-NPs and BWP/CMC/HA-NPs, respectively. The characterizations of HA-NPs and the paper sheets nanocomposite as well as their affect in the removal of Fe 2+ , Cu +2 and Cd 2+ ions were studied. It was found that the swelling % decreased by increasing the HA-NPs content in the paper sheets. Also, the mechanical properties of the paper sheets nanocomposite obtained from BWP were higher than that obtained from RWP. In addition, the ratio of removal heavy metal ions was increased by increasing the ratio of HA-NPs in the paper sheets nanocomposite. Herstellung und Charakterisie-rung von CMC/HA-NPs/Zell-stoff-Nanokomposite für die Entfernung von Schwermetall-ionen Recycling-Altpapier · gebleichter Zell-stoff · CMC · HA-NPs · Schwermetall-entfernung Es wurde Papier aus Zellstoff/Carboxy-methylcellulose/Hydroxylapatit-Nanop-artikeln (HA-NP) mit unterschiedlichen Verhältnissen von HA-NP hergestellt. Da-bei wurden zwei Arten von Zellstoff zur Herstellung von RWP/CMC/HA-NPs bzw. BWP/CMC/HA-NPs verwendet, der Alt-papier Zellstoff (RWP) und der gebleichte Zellstoff (BWP). Der Effekt von herge-stellten Papier-Nanokomposite auf die Entfernung von Fe 2+ , Cu +2 und Cd 2+ Ionen wurde untersucht. Darüber hinaus wur-de das Quellen der Papier-Nanokomposi-te in wässrigen Lösungen untersucht. Die Erhöhung des HA-NPs-Gehalts im Papier bewirkt eine Abnahme der Quel-lung. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften der aus BWP erhaltenen Papier-Nano-komposite waren besser als die von RWP. Figures and Tables: By a kind approval of the authors.

Bioresource Technology, 2009

The catalytically oxidized olive mill wastewater (OMW) was subjected to continuous anaerobic trea... more The catalytically oxidized olive mill wastewater (OMW) was subjected to continuous anaerobic treatment using two treatment schemes. The 1st step in both schemes was an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor (2 0 l). The 2nd step was either a hybrid UASB reactor or a classical one (1 0 l, each). The 1st stage was operated at constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. The organic loading rate (OLR) varied from 3.4 to 4.8 kgCOD/m 3 d depending on the quality of the pretreated wastewater. The results obtained indicated that, the 1st step UASB reactor achieved a COD percentage removal value of 53.9%. Corresponding total BOD 5 and TSS removal were 51.5% and 68.3%, respectively. The results obtained indicated that the hybrid UASB reactor as a 2nd step produced better quality effluent as compared to the classical one. This could be attributed to the presence of the packing curtain sponge with active biomass in the sedimentation part of hybrid UASB reactor which minimizes suspended solids washout, consequently enhancement of the efficiency of the reactor. Available data showed that a two stage system consisting of a classical and a hybrid UASB reactor operated at a total HRT of 48 h and OLR of 2.0 kgCOD/m 3 d provided promising results. Removal values of COD total , BOD 5 total , TOC, VFA, oil and grease were 83%, 84%, 81%, 93% and 81%, respectively. Based on the available data, the use of a two stage anaerobic system consisting of a classical UASB reactor followed by a hybrid UASB as a post-treatment step for catalytically oxidized OMW is recommended.

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT

This work aims to valorize a considerable part of solid waste that accumulates in the environment... more This work aims to valorize a considerable part of solid waste that accumulates in the environment as well as the safe reuse of the treated wastewater. A non-woven fabric of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was coated with a thin layer of a nano-ceramic material. The inhibitory effect of the nanoceramic material was evaluated against gram +ve (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-ve bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli) using the spread plate technique. Domestic wastewater was treated using a combined upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) followed by a downflow hanging non-woven fabric (DHNW) reactor. The DHNW consisted of four segments (compartments). The hydraulic residence time (HRT) of the UASB reactor was 5 h. The coated sheets were used as a packing material for the DHNW reactor. The levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS) were decreased in the final treated effluent (UASB/DHNW) from 386, 293, and 192 mg/L to 45, 30, and 12 mg/L with total removal states of 88%, 90%, and 90%, respectively. The fecal coliform and E. coli counts were reduced from 4.6 × 10 7 and 3.5 × 10 5 to 4.8 × 10 6 and 7 × 10 4 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The results showed that the effluent of the combined UASB/DHNW treatment system with the nano-ceramic sheets could be safely reused for different purposes.

Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2014

Acid leaching for mixed different types of spent Li-ion mobile batteries are carried out after al... more Acid leaching for mixed different types of spent Li-ion mobile batteries are carried out after alkali decomposition using NH 4 OH followed by H 2 SO 4 + H 2 O 2 leaching. In the alkali decomposition step, the effects of reaction time, NH 4 OH concentration, liquid/solid mass ratio and reaction temperature on the decomposition process are investigated to remove Al, Cu, Mn, Ni, Co, and Li. After alkaline treatment, the alkali paste is treated to leach the remaining metals using H 2 SO 4 +H 2 O 2. The significant effects of reaction time, acid concentration, H 2 O 2 concentration, liquid/ acid mass ratios and reaction temperature on the leaching rate are studied. More than 97% of Al, Mn, Ni, Co, and Li and about 65% Cu are leached in two stages. Kinetic analysis shows that, the data fit with chemical reaction control mechanism and the activation energies for the investigated metals using the Arrhenius equation ranged from 30.1-41.4 kJ/mol. Recovered metals are precipitated from the leaching liquor at varying pH values using NaOH solution and Na 2 CO 3 .Firstly, Mn is precipitated as MnCO 3 at pH = 7.5. Secondly, at pH = 9.0, nickel is precipitated as NiCO 3. Thirdly, as the pH of the leaching liquor reach to 11-12, Co(OH) 2 is precipitated and the remaining Li is readily precipitated as Li 2 CO 3 using a saturated Na 2 CO 3 solution. Based on the experimental data, a flow sheet is developed and tested for the recovery process.

Waste and Biomass Valorization

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

A COMPARATIVE chemical study was carried out to evaluate the physical, chemical and biological ch... more A COMPARATIVE chemical study was carried out to evaluate the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of a selected Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) in Egypt. The evaluation includes the inlet fresh water of the Canal, the produced drinking water (DW) and the sand filter backwashing water (BWW). An extensive sampling program was carried out to collect water from each of these studied points. All experimental studies were carried out according to APHA. The results showed that the Canal water is not contaminated by any hazardous pollutants, and the conventional treatment system of the plant could successfully produce good quality of DW that cope with the Egyptian, WHO and EPA regulations. The characteristics of the BWW showed slight increase of TSS, turbidity and aluminum. This water consists of 19.5% of the produced DW and is daily discharged to the Canal water way. Thus, it is a source of contamination to the Canal. Several recommendations are included in this study to the decision makers that can save 20% of the wasted water in one hand and protect the waterways of the Canal on the other hand. The pre-chlorination of the fresh Canal water in the DWTP should be replaced by ozone instead of chlorine to avoid any formation of trihalomethanes that might be available in the Canal. Meanwhile, the Canal should be prevented from the disposal of the BWW. Thus, the BWW should not be wasted; it should be reused for other purposes such as irrigating the green area around the DWTP, for flushing, or treated by using simple system and recycled. This will prevent the ecosystem of the Canal in one hand and can be as additional water resources on the other hand. The chemical characteristics of the BWW should be carriedout periodically along with the surface and the produced drinking water to ensure the suitability of BWW for recycling.

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

T he pReseNt study is related to new green and low cost technical method for wastewater treatment... more T he pReseNt study is related to new green and low cost technical method for wastewater treatment using chitosan as natural material. chitosan was prepared from chitin of the seafood's shell (Procambrus clarkia). preparation of chitosan was carried out by a chemical process involving demineralization, deproteinization and deacetylation. chitosan is largely known for its activity against a wide range of microorganisms. Antibacterial effect of different doses of chitosan (0.09, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 g) on Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in the secondary treated wastewater samples was studied. the secondary treated wastewater was collected from Zenein wastewater treatment plant. Also the effectiveness of chitosan on Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtillus, Staphylococcu saureus (gram +ve bacteria), Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes (gram-ve) was evaluated by the reduction in total bacterial count of each strain in synthetic media. the study was extended to measure the antibacterial activity (inhibition zone) of chitosan on E. coli by the poured plate method. the results indicated that the optimum conditions at which 99.98% removal for all types of bacteria were 0.6 g chitosan, contact time 30 min and shaking 250 rpm. According to the obtained results, the most acceptable antimicrobial mechanism is found to include the presence of charged groups in the polymer backbone and their ionic interactions with bacterial wall constituents. It could be concluded that chitosan could be used for disinfection of the secondary treated wastewater.

Water Resources and Industry

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT

The present study introduces a new technique using combined up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) r... more The present study introduces a new technique using combined up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor followed by innovative downflow hanging non-woven fabric (DHNW) reactor for treating of sewage. The packing material used in this study could be produced from waste plastic bottles, thus huge part of solid waste can be reduced, recycled and reused in wastewater treatment plant to produce treated reusable effluent. Both packed and classical UASB reactors (in parallel mode) were used for the treatment of sewage. The UASB (packed and classical) were operated at two hydraulic residence time (HRT). The quality of the packed UASB (P-UASB) effluent was found to be better than that of the classical UASB reactor. Consequently, the effluent of the P-UASB reactor was fed directly to the DHNW reactor. The source of wastewater was the domestic wastewater from Zenein's wastewater treatment plant. The performance of the combined P-UASB/DHNW showed reduction of COD, BOD and TSS from 441, 309 and 187 to 41, 21 and 17 mg/l, and from 386, 293 and 192 mg/l to 45, 30 and 19 mg/l, at HRT 6 h and 5 h, respectively. While, the fecal coliform (FCs) count was reduced from 3.8×10 7 to 5×10 5 MPN/100 ml and from 3.6×10 7 to 7×10 5 MPN/100 ml at HRT 6 h and 5 h, respectively. Consequently, the effluent needs disinfection for safe reuse in irrigation. The results indicated that polyethylene terephthalate (PET) spun-bond non-woven fabric can offer a reliable and simple solution as well as efficient packing material for wastewater treatment.

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

I T is well known that pH is the controlling factor for solubility of metals, which is affected b... more I T is well known that pH is the controlling factor for solubility of metals, which is affected by the "law of chemical solubility product constant" (ChSP). The present investigation focuses on the fate of heavy metals resulted from the use of primary treated sewage water for irrigating edible plant in a local sewage farm. The studied plants are maize, green beans, and alfalfa. Extensive sampling program was designed to collect both irrigated water and plant samples every two weeks. The plant samples were partitioned into roots, stems, and leaves, as well as the grains of maize and been plants. The physical and chemical characteristics of irrigated water were determined. Level of heavy metals in sewage water and all plant samples was determined. It was found that the availability of metals to plant is, generally, governed by the law of ChSP constant. In present study, the pH of both irrigated water and the soil were within the slight alkaline medium which restricted the solubility of metals. Thus, negative impact on the accumulation of metals by the irrigated plants was detected. The level of metals in all the studied plant parts was within the permissible limits according to the WHO, FAO and the Egyptian regulations. This is mainly attributed to the limited solubility of metals at the slight alkaline medium according to the law ChSP constant. It was thus concluded that the availability of metals from both irrigated waters and soils were greatly restricted and controlled by the pH value. This explains the limited accumulation of metals by all studied plants. However, log-term irrigation with sewage will certainly result in a dramatic accumulation of metals by both soil and plants. It was recommended to restrict the reuse of disinfected tertiary treated water for irrigating vegetable plants according to the local regulations.

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

T HE PRESENT study focuses on the efficiency of a suggested innovative system for the treatment o... more T HE PRESENT study focuses on the efficiency of a suggested innovative system for the treatment of the sand filter backwashing water (SFBW) in the Drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). Usually, the DWTP is consumes between 15 to 20% of their clean treated drinking water to backwashing their sand filter. Such sand filter backwashing water (SFBW) is, usually, discharged as waste. Presently, the suggested innovative system as pilot plant (PP) was employed for the treatment of SFBW. Physical and chemical characteristics of the raw Canal fresh water and the treated drinking water were extensively determined via sampling program. Meanwhile, the inlet SFBW and the treated outlet of the suggested PP were also sampled and subjected to the physical and chemical analysis. The settled particles as sludge of the PP were sand filtered. The filtered water was also evaluated in terms of the physical and chemical characteristics. The suggested PP was operated continuously where it proved efficient removal of TSS, turbidity, and aluminum at 74.1, 84.2 and 71.4%, respectively. Removal of total residue, and alkalinity reached 30.1 and 29.1%, successively. The residual Al 3+ was 3.0 mg/l. Correlation between the physical and chemical characteristics of Canal water in one hand and the treated SFBW and the filtered water of the sludge on the other hand indicated that both later waters were at better quality than the former. Therefore, it was suggested to reuse this treated effluents as an additional fresh water resource to the DWTP. The advantages are: saving this wasted water, save the intial supply of water to the DWTP, and to decrease the amount of added alum to the water treatment system while protecting the Canal water from the dischrge of the SFBW that contained residual of Al 3+ .

African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2014

Egypt. J. Chem., 2017

N ANO-PARTICLES, within 29-45 nano-meters, based on wollastonite were prepared with/ without CuO ... more N ANO-PARTICLES, within 29-45 nano-meters, based on wollastonite were prepared with/ without CuO through wet method. The adsorption process was occurred on nano-particles powder ceramic at different conditions (pH, contact time and dose) for removing of cadmium ions from waste water. The SEM of nano-particles after treatment of waste water revealed that, surface texture of the blank adsorbents changes totally due to the adsorption of cadmium ions on the particles. At optimum operating conditions (at pH 9) cadmium ions removal reached 98.88% after measurement by ICP and EDX techniques. The obtained results showed that the produced ceramic nano-particles could be used efficiently for removal of cadmium ions with reasonable simple and low cost technique.

Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2018

tThis work investigates the effect of electrocoagulation (EC) using Al, Fe, and Zn electrodesfor ... more tThis work investigates the effect of electrocoagulation (EC) using Al, Fe, and Zn electrodesfor removing hardness ions and dissolved silica from cooling tower blowdown (CTB) water.The real samples were collected from urea fertilizer factory (Helwan Fertilizer Company),Cairo, Egypt. The effect of operational parameters, such as current density, electrolysis time,inter-electrode distance and stirring rate were studied and evaluated for the maximumefficiency. At the optimum operational conditions, Al-electrode removed the scale formingspecies from CTB water more efficiently than Zn and Fe electrodes. Al, Fe, and Zn electrodesremoved 55.36% and 99.54%, 36.99% and 98.93% as well as 38.63% and 95.62% for the totalhardness and silica ions, respectively. In order to rationalize the removal mechanism, the ECgenerated sludge was characterized by SEM-EDX, XRD, and FTIR. The present investigationinferred that Al-EC generates amorphous nature crystalline and other anode materials (Feand Zn) forms definite crystalline particles. EDX showed the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+, and silicaions in the sludge which proved the removal of these scale species from CTB water. As aconclusion, this study revealed that EC process using Al-electrode is a promising technologyfor the removal of scale forming species from CTB water.

In this work, the adsorption of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) f... more In this work, the adsorption of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) from treated sewage with low-cost activated carbon prepared from date palm shell waste by chemical activation method was studied. Different parameters affecting the adsorption process such as carbon dose, pH, contact time, agitation rate, and temperature were studied. Adsorption equilibrium was attained after 150 min at pH 6.0 with agitation rate of 400 rpm at 25°C. The results showed that COD removal percentage of 95.4 and 92.8% for BOD was obtained with carbon dosage of 0.1 g/100 ml of solution. The experimental batch equilibrium results follow linear, Langmuir, and Freundlich isotherm models. The experimental data was fitted to a pseudo-second-order kinetics model controlled by pore diffusion. Thermodynamic parameter values of ΔH 0 , ΔG 0 , and ΔS 0 were calculated. The obtained data indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous, endothermic nature and reflects an increased randomness and degree of disorderliness at the activated carbon/sewage interface during the adsorption process investigated in this study. Concentrations of different impurities were reduced to very small value by investigated adsorption process.

KGK, 2019

Recycled wastepaper · bleached wood pulp · CMC · HA-NPs · heavy metals removal The paper sheets n... more Recycled wastepaper · bleached wood pulp · CMC · HA-NPs · heavy metals removal The paper sheets nanocomposite of cellulose pulp/ carboxymethyl cellulose/ hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA-NP) were prepared with different ratios of HA-NPs. Two types of cellulose pulps were used, the recycled wastepaper pulp (RWP) and the bleached wood pulp (BWP) to prepare RWP/CMC/HA-NPs and BWP/CMC/HA-NPs, respectively. The characterizations of HA-NPs and the paper sheets nanocomposite as well as their affect in the removal of Fe 2+ , Cu +2 and Cd 2+ ions were studied. It was found that the swelling % decreased by increasing the HA-NPs content in the paper sheets. Also, the mechanical properties of the paper sheets nanocomposite obtained from BWP were higher than that obtained from RWP. In addition, the ratio of removal heavy metal ions was increased by increasing the ratio of HA-NPs in the paper sheets nanocomposite. Herstellung und Charakterisie-rung von CMC/HA-NPs/Zell-stoff-Nanokomposite für die Entfernung von Schwermetall-ionen Recycling-Altpapier · gebleichter Zell-stoff · CMC · HA-NPs · Schwermetall-entfernung Es wurde Papier aus Zellstoff/Carboxy-methylcellulose/Hydroxylapatit-Nanop-artikeln (HA-NP) mit unterschiedlichen Verhältnissen von HA-NP hergestellt. Da-bei wurden zwei Arten von Zellstoff zur Herstellung von RWP/CMC/HA-NPs bzw. BWP/CMC/HA-NPs verwendet, der Alt-papier Zellstoff (RWP) und der gebleichte Zellstoff (BWP). Der Effekt von herge-stellten Papier-Nanokomposite auf die Entfernung von Fe 2+ , Cu +2 und Cd 2+ Ionen wurde untersucht. Darüber hinaus wur-de das Quellen der Papier-Nanokomposi-te in wässrigen Lösungen untersucht. Die Erhöhung des HA-NPs-Gehalts im Papier bewirkt eine Abnahme der Quel-lung. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften der aus BWP erhaltenen Papier-Nano-komposite waren besser als die von RWP. Figures and Tables: By a kind approval of the authors.

Bioresource Technology, 2009

The catalytically oxidized olive mill wastewater (OMW) was subjected to continuous anaerobic trea... more The catalytically oxidized olive mill wastewater (OMW) was subjected to continuous anaerobic treatment using two treatment schemes. The 1st step in both schemes was an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor (2 0 l). The 2nd step was either a hybrid UASB reactor or a classical one (1 0 l, each). The 1st stage was operated at constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. The organic loading rate (OLR) varied from 3.4 to 4.8 kgCOD/m 3 d depending on the quality of the pretreated wastewater. The results obtained indicated that, the 1st step UASB reactor achieved a COD percentage removal value of 53.9%. Corresponding total BOD 5 and TSS removal were 51.5% and 68.3%, respectively. The results obtained indicated that the hybrid UASB reactor as a 2nd step produced better quality effluent as compared to the classical one. This could be attributed to the presence of the packing curtain sponge with active biomass in the sedimentation part of hybrid UASB reactor which minimizes suspended solids washout, consequently enhancement of the efficiency of the reactor. Available data showed that a two stage system consisting of a classical and a hybrid UASB reactor operated at a total HRT of 48 h and OLR of 2.0 kgCOD/m 3 d provided promising results. Removal values of COD total , BOD 5 total , TOC, VFA, oil and grease were 83%, 84%, 81%, 93% and 81%, respectively. Based on the available data, the use of a two stage anaerobic system consisting of a classical UASB reactor followed by a hybrid UASB as a post-treatment step for catalytically oxidized OMW is recommended.