Elelwani Ramugondo - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Elelwani Ramugondo
Social Sciences
South Africa has a colonial and apartheid past of social injustice, epistemological oppression, a... more South Africa has a colonial and apartheid past of social injustice, epistemological oppression, and exclusion. These mechanisms are historically inscribed in the designs, practices, and content of higher education—including in occupational therapy curriculum. If these historical markers are not consciously interrogated, patterns of reproduction are reified along the fault lines that already exist in society. The focus of this article is to demonstrate how an archaeological Foucauldian method was crafted from foundational Foucauldian archaeology analytics and existing approaches of Foucauldian discourse analysis to unearth the rules of the formation of the occupational therapy profession. These rules pertain to the formation of (a) the ‘ideal occupational therapist’; (b) who had a say about the profession; (c) the ways of preferred reasoning; and (d) underlying theoretical themes and perspectives about the future. Data sources for this archaeology analytics included commemorative doc...
Decolonial Enactments in Community Psychology, 2021
International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2020
Case study and narrative inquiry as merged methodological frameworks can make a vital contributio... more Case study and narrative inquiry as merged methodological frameworks can make a vital contribution that seeks to understand processes that may explain current realities within professions and broader society. This article offers an explanation of how a critical perspective on case study and narrative inquiry as an embedded methodology unearthed the interplay between structure and agency within storied lives. This case narrative emerged out of a doctoral thesis in occupational therapy, a single instrumental case describing a process of professional role transition within school-level specialized education in the Western Cape, South Africa. This case served as an exemplar in demonstrating how case study recognized the multiple layers to the context within which the process of professional role transition unfolded. The embedded narrative inquiry served to clarify emerging professional identities for occupational therapists within school-level specialized education in postapartheid Sout...
<b>Gjyn O'Toole & <b>Elelwani Ramugondo <b>(2018). Occupational The... more <b>Gjyn O'Toole & <b>Elelwani Ramugondo <b>(2018). Occupational Therapy and Spiritual Care. In: Carey, L.B. & Mathisen, B.A. </b><i><b>Spiritual Care for Allied Health Practice: A Person-Centered Approach </b></i><b>(Chapter 4: pp: 66-93). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers </b><b>[ISBN 9781785922206</b><b>]. </b><b>DOI</b></b>10.4225/22/5ae178428074d</b>
Critical African Studies, 2021
This introduction to the second installment of a two-part special issue focuses on actors and spa... more This introduction to the second installment of a two-part special issue focuses on actors and spaces that facilitate different forms of progress or push-back in decolonizing African Studies. We map how student activists have served as agents of decolonial change on campuses over time, and argue that intersectional and feminist leadership characterize the current generation of activism. We then explore how classrooms and curricula serve as sites of synthesis between student and faculty activists, and conservative professional and disciplinary norms. Drawing on activist campaigns and articles in the special issue, we present five questions that serve as a starting point for decolonizing courses. Finally, we acknowledge the ways that academic disciplines enforce parochial professional norms and epistemic standards in academia, while also linking academic knowledge production to global marketplaces and intellectual property regimes. We contend that the interplay of these three categories of agents shapes cycles of transformation and patterns of re-consolidation.
South African Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2015
Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 2014
Background to Study: Playfulness is a child's approach to play, which remains constant over time ... more Background to Study: Playfulness is a child's approach to play, which remains constant over time and involves intrinsic motivation, internal control, freedom to suspend reality, and framing. Studies have revealed that children who have been prenatally exposed to alcohol (PAE) have poor social behaviour, yet none have addressed these children's playfulness or approach to social play. Purpose of the Study: To uncover the implications of PAE on children's playfulness in order to inform interventions aimed at adclressing the social functioning and well-being of these children. Aim: To compare playfulness scores of children with PAE with their peers (a non-PAE group) , and to examine any patterns of difference in the Test of Playfulness test items between the two groups. Methods: The study was descriptive and analytical in nature. Convenience sampling was used to obtain a group of children (N=15) with a positive history of PAE and a reference group of children (N=15) who did not have a positive history of PAE, all of whom were in grade one and resided in a rural community in the Western Cape of South Africa. A fifteen minute observation of each participant engaging in free play was recorded during break-time, on their school playground. The video tapes were given to three trained and blinded raters to score using the Test of Playfulness (ToP). Rasch analysis was used to provide measure scores for each participant and these scores were then subjected to a t-test to calculate significant differences in the mean playfulness scores of each group. Non-parametric and parametric tests were used to investigate how the PAE group and non-PAE group compared on individual items of the ToP which related to social playfulnE!Ss. v U n i v e r s i t y o f C a p e T o w n Results: The PAE group had a significantly lower mean playfulness score than the non-PAE group (p = 0.02). When investigating differences in the individual items of the ToP, results indicated that children with PAE scored significantly lower on five of the 12 (41.67%) ToP items related to social playfulness than their non-PAE counterparts. These items included: Social Play (intensity); Social Play (skill); Clowns/Jokes (extent) ; Clowns/Jokes (skill); and Initiates (skill). Children with PAE were found to score significantly lower on an additional two items of the ToP that were not specifically related to social play, namely Transitions (skill) and Modifies (skill). Unexpected ratings occurred on 30 of the 870 items scored (3.45%). These unexpected ratings were divided equally between the PAE and non-PAE participants. Twelve of the unexpected ratings occurred when participants scored lower than expected on the items 'Interacts with Objects' and 'Safety'. A further 12 of the unexpected ratings arose when participants scored higher than expected on the items 'Clowns/Jokes' and 'Mischief/Teasing'. Conclusion: Results suggest that children with PAE are more likely to have a lowered disposition to play than their non-PAE counterparts. Children who are prenatally exposed to alcohol can therefore be considered to be more likely to experience a poorer quality of play and are mone likely to struggle with some elements of social play than children not exposed to alcohol in utero. This is a new finding in the research on PAE, and is especially pertinent when considering the importance of playas a child's primary occupation and in the context of high PAE prevalence ra11 es in certain parts of South Africa.
Journal of Occupational Science, 2013
ABSTRACT A core proposition in this paper is that central to occupations that individuals, groups... more ABSTRACT A core proposition in this paper is that central to occupations that individuals, groups, communities and societies engage in, is the intentionality behind them. While occupation as a construct has been explored in detail in both occupational science and occupational therapy literature, there has been insufficient attention paid to what drives collective human engagement. In addition, the recent emphasis on socio-cultural perspectives of occupation has not adequately addressed a persistent dichotomous view of the individual versus the collective. Humans, as part of context, have not been sufficiently fore-grounded. By introducing the notion of ‘intentionality’ in the explanation of occupation, and drawing from ubuntu, an African interactive ethic to demonstrate how collective occupations manifest on a continuum between oppressive and liberating relationships, this paper aims to bridge the individual-collective dichotomy in the conceptualization of human occupation. This teleological approach to occupation which highlights interconnectedness between the individual and the collective has the potential to lay the foundation for socially oriented occupational science research, as well as a social practice and scholarship of occupational therapy.
Journal of Occupational Science, 2012
The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 2014
T his article reports the role transition experience of novice qualifi ed nurses who took on the ... more T his article reports the role transition experience of novice qualifi ed nurses who took on the role of community service practitioner after completing a 4-year diploma program. The study was conducted in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, which is a middle-income country with 11 offi cial languages. This is the only such reported study from one of nine provinces within a transforming health sector in post-apartheid South Africa. Since the country transitioned to democracy in 1994, the South African health sector has been characterized by drastic attempts to provide everyone with access to health care services. This was achieved through enactment of the National Health Act (No. 61) in 2003, a forerunner of the national health insurance system that will soon be implemented (AIDS Law Project, 2008). An objective of policymakers is to bring health services to the community. Therefore, all new health professional graduates are required to complete a compulsory 1-year community service commitment in a health care facility, preferably in a rural area. This serves the Department of Health's intention to recruit and retain health professionals within the South African public sector. Since the inception of this program in 1998, graduate health professionals, except for nurses (Mchunu, 2006), have been involved: Background: This study attempted to fi ll a gap in the published South African literature regarding newly qualifi ed nurses' preparedness for and experience of role transition to a 1-year compulsory commitment of community service nurse. Methods: Husserlian descriptive phenomenology, characterized by inductive extraction of units of meaning from transcribed audiotaped recordings, was used to establish the "essence" of the lived experience of role transition. Data were collected from eight participants through two semistructured individual interviews: in July 2011, 2 weeks before the start of community service, and in September 2011, 6 weeks after community service placement. Results: Findings showed that before placement, participants experienced a sense of achievement in having successfully completed a 4-year diploma program. However, they also experienced uncertainty and fear about the immediate future. In the fi rst month after placement, community service nurses experienced reality shock. Conclusion: Preparation for the role transition from student nurse to graduate community service nurse requires a 4-year structured program that includes training in confl ict management, assertiveness, and practical ethics.
South African Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2015
Ethos, 2010
As one in an initial series of projects linked to the Spiritual Transformation Scientific Researc... more As one in an initial series of projects linked to the Spiritual Transformation Scientific Research Program (STP), the book that Joan Koss-Chioino and Philip Hefner put together does a remarkable job of addressing critical questions that shape the core agenda of the program. STP's deliberations informed the overall design of the book, while seven of the book's twenty one authors are closely associated with the program. Two of the questions emanating from STP's deliberations will be referred to in this review as they orient Koss-Chioino and Hefner's book. The STP agenda in itself is a well conceived one, driven by an acknowledgment that spiritual transformations have profound implications on the life of a person, groups or societies. Supported by the Metanexus Institute on Religion and Science, STP affiliated scholars from various universities in the United States of America seek to understand the nature of biological, psychosocial, and cultural conditions and factors that underlie spiritual transformations through vigorous and diverse research methodologies, and multidisciplinary perspectives. Initial funding for the program was made available by the John Templeton Foundation.
Health Tomorrow: Interdisciplinarity and Internationality
In order to disrupt dominant understandings of health and well-being, and to confront systemic in... more In order to disrupt dominant understandings of health and well-being, and to confront systemic injustices that result in ongoing health inequities, stigma must be addressed from both within and beyond the realm of medical diagnosis. The individualistic nature of diagnosis, that is characteristic of Western medical approaches, often perpetuates stigma. The role of diagnosis in biomedicine, as well as the historicity of professions and disciplines in Westernized health-care, intersect with different hierarchies of power, identities, and knowledges through mechanisms that operate across local and global contexts. This paper argues that a decolonial approach to health research, practice and education offers an important lens through which to critically analyse these intersections of power, identities, and knowledges. Such an approach can help disrupt dominant understandings of health and well-being. To advance the argument, examples of decolonial thinking approaches and pedagogical meth...
Critical African Studies
In this introduction to the special issue on decolonizing African Studies, we discuss some of the... more In this introduction to the special issue on decolonizing African Studies, we discuss some of the epicolonial dynamics that characterize much of higher education and knowledge production in, of, with, and for Africa. Decolonizing, we argue, is best understood as a verb that entails a political and normative ethic and practice of resistance and intentional undoingunlearning and dismantling unjust practices, assumptions, and institutionsas well as persistent positive action to create and build alternative spaces and ways of knowing. We present four dimesions of decolonizing work: structural, epistemic, personal, and relational, which are entangled and equally necessary. We offer the Black Academic Caucus at the University of Cape Town as an example of how these dimensions can come to life, and introduce the contributions in this special issue (the first of a two-part series) that illuminate other sites and dimensions of decolonizing.
Australian Occupational Therapy Journal
Journal of Occupational Science
Journal of Occupational Science
Occupational Therapy International
Background/aim. In South Africa, contextual factors have been identified as barriers to outdoor, ... more Background/aim. In South Africa, contextual factors have been identified as barriers to outdoor, unstructured play. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and resulting progressive HIV encephalopathy (PHE) is a pandemic in this area, associated with development delays that are not addressed by highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). This study aimed to describe the playfulness in children with HIV and PHE on HAART living in challenging socioeconomic areas in South Africa aged 6 months to 8 years and to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a play-informed, caregiver-implemented, home-based intervention (PICIHBI) for improving play. Methods. A feasibility randomized control trial allowed for comparison of PICIHBI and conventional one-on-one occupational therapy interventions. Children were filmed playing pre-, mid-, and postintervention, using the Test of Playfulness (ToP) to assess playfulness. The PICIHBI comprised of 10 monthly sessions facilitated by a...
Social Sciences
South Africa has a colonial and apartheid past of social injustice, epistemological oppression, a... more South Africa has a colonial and apartheid past of social injustice, epistemological oppression, and exclusion. These mechanisms are historically inscribed in the designs, practices, and content of higher education—including in occupational therapy curriculum. If these historical markers are not consciously interrogated, patterns of reproduction are reified along the fault lines that already exist in society. The focus of this article is to demonstrate how an archaeological Foucauldian method was crafted from foundational Foucauldian archaeology analytics and existing approaches of Foucauldian discourse analysis to unearth the rules of the formation of the occupational therapy profession. These rules pertain to the formation of (a) the ‘ideal occupational therapist’; (b) who had a say about the profession; (c) the ways of preferred reasoning; and (d) underlying theoretical themes and perspectives about the future. Data sources for this archaeology analytics included commemorative doc...
Decolonial Enactments in Community Psychology, 2021
International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2020
Case study and narrative inquiry as merged methodological frameworks can make a vital contributio... more Case study and narrative inquiry as merged methodological frameworks can make a vital contribution that seeks to understand processes that may explain current realities within professions and broader society. This article offers an explanation of how a critical perspective on case study and narrative inquiry as an embedded methodology unearthed the interplay between structure and agency within storied lives. This case narrative emerged out of a doctoral thesis in occupational therapy, a single instrumental case describing a process of professional role transition within school-level specialized education in the Western Cape, South Africa. This case served as an exemplar in demonstrating how case study recognized the multiple layers to the context within which the process of professional role transition unfolded. The embedded narrative inquiry served to clarify emerging professional identities for occupational therapists within school-level specialized education in postapartheid Sout...
<b>Gjyn O'Toole & <b>Elelwani Ramugondo <b>(2018). Occupational The... more <b>Gjyn O'Toole & <b>Elelwani Ramugondo <b>(2018). Occupational Therapy and Spiritual Care. In: Carey, L.B. & Mathisen, B.A. </b><i><b>Spiritual Care for Allied Health Practice: A Person-Centered Approach </b></i><b>(Chapter 4: pp: 66-93). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers </b><b>[ISBN 9781785922206</b><b>]. </b><b>DOI</b></b>10.4225/22/5ae178428074d</b>
Critical African Studies, 2021
This introduction to the second installment of a two-part special issue focuses on actors and spa... more This introduction to the second installment of a two-part special issue focuses on actors and spaces that facilitate different forms of progress or push-back in decolonizing African Studies. We map how student activists have served as agents of decolonial change on campuses over time, and argue that intersectional and feminist leadership characterize the current generation of activism. We then explore how classrooms and curricula serve as sites of synthesis between student and faculty activists, and conservative professional and disciplinary norms. Drawing on activist campaigns and articles in the special issue, we present five questions that serve as a starting point for decolonizing courses. Finally, we acknowledge the ways that academic disciplines enforce parochial professional norms and epistemic standards in academia, while also linking academic knowledge production to global marketplaces and intellectual property regimes. We contend that the interplay of these three categories of agents shapes cycles of transformation and patterns of re-consolidation.
South African Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2015
Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 2014
Background to Study: Playfulness is a child's approach to play, which remains constant over time ... more Background to Study: Playfulness is a child's approach to play, which remains constant over time and involves intrinsic motivation, internal control, freedom to suspend reality, and framing. Studies have revealed that children who have been prenatally exposed to alcohol (PAE) have poor social behaviour, yet none have addressed these children's playfulness or approach to social play. Purpose of the Study: To uncover the implications of PAE on children's playfulness in order to inform interventions aimed at adclressing the social functioning and well-being of these children. Aim: To compare playfulness scores of children with PAE with their peers (a non-PAE group) , and to examine any patterns of difference in the Test of Playfulness test items between the two groups. Methods: The study was descriptive and analytical in nature. Convenience sampling was used to obtain a group of children (N=15) with a positive history of PAE and a reference group of children (N=15) who did not have a positive history of PAE, all of whom were in grade one and resided in a rural community in the Western Cape of South Africa. A fifteen minute observation of each participant engaging in free play was recorded during break-time, on their school playground. The video tapes were given to three trained and blinded raters to score using the Test of Playfulness (ToP). Rasch analysis was used to provide measure scores for each participant and these scores were then subjected to a t-test to calculate significant differences in the mean playfulness scores of each group. Non-parametric and parametric tests were used to investigate how the PAE group and non-PAE group compared on individual items of the ToP which related to social playfulnE!Ss. v U n i v e r s i t y o f C a p e T o w n Results: The PAE group had a significantly lower mean playfulness score than the non-PAE group (p = 0.02). When investigating differences in the individual items of the ToP, results indicated that children with PAE scored significantly lower on five of the 12 (41.67%) ToP items related to social playfulness than their non-PAE counterparts. These items included: Social Play (intensity); Social Play (skill); Clowns/Jokes (extent) ; Clowns/Jokes (skill); and Initiates (skill). Children with PAE were found to score significantly lower on an additional two items of the ToP that were not specifically related to social play, namely Transitions (skill) and Modifies (skill). Unexpected ratings occurred on 30 of the 870 items scored (3.45%). These unexpected ratings were divided equally between the PAE and non-PAE participants. Twelve of the unexpected ratings occurred when participants scored lower than expected on the items 'Interacts with Objects' and 'Safety'. A further 12 of the unexpected ratings arose when participants scored higher than expected on the items 'Clowns/Jokes' and 'Mischief/Teasing'. Conclusion: Results suggest that children with PAE are more likely to have a lowered disposition to play than their non-PAE counterparts. Children who are prenatally exposed to alcohol can therefore be considered to be more likely to experience a poorer quality of play and are mone likely to struggle with some elements of social play than children not exposed to alcohol in utero. This is a new finding in the research on PAE, and is especially pertinent when considering the importance of playas a child's primary occupation and in the context of high PAE prevalence ra11 es in certain parts of South Africa.
Journal of Occupational Science, 2013
ABSTRACT A core proposition in this paper is that central to occupations that individuals, groups... more ABSTRACT A core proposition in this paper is that central to occupations that individuals, groups, communities and societies engage in, is the intentionality behind them. While occupation as a construct has been explored in detail in both occupational science and occupational therapy literature, there has been insufficient attention paid to what drives collective human engagement. In addition, the recent emphasis on socio-cultural perspectives of occupation has not adequately addressed a persistent dichotomous view of the individual versus the collective. Humans, as part of context, have not been sufficiently fore-grounded. By introducing the notion of ‘intentionality’ in the explanation of occupation, and drawing from ubuntu, an African interactive ethic to demonstrate how collective occupations manifest on a continuum between oppressive and liberating relationships, this paper aims to bridge the individual-collective dichotomy in the conceptualization of human occupation. This teleological approach to occupation which highlights interconnectedness between the individual and the collective has the potential to lay the foundation for socially oriented occupational science research, as well as a social practice and scholarship of occupational therapy.
Journal of Occupational Science, 2012
The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 2014
T his article reports the role transition experience of novice qualifi ed nurses who took on the ... more T his article reports the role transition experience of novice qualifi ed nurses who took on the role of community service practitioner after completing a 4-year diploma program. The study was conducted in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, which is a middle-income country with 11 offi cial languages. This is the only such reported study from one of nine provinces within a transforming health sector in post-apartheid South Africa. Since the country transitioned to democracy in 1994, the South African health sector has been characterized by drastic attempts to provide everyone with access to health care services. This was achieved through enactment of the National Health Act (No. 61) in 2003, a forerunner of the national health insurance system that will soon be implemented (AIDS Law Project, 2008). An objective of policymakers is to bring health services to the community. Therefore, all new health professional graduates are required to complete a compulsory 1-year community service commitment in a health care facility, preferably in a rural area. This serves the Department of Health's intention to recruit and retain health professionals within the South African public sector. Since the inception of this program in 1998, graduate health professionals, except for nurses (Mchunu, 2006), have been involved: Background: This study attempted to fi ll a gap in the published South African literature regarding newly qualifi ed nurses' preparedness for and experience of role transition to a 1-year compulsory commitment of community service nurse. Methods: Husserlian descriptive phenomenology, characterized by inductive extraction of units of meaning from transcribed audiotaped recordings, was used to establish the "essence" of the lived experience of role transition. Data were collected from eight participants through two semistructured individual interviews: in July 2011, 2 weeks before the start of community service, and in September 2011, 6 weeks after community service placement. Results: Findings showed that before placement, participants experienced a sense of achievement in having successfully completed a 4-year diploma program. However, they also experienced uncertainty and fear about the immediate future. In the fi rst month after placement, community service nurses experienced reality shock. Conclusion: Preparation for the role transition from student nurse to graduate community service nurse requires a 4-year structured program that includes training in confl ict management, assertiveness, and practical ethics.
South African Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2015
Ethos, 2010
As one in an initial series of projects linked to the Spiritual Transformation Scientific Researc... more As one in an initial series of projects linked to the Spiritual Transformation Scientific Research Program (STP), the book that Joan Koss-Chioino and Philip Hefner put together does a remarkable job of addressing critical questions that shape the core agenda of the program. STP's deliberations informed the overall design of the book, while seven of the book's twenty one authors are closely associated with the program. Two of the questions emanating from STP's deliberations will be referred to in this review as they orient Koss-Chioino and Hefner's book. The STP agenda in itself is a well conceived one, driven by an acknowledgment that spiritual transformations have profound implications on the life of a person, groups or societies. Supported by the Metanexus Institute on Religion and Science, STP affiliated scholars from various universities in the United States of America seek to understand the nature of biological, psychosocial, and cultural conditions and factors that underlie spiritual transformations through vigorous and diverse research methodologies, and multidisciplinary perspectives. Initial funding for the program was made available by the John Templeton Foundation.
Health Tomorrow: Interdisciplinarity and Internationality
In order to disrupt dominant understandings of health and well-being, and to confront systemic in... more In order to disrupt dominant understandings of health and well-being, and to confront systemic injustices that result in ongoing health inequities, stigma must be addressed from both within and beyond the realm of medical diagnosis. The individualistic nature of diagnosis, that is characteristic of Western medical approaches, often perpetuates stigma. The role of diagnosis in biomedicine, as well as the historicity of professions and disciplines in Westernized health-care, intersect with different hierarchies of power, identities, and knowledges through mechanisms that operate across local and global contexts. This paper argues that a decolonial approach to health research, practice and education offers an important lens through which to critically analyse these intersections of power, identities, and knowledges. Such an approach can help disrupt dominant understandings of health and well-being. To advance the argument, examples of decolonial thinking approaches and pedagogical meth...
Critical African Studies
In this introduction to the special issue on decolonizing African Studies, we discuss some of the... more In this introduction to the special issue on decolonizing African Studies, we discuss some of the epicolonial dynamics that characterize much of higher education and knowledge production in, of, with, and for Africa. Decolonizing, we argue, is best understood as a verb that entails a political and normative ethic and practice of resistance and intentional undoingunlearning and dismantling unjust practices, assumptions, and institutionsas well as persistent positive action to create and build alternative spaces and ways of knowing. We present four dimesions of decolonizing work: structural, epistemic, personal, and relational, which are entangled and equally necessary. We offer the Black Academic Caucus at the University of Cape Town as an example of how these dimensions can come to life, and introduce the contributions in this special issue (the first of a two-part series) that illuminate other sites and dimensions of decolonizing.
Australian Occupational Therapy Journal
Journal of Occupational Science
Journal of Occupational Science
Occupational Therapy International
Background/aim. In South Africa, contextual factors have been identified as barriers to outdoor, ... more Background/aim. In South Africa, contextual factors have been identified as barriers to outdoor, unstructured play. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and resulting progressive HIV encephalopathy (PHE) is a pandemic in this area, associated with development delays that are not addressed by highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). This study aimed to describe the playfulness in children with HIV and PHE on HAART living in challenging socioeconomic areas in South Africa aged 6 months to 8 years and to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a play-informed, caregiver-implemented, home-based intervention (PICIHBI) for improving play. Methods. A feasibility randomized control trial allowed for comparison of PICIHBI and conventional one-on-one occupational therapy interventions. Children were filmed playing pre-, mid-, and postintervention, using the Test of Playfulness (ToP) to assess playfulness. The PICIHBI comprised of 10 monthly sessions facilitated by a...