Elena Kulagina - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Elena Kulagina

The Journal of Social Policy Studies, 2004

The article is based on the data of empirical research into the needs of children with disabiliti... more The article is based on the data of empirical research into the needs of children with disabilities conducted by the author in collaboration with the team of specialists of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Expertise of Work Capability and Organization of Labor of the Disabled in Moscow, during 2000-2001. In addition, the in-depth interviews were conducted with mother of children with disabilities. These interviews contained evidences about the issues of care for children with disabilities, about interactions of families with social infrastructure. Based on those data, the evaluation of the needs of children with disabilities is presented, the time costs of family members are calculated in regard to the care work with children of different age and rehabilitation potential. The author analyses different factors, which effect duration of the care work. Gendered approach is employed to evaluate the services that replace domestic care work with disabled children in social services for families and children.

Sociologicheskaja nauka i social'naja praktika, 2020

The article examines the implementation of new social security and employment policy in welfare s... more The article examines the implementation of new social security and employment policy in welfare states (social-democratic, conservative corporate and neoliberal regimes) in order to take a new look at the disability policy in Russia. Basing on the analysis of international research and OECD statistic data of 30 years the article explores the shifting trends in social policy, the new rights / responsibilities rule approaches and the reasons for restricting the state interference. The author investigates into the approaches in social security which define the conditions of receiving social assistance (controlling the ‚passive‘ measures, assigning responsibility for self-sufficiency and switching to ‚active‘ measures for the working age population) and describes the shifts in redistribution of wealth and social relations. The author analyzes the measures aiming at increasing opportunities and subduing the dependency culture in employment as well as demonstrates how these measures influ...

Sociological science and social practice. 2021. Т. 9. № 4. С. 238–249., 2021

The article consists of two separate publications (Part 1 and Part 2) and analyses social securit... more The article consists of two separate publications (Part 1 and Part 2) and analyses social security policy towards people with disability at working age in developed welfare states (social-democratic, conservative-corporatist and neoliberal regimes). Part 2 analyses reform strategies of state assistance programmes for disabled people on the basis of international research as well as statistical data of the EU and OECD for the past 30 years, while considering the changes in the economic climate. The article attends for the funding: expenditures for the programmes (as percentage of GDP and per capita) during periods of economic growth, the 2008–2009 crisis and the following decade. The connection between cyclic economic changes and the number of people with disability is considered. The author examines the combination of approaches to anticrisis management and the dynamics of public spending on programmes for people with disabilities as well as on alternative support schemes and social security in general. The author analyses the level of social protection of people with disability: poverty and inequality data based on research data and self-administered health condition evaluation. The article discusses the factors which mitigate the negative effects of the reforms, contribute to the reduction of social tension or, on the contrary, decrease social security in the long-term perspective.

Sociological science and social practice. 2021. Т. 9. № 3. С. 107–121., 2021

The article consists of two separate publications (Part 1 and Part 2) and analyses social securit... more The article consists of two separate publications (Part 1 and Part 2) and analyses social security policy towards people with disability at working age in developed welfare states (social-democratic, conservative-corporatist and neoliberal regimes). Part 1 considers various approaches to reformation of state disability assistance aimed at overcoming “dependency culture” and increasing personal responsibility for wellbeing. The analysis is conveyed on the basis of international research as well as
statistical data of the EU and OECD for the past 30 years. The article discusses the reasons for the growing assistance demand, the grounds for tightening the requirements for selection standards as well as the approaches to evaluation of disability. Institutional schemes of social welfare and participation conditions are accounted for. The author analyses the approaches to reducing poverty and inequality:
redistribution of state expenditures within disability programmes and alternative support schemes offering people with disabilities a wide scope of social benefits based on research data and individual evaluation of health condition.

Elena V. Kulagina, 2020

The article examines the implementation of new social security and employment policy in welfare s... more The article examines the implementation of new social security and employment policy in welfare states (social-democratic, conservative corporate and neoliberal regimes) in order to take a new look at the disability policy in Russia. Basing on the analysis of international research and OECD statistic data of 30 years the article explores the shifting trends in social policy, the new rights / responsibilities rule approaches and the reasons for restricting the state interference. The author investigates into the approaches in social security which define the conditions of receiving social assistance (controlling the‚ passive‘ measures, assigning responsibility for self-sufficiency and switching to ‚active‘ measures for the working age population) and describes the shifts in redistribution of wealth and social relations. The author analyzes the measures aiming at increasing opportunities and subduing the dependency culture in employment as well as demonstrates how these measures influence labour relations, salary and social security of employees. The reasons for growing poverty, inequality in income, wage and social security of the disadvantaged population groups are unveiled. The factors promoting redistribution and reinforcement of social unity and common wealth, as well as anti-crisis regulation are determined.

Социологические исследования, 2019

The article reviewed trends in the special education in Russia under the conditions of decentrali... more The article reviewed trends in the special education in Russia under the conditions
of decentralization. It shows the level of regional inequalities in the share of children with special
educational needs to the total number of schoolchildren, their distribution by forms of education,
comprising the data with developed countries. On the basis of the analysis of foreign studies it identifies
the inequality factors characterizing population and territories that feature growing number of children
with special educational needs, clue to unsuitable conditions of education. It specifies socio-economic
and demographic (including territorial) factors specific for Russia, that are related to high share of
children with special educational needs in the number of schoolchildren, selecting a group of regions
with low living standards and low population density. Most significant factors are population density and
settlement type, that predetermine worse conditions for finding out children with special educational
needs. Selected groups of regions are specified featuring significantly high proportion of children with
special educational needs, share of children with development delay, share of children with special
educational needs in general classes, in special classes or in special schools. The information base of
the research in the Russian Federation subjects was the federal statistics data provided by Rosstat and
the RF Ministry of Education and Science for the period 2011 to 2015.

Кулагина Е.В., 2004

Статья основана на материалах эмпирического исследования потребностей детей-инвалидов, проведенно... more Статья основана на материалах эмпирического исследования потребностей детей-инвалидов, проведенного автором совместно с коллективом специалистов ЦИЭТИН, в Москве, в 2000-2001 гг. Материал дополнен текстами глубинных интервью, содержащих свидетельства матерей о проблемах ухода за детьми-инвалидами, о взаимодействии семей с социальной инфраструктурой. На основе полученных данных проводится оценка нуждаемости детей-инвалидов в постоянном уходе, рассчитываются затраты времени членов семей на труд по уходу за детьми разного возраста и реабилитационного потенциала, анализируются факторы, влияющие на его продолжительность. Используется гендерный подход к оценке услуг, замещающих домашний труд по уходу за детьми-инвалидами, в учреждениях социального обслуживания семьи и детей.

E. V. Kulagina, 2003

The study was carried out in Moscow based on the findings of a survey of the social and economic ... more The study was carried out in Moscow based on the findings of a survey of the social and economic characteristics of families with handicapped children. It was carried out by the author in collaboration with a collective of specialists of TsIETIN in the framework of the implementation of the Comprehensive Target Program “The Rehabilitation of Handicapped People in Moscow, 1998-2000,” adopted by decree of the Government of Moscow. The survey findings with respect to the use of the whole set of labor and social benefits that are stipulated by the laws with respect to social protection show the strong and weak points of social policy strategies with respect to families with handicapped children. For example, under current economic conditions, “labor” benefits are just not popular at all, because their legislative adoption has failed to take account of the actual state of affairs in the labor market. Most families with handicapped children belong to the category of the traditionally poor. Their resources do not permit a standard of living that is necessary for the rehabilitation of handicapped children. For most of the families, the sole aim is to survive. In order for social reforms and specific legislative provisions to be successful, in-depth research is needed that will make it possible to study the life activity of families with handicapped children under the conditions of a society in transition.

Kulagina E.V., 2014

The monograph, based on the data from the Federal statistical observations, as well as on intervi... more The monograph, based on the data from the Federal statistical observations, as well as on interviews with teachers, school directors and parents of children with disabilities, considers Russian educational policy concerning children with disabilities. It shows controversial aspects of the legislation in the sphere of education, inconsistency between different normative acts. There are analyzed statistical data: number of children with disabilities in the system of general education, structure of disabilities, forms of their education (in special schools, in special classes, in regular classes), structure of their distribution by types of special schools, education conditions, number of special institutions and their types. Differences in the accessibility of education between Moscow and average data for the Russian Federation are examined. The author shows specifics of the education process in special and inclusive schools, learning conditions in the education system and mechanisms of social protection of people in difficult situation, as well as resources of families for parenting children.

Kulagina E.V., 2014

The monograph, based on the data from the Russian Federal statistical observations, as well as on... more The monograph, based on the data from the Russian Federal statistical observations, as well as on interviews with teachers, school directors and parents of children with disabilities, considers Russian educational policy concerning children with disabilities. It shows controversial aspects of the legislation in the sphere of education, inconsistency between different normative acts. There are analyzed statistical data: number of children with disabilities in the system of general education, structure of disabilities, forms of their education (in special schools, in special classes, in regular classes), structure of their distribution by types of special schools, education conditions, number of special institutions and their types. Differences in the accessibility of education between Moscow and average data for the Russian Federation are examined. The author shows specifics of the education process in special and inclusive schools, learning conditions in the education system and mechanisms of social protection of people in difficult situation, as well as resources of families for parenting children.

Kulagina E.V., 2017

The subject. The article analyzes the social policy in welfare states and in Russia, the countrie... more The subject. The article analyzes the social policy in welfare states and in Russia, the countries which have approved the concept of independent life and inclusion of disabled people, as recommended by international organizations.
The aim. The author demonstrates the results achieved by expanding the opportunities and removing the barriers for disabled people in the Third Way states that are implementing reforms based on revision of social assistance programs (socially determined legal frame, individual responsibility, independence and increasing mobility) and tasks of public administration (rejection of solidarity principles, targeting, effective management, social control, decentralization).
The methodology. The article analyzes the statistical data and research results in the OECD and EU member states from 2001 till 2016, the statistical data of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (2010-2017) and the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation (2004-2015), as well as the materials of the Federal program "Accessible Environment 2011-2020".
The results. The author identifies the orientation points of the social reforms, analyzes regulation instruments in the systems of social care and education of disabled people, including the classification of differences aimed at stiffening the criteria, as well as stimulation of independence. The factors of inclusive transformation in the OECD and EU member states have been revealed: funding principles, circumstances and results of education, training for the labor market. The priorities of the Russian social policy are analyzed. The instruments of management based on "ready-made" solutions are examined: classification of differences, decreasing the role of the government in education and employment, orientation towards market mechanisms. The factors which define the state of the special education system with restricted and decentralized resources are revealed. This state determines the growth of the number of graduates unprepared for independent life as well as the increase of social tension.
The conclusion. The article comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to constrain the market reforms in administration and to enhance the responsibility of the state for welfare of disabled people. The transition to independent life and inclusion should be implemented considering the national interests and social-economic contexts.

Kulagina E.V., 2016

Abstract Importance The article discusses the factors of disability, which refer to the actual ta... more Abstract Importance The article discusses the factors of disability, which refer to the actual task of public administration improvement of the Russian social policy in accordance with the requirements of the
UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Objectives The paper aims to justify differential treatment of persons with disabilities of various demographic profile that most fully takes into account their resource potential, as well as the specifics of distribution according to the subjects of the Russian Federation.
Methods To analyze the various statistical data of various domestic and international organizations and funds, I used a statistical method of analysis.
Results I studied the international experience in social policy development, approaches to the identification and study of disability, and considered disability factors and their dynamics.
I developed and now present a typology of regions, through which I studied the correlation of the level of disablement, general and primary, and demographic factors: the age structure of the population, life expectancy, mortality in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Also, I determine the causes of regional disparities in the level and age structure of disablement.
Conclusions and Relevance I stress the necessity of introducing differentiated social policies to different categories of persons with disabilities, adapted to the inequality in the distribution of
disability by sex, age and groups, as well as regional imbalances of factors of disability. The results of this research can be used to enhance the effectiveness of public administration at the Federal and
regional levels, including the Accessibility National program and interdepartmental plans of the Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation for People with Disabilities.

Kulagina E.V., 2015

The article presents the specific aspects of the activity of the teachers in the Or ganization fo... more The article presents the specific aspects of the activity of the teachers in the Or ganization for European Economic Co-operation member countries (OECD ) in the course of reforms, which pursue the policy of the New governmental management. Through the OECD surveys the factors were found out which influence the recruitment of teachers
and their professional development, such as motivation, the feedback mechanism and the provisioning of the educational process. The author analyses the two-level measures of the employment policy, which are applied in the case where the difficulties of teachers’ employment are connected with a certain subject or school. / В статье представлена специфика деятельности учителей в странах Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития (ОЭСР) на этапе образовательных реформ, проводящих политику Нового государственного менеджмента. Анализируются факторы, полученные в ходе исследований ОЭСР, которые влияют на найм учителей и их профессиональное развитие, такие как мотивация, механизм обратной связи и ресурсное обеспечение образовательного процесса. Рассматриваются двухуровневые меры кадровой политики, применяемые в том случае, когда трудности найма учителей сопряжены с отдельным учебным предметом или школой.

The Journal of Social Policy Studies, 2004

The article is based on the data of empirical research into the needs of children with disabiliti... more The article is based on the data of empirical research into the needs of children with disabilities conducted by the author in collaboration with the team of specialists of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Expertise of Work Capability and Organization of Labor of the Disabled in Moscow, during 2000-2001. In addition, the in-depth interviews were conducted with mother of children with disabilities. These interviews contained evidences about the issues of care for children with disabilities, about interactions of families with social infrastructure. Based on those data, the evaluation of the needs of children with disabilities is presented, the time costs of family members are calculated in regard to the care work with children of different age and rehabilitation potential. The author analyses different factors, which effect duration of the care work. Gendered approach is employed to evaluate the services that replace domestic care work with disabled children in social services for families and children.

Sociologicheskaja nauka i social'naja praktika, 2020

The article examines the implementation of new social security and employment policy in welfare s... more The article examines the implementation of new social security and employment policy in welfare states (social-democratic, conservative corporate and neoliberal regimes) in order to take a new look at the disability policy in Russia. Basing on the analysis of international research and OECD statistic data of 30 years the article explores the shifting trends in social policy, the new rights / responsibilities rule approaches and the reasons for restricting the state interference. The author investigates into the approaches in social security which define the conditions of receiving social assistance (controlling the ‚passive‘ measures, assigning responsibility for self-sufficiency and switching to ‚active‘ measures for the working age population) and describes the shifts in redistribution of wealth and social relations. The author analyzes the measures aiming at increasing opportunities and subduing the dependency culture in employment as well as demonstrates how these measures influ...

Sociological science and social practice. 2021. Т. 9. № 4. С. 238–249., 2021

The article consists of two separate publications (Part 1 and Part 2) and analyses social securit... more The article consists of two separate publications (Part 1 and Part 2) and analyses social security policy towards people with disability at working age in developed welfare states (social-democratic, conservative-corporatist and neoliberal regimes). Part 2 analyses reform strategies of state assistance programmes for disabled people on the basis of international research as well as statistical data of the EU and OECD for the past 30 years, while considering the changes in the economic climate. The article attends for the funding: expenditures for the programmes (as percentage of GDP and per capita) during periods of economic growth, the 2008–2009 crisis and the following decade. The connection between cyclic economic changes and the number of people with disability is considered. The author examines the combination of approaches to anticrisis management and the dynamics of public spending on programmes for people with disabilities as well as on alternative support schemes and social security in general. The author analyses the level of social protection of people with disability: poverty and inequality data based on research data and self-administered health condition evaluation. The article discusses the factors which mitigate the negative effects of the reforms, contribute to the reduction of social tension or, on the contrary, decrease social security in the long-term perspective.

Sociological science and social practice. 2021. Т. 9. № 3. С. 107–121., 2021

The article consists of two separate publications (Part 1 and Part 2) and analyses social securit... more The article consists of two separate publications (Part 1 and Part 2) and analyses social security policy towards people with disability at working age in developed welfare states (social-democratic, conservative-corporatist and neoliberal regimes). Part 1 considers various approaches to reformation of state disability assistance aimed at overcoming “dependency culture” and increasing personal responsibility for wellbeing. The analysis is conveyed on the basis of international research as well as
statistical data of the EU and OECD for the past 30 years. The article discusses the reasons for the growing assistance demand, the grounds for tightening the requirements for selection standards as well as the approaches to evaluation of disability. Institutional schemes of social welfare and participation conditions are accounted for. The author analyses the approaches to reducing poverty and inequality:
redistribution of state expenditures within disability programmes and alternative support schemes offering people with disabilities a wide scope of social benefits based on research data and individual evaluation of health condition.

Elena V. Kulagina, 2020

The article examines the implementation of new social security and employment policy in welfare s... more The article examines the implementation of new social security and employment policy in welfare states (social-democratic, conservative corporate and neoliberal regimes) in order to take a new look at the disability policy in Russia. Basing on the analysis of international research and OECD statistic data of 30 years the article explores the shifting trends in social policy, the new rights / responsibilities rule approaches and the reasons for restricting the state interference. The author investigates into the approaches in social security which define the conditions of receiving social assistance (controlling the‚ passive‘ measures, assigning responsibility for self-sufficiency and switching to ‚active‘ measures for the working age population) and describes the shifts in redistribution of wealth and social relations. The author analyzes the measures aiming at increasing opportunities and subduing the dependency culture in employment as well as demonstrates how these measures influence labour relations, salary and social security of employees. The reasons for growing poverty, inequality in income, wage and social security of the disadvantaged population groups are unveiled. The factors promoting redistribution and reinforcement of social unity and common wealth, as well as anti-crisis regulation are determined.

Социологические исследования, 2019

The article reviewed trends in the special education in Russia under the conditions of decentrali... more The article reviewed trends in the special education in Russia under the conditions
of decentralization. It shows the level of regional inequalities in the share of children with special
educational needs to the total number of schoolchildren, their distribution by forms of education,
comprising the data with developed countries. On the basis of the analysis of foreign studies it identifies
the inequality factors characterizing population and territories that feature growing number of children
with special educational needs, clue to unsuitable conditions of education. It specifies socio-economic
and demographic (including territorial) factors specific for Russia, that are related to high share of
children with special educational needs in the number of schoolchildren, selecting a group of regions
with low living standards and low population density. Most significant factors are population density and
settlement type, that predetermine worse conditions for finding out children with special educational
needs. Selected groups of regions are specified featuring significantly high proportion of children with
special educational needs, share of children with development delay, share of children with special
educational needs in general classes, in special classes or in special schools. The information base of
the research in the Russian Federation subjects was the federal statistics data provided by Rosstat and
the RF Ministry of Education and Science for the period 2011 to 2015.

Кулагина Е.В., 2004

Статья основана на материалах эмпирического исследования потребностей детей-инвалидов, проведенно... more Статья основана на материалах эмпирического исследования потребностей детей-инвалидов, проведенного автором совместно с коллективом специалистов ЦИЭТИН, в Москве, в 2000-2001 гг. Материал дополнен текстами глубинных интервью, содержащих свидетельства матерей о проблемах ухода за детьми-инвалидами, о взаимодействии семей с социальной инфраструктурой. На основе полученных данных проводится оценка нуждаемости детей-инвалидов в постоянном уходе, рассчитываются затраты времени членов семей на труд по уходу за детьми разного возраста и реабилитационного потенциала, анализируются факторы, влияющие на его продолжительность. Используется гендерный подход к оценке услуг, замещающих домашний труд по уходу за детьми-инвалидами, в учреждениях социального обслуживания семьи и детей.

E. V. Kulagina, 2003

The study was carried out in Moscow based on the findings of a survey of the social and economic ... more The study was carried out in Moscow based on the findings of a survey of the social and economic characteristics of families with handicapped children. It was carried out by the author in collaboration with a collective of specialists of TsIETIN in the framework of the implementation of the Comprehensive Target Program “The Rehabilitation of Handicapped People in Moscow, 1998-2000,” adopted by decree of the Government of Moscow. The survey findings with respect to the use of the whole set of labor and social benefits that are stipulated by the laws with respect to social protection show the strong and weak points of social policy strategies with respect to families with handicapped children. For example, under current economic conditions, “labor” benefits are just not popular at all, because their legislative adoption has failed to take account of the actual state of affairs in the labor market. Most families with handicapped children belong to the category of the traditionally poor. Their resources do not permit a standard of living that is necessary for the rehabilitation of handicapped children. For most of the families, the sole aim is to survive. In order for social reforms and specific legislative provisions to be successful, in-depth research is needed that will make it possible to study the life activity of families with handicapped children under the conditions of a society in transition.

Kulagina E.V., 2014

The monograph, based on the data from the Federal statistical observations, as well as on intervi... more The monograph, based on the data from the Federal statistical observations, as well as on interviews with teachers, school directors and parents of children with disabilities, considers Russian educational policy concerning children with disabilities. It shows controversial aspects of the legislation in the sphere of education, inconsistency between different normative acts. There are analyzed statistical data: number of children with disabilities in the system of general education, structure of disabilities, forms of their education (in special schools, in special classes, in regular classes), structure of their distribution by types of special schools, education conditions, number of special institutions and their types. Differences in the accessibility of education between Moscow and average data for the Russian Federation are examined. The author shows specifics of the education process in special and inclusive schools, learning conditions in the education system and mechanisms of social protection of people in difficult situation, as well as resources of families for parenting children.

Kulagina E.V., 2014

The monograph, based on the data from the Russian Federal statistical observations, as well as on... more The monograph, based on the data from the Russian Federal statistical observations, as well as on interviews with teachers, school directors and parents of children with disabilities, considers Russian educational policy concerning children with disabilities. It shows controversial aspects of the legislation in the sphere of education, inconsistency between different normative acts. There are analyzed statistical data: number of children with disabilities in the system of general education, structure of disabilities, forms of their education (in special schools, in special classes, in regular classes), structure of their distribution by types of special schools, education conditions, number of special institutions and their types. Differences in the accessibility of education between Moscow and average data for the Russian Federation are examined. The author shows specifics of the education process in special and inclusive schools, learning conditions in the education system and mechanisms of social protection of people in difficult situation, as well as resources of families for parenting children.

Kulagina E.V., 2017

The subject. The article analyzes the social policy in welfare states and in Russia, the countrie... more The subject. The article analyzes the social policy in welfare states and in Russia, the countries which have approved the concept of independent life and inclusion of disabled people, as recommended by international organizations.
The aim. The author demonstrates the results achieved by expanding the opportunities and removing the barriers for disabled people in the Third Way states that are implementing reforms based on revision of social assistance programs (socially determined legal frame, individual responsibility, independence and increasing mobility) and tasks of public administration (rejection of solidarity principles, targeting, effective management, social control, decentralization).
The methodology. The article analyzes the statistical data and research results in the OECD and EU member states from 2001 till 2016, the statistical data of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (2010-2017) and the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation (2004-2015), as well as the materials of the Federal program "Accessible Environment 2011-2020".
The results. The author identifies the orientation points of the social reforms, analyzes regulation instruments in the systems of social care and education of disabled people, including the classification of differences aimed at stiffening the criteria, as well as stimulation of independence. The factors of inclusive transformation in the OECD and EU member states have been revealed: funding principles, circumstances and results of education, training for the labor market. The priorities of the Russian social policy are analyzed. The instruments of management based on "ready-made" solutions are examined: classification of differences, decreasing the role of the government in education and employment, orientation towards market mechanisms. The factors which define the state of the special education system with restricted and decentralized resources are revealed. This state determines the growth of the number of graduates unprepared for independent life as well as the increase of social tension.
The conclusion. The article comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to constrain the market reforms in administration and to enhance the responsibility of the state for welfare of disabled people. The transition to independent life and inclusion should be implemented considering the national interests and social-economic contexts.

Kulagina E.V., 2016

Abstract Importance The article discusses the factors of disability, which refer to the actual ta... more Abstract Importance The article discusses the factors of disability, which refer to the actual task of public administration improvement of the Russian social policy in accordance with the requirements of the
UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Objectives The paper aims to justify differential treatment of persons with disabilities of various demographic profile that most fully takes into account their resource potential, as well as the specifics of distribution according to the subjects of the Russian Federation.
Methods To analyze the various statistical data of various domestic and international organizations and funds, I used a statistical method of analysis.
Results I studied the international experience in social policy development, approaches to the identification and study of disability, and considered disability factors and their dynamics.
I developed and now present a typology of regions, through which I studied the correlation of the level of disablement, general and primary, and demographic factors: the age structure of the population, life expectancy, mortality in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Also, I determine the causes of regional disparities in the level and age structure of disablement.
Conclusions and Relevance I stress the necessity of introducing differentiated social policies to different categories of persons with disabilities, adapted to the inequality in the distribution of
disability by sex, age and groups, as well as regional imbalances of factors of disability. The results of this research can be used to enhance the effectiveness of public administration at the Federal and
regional levels, including the Accessibility National program and interdepartmental plans of the Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation for People with Disabilities.

Kulagina E.V., 2015

The article presents the specific aspects of the activity of the teachers in the Or ganization fo... more The article presents the specific aspects of the activity of the teachers in the Or ganization for European Economic Co-operation member countries (OECD ) in the course of reforms, which pursue the policy of the New governmental management. Through the OECD surveys the factors were found out which influence the recruitment of teachers
and their professional development, such as motivation, the feedback mechanism and the provisioning of the educational process. The author analyses the two-level measures of the employment policy, which are applied in the case where the difficulties of teachers’ employment are connected with a certain subject or school. / В статье представлена специфика деятельности учителей в странах Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития (ОЭСР) на этапе образовательных реформ, проводящих политику Нового государственного менеджмента. Анализируются факторы, полученные в ходе исследований ОЭСР, которые влияют на найм учителей и их профессиональное развитие, такие как мотивация, механизм обратной связи и ресурсное обеспечение образовательного процесса. Рассматриваются двухуровневые меры кадровой политики, применяемые в том случае, когда трудности найма учителей сопряжены с отдельным учебным предметом или школой.