Elias Sowley - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Elias Sowley
Ghana Journal of Horticulture, 2012
The cost of tomato production has increased due to the high cost of effective nematicides. Chemic... more The cost of tomato production has increased due to the high cost of effective nematicides. Chemical nematicides are not readily available and most are not effective. There is also health and environmental hazards associated with their use hence the need to study alternative chemicals which are environmentally friendly, easily available and cheaper A pot experiment was conducted between September and December, 2010 at the Plant house of the Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala, Tamale to investigate the effect of aqueous garlic extract on root knot nematode of tomato. There were four treatments: 10 g/50 ml aqueous garlic extract, 20 g/50 ml aqueous garlic extract, 30 g/50 ml aqueous garlic extract and control replicated four times in a completely randomised design. The soils were inoculated with 2000 eggs of Meloidogyne species a week before the application of the treatment. Data were collected on each tomato plant pot. Parameters measured were plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, root galling, egg mass index and root knot nematode population in the soil. There were significant differences among the treatment means for root galling, nematode population and egg mass index. Garlic extract significantly reduced (p=0.05) nematode population compared to the control. However, 30 g/50 ml of the aqueous garlic extract recorded a significantly higher (p=0.05) reduction in nematode population than the other treatments. Application of aqueous garlic extract at the rate of 10 g/50m1 recorded the highest reduction in root galling and egg mass index. Application of 30 g/50m1 aqueous garlic extract resulted in a significantly higher (p=0.05) fruit weight, as well as number of fruit per plant. However, there was no significant difference observed in the growth parameters between the treated plants. It is therefore recommended that 30g/50m1 of aqueous garlic extract should be evaluated in the field to optimize the production of tomato.
Ghana Journal of Horticulture, 2007
African Journal of Plant Science, Nov 30, 2020
International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, Feb 25, 2013
Bamabara groundnut, Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc, is an important grain legume that plays a signi... more Bamabara groundnut, Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc, is an important grain legume that plays a significant role in sustainable agriculture, food and nutritional security in sub-Saharan Africa. In northern Ghana one major constraint to the save preservation of bambara groundnut seeds after harvest is infestation by bruchid insects. A survey was conducted to obtain information on the existing storage systems and their implications for bruchid pest management in the Talensi-Nabdam district of Upper East region of Ghana. Six farming communities and five marketing centers were surveyed between January and March, 2012 by administering structured and semi structured questionnaires to respondents drawn by purposive sampling method. The study revealed that the major storage pests infesting bambara groundnuts in the surveyed areas were insects of the bruchid group which were dominated by three species of Callosobruhus and one species of Zabrotes. Storage structures used by farmers and traders included earthenware pots, gourds, mud silos, jute sacks, metal drums and plastic containers but jute sacks and clay pots were rampant in terms of use. Though not all the structures are effective many were used owing to their hermetic conditions against the pests, coupled with their durability, economic and ease of integration with indigenous grain protectants such as admixture with vegetable oils, fine ash and extracts from a local plant scientifically known as Hyptis spicigera. The extract from Hyptis spicigera was more (50 %) in use to preserve Bambara groundnuts because its work better in warding off the bruchid pest. The rampant postharvest losses to bambara groundnut grains in the area could be minimized if these existing storage structures and grain preservation techniques were improved.
UDS International Journal of Development, 2015
Acta horticulturae, Sep 1, 2013
Acta horticulturae, Sep 1, 2013
Current Agriculture Research Journal, Jun 16, 2016
Tomato is a popular, widely cultivated and consumed vegetable crop in the world, but its producti... more Tomato is a popular, widely cultivated and consumed vegetable crop in the world, but its production is hampered by diseases, some of which are seed-borne. This study sought to detect seed-borne fungi in tomato seeds used by farmers in the,Tolon-Kurnbungu District of Northern Region of Ghana_ Twenty seed samples made up of two from commercial seed retailers and 18 from farmers in nine communities were used for the detection of the seed-borne mycoflora, by the agar plate and blotter methods in the Plant Pathology laboratory of the Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (SARI). Four fungal species namely Aspergillus flavus (Link), A. niger (van Tieghem), Penicilium spp. and Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. :Fr) Vuil., were isolated and identified from seeds stored by farmers. The Agar plate method was more sensitive than the blotter method in detecting the seed-borne fungi. Aspergillus flavus had the highest occurrence in both sterilised and unsterilised seeds while Penicillium had the least. For example, the occurrence of A. flavus in seeds tested by the blotter method for sterilised and unsterilised seeds were 56.7% and 56.1%, respectively and 3.2% and 3.5%, respectively for Penicillium. Generally, the incidence of seed-borne fungi in samples offarmer-saved seeds was higher than the commercial seeds. All the seed samples tested had a germination percentage above 80%, except sample GYA from Gareshegu) which had 61.5% germination. Due to the high popularity of the farmer-saved seeds, a system should be put in place to frequently check the health status of these farmer-saved seeds, to prevent the use of infected seeds in tomato production, which could have adverse consequences on the yield
Agricultural and Food Science Journal of Ghana, 2020
Anthracnose is the most serious leaf and vine epiphytotic disease of yam that causes yield loss. ... more Anthracnose is the most serious leaf and vine epiphytotic disease of yam that causes yield loss. Chemical fungicides could potentially form the basis of sustainable management strategies for anthracnose, however, the inorganic fungicides used in managing plant diseases are not degradable and may persist in the soils. Studies were conducted in vitro and in vivo to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica, Jatropha curcas and Nicotiana tabacum extracts for the control of anthracnose disease of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir). The antifungal activities of 35, 45, 65 and 75% concentrations of each of the plant extracts wasassessed in vitro on potato dextrose agar using the food poison technique. The fungitoxicity of the plant extracts against yam anthracnose disease was assessed under in vivo conditions through foliar application of 75% concentrations of each plant extract. The in vitro results showed that each plant extract inhibited significantly (P ≤ 0.05) the mycelia growth of C. gloeosporioides The 75% concentration of the plant extracts exhibited the best inhibitory effect considering the percentage mycelial growth it recorded. The results of the field trial revealed that each plant extract at 75% concentration significantly (P ≤ .05) reduced the incidence and severity of the anthracnose disease. The plant extracts particularly, Azadirachta indica seed extracts produced higher yield. Farmers may use aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica seed as an alternative to synthetic fungicides for the control of anthracnose disease of yam. Keywords: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, disease incidence, severity, plant extracts, Dioscorea rotundat
The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp. is a major economic pest of cowpea in Northern Ghana. Th... more The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp. is a major economic pest of cowpea in Northern Ghana. The use of moringa leaf powder is an economical and environmentally friendly alternative for nematode management. The effectiveness of time of application of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf powder on the management of root-knot nematode (Melodogyne spp.) for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was evaluated at University for Development Studies, Nyankpala, Ghana using a Randomized Complete Block Design. Treatments were; application at planting (AP), application one week after planting (1 WAP), application two weeks after planting (2 WAP) and application three weeks after planting (3 WAP). Application at 1 WAP showed better root-knot nematode suppression resulting in fewer root galls and greater plant growth. There was also an increase in grain yield. Application of moringa leaf powder at 1 WAP has a longer potency and efficacy in reducing or controlling the population of root-knot nematodes of cowpea.
A reconnaissance survey was conducted in the Tamale Metropolis of the Northern region of Ghana fr... more A reconnaissance survey was conducted in the Tamale Metropolis of the Northern region of Ghana from January to May, 2010 to obtain information on the handling and storage of fruit and vegetable crops as well as the causes of deterioration. Open-ended questionnaires were pre-tested and administered in 5 communities namely, Aboabo, Lamashegu, Nyohini, Sakasaka and Tamale Central. Twenty sellers were randomly selected from each of the 5 communities; a total of 100 respondents were interviewed. Infected samples of some fruit and vegetable crops including carrot (Daucus carota), hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens), oranges (Citrus spp.), sweet pepper (Capsicum annum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were collected. Pathogens were isolated and identified in the Plant Pathology laboratory of the Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (SARI). All the respondents were female but only 47% hadformal education. Most of them (67%) were youthful (15-45 years) while the rest (32%) were aged46-65...
Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, 2015
In response to the quest for an environmentally friendly mode of disposal of shea nut cake, One h... more In response to the quest for an environmentally friendly mode of disposal of shea nut cake, One hundred and sixty two (162) soil samples were collected at random at 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm soil depth from shea nut cake dumping sites in Jusonayilli, Gurugu and Kasalgu within the Sanaregu District of the Northern Region of Ghana, from September, 2010 to July, 2011. This is to isolate bacteria with high shea nut cake degrading ability and consequently select the potential application of these bacteria in bioremediation. The bacteria were grown in mineral salt medium supplemented with 2% shea nut cake as sole source of carbon. More Gram negative bacteria were involved in shea nut cake degradation than Gram positive bacteria. Two isolates which gave good growth on 5% shea nut cake agar were identified biochemically as Pseudomonas species. Both grew optimally at 35oC and at pH 7.0. Yeast extracts enhanced growth. Pseudomanas strain G9 degraded 71.25% shea nut cake, while Pseudomona...
Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science, 2019
The cultivation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivars that are tolerant to root-knot n... more The cultivation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivars that are tolerant to root-knot nematode attack is among the environmentally safe approach to managing the root-knot nematode menace in cultivated crops. In this study, the tolerance of 10 cowpea genotypes to root-knot nematodes infestation was evaluated in a pot experiment conducted in a Screenhouse, at the University for Development Studies, Nyankpala Campus. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. The number of second stage juveniles (J2) per 250 cm3 of soil sample were counted while the severity of root-knot nematode damage (root galls) was assessed. The reproduction index (RI) was used to classify the varieties as resistant or susceptible. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the number of second stage juveniles of root-knot nematode (RKN), galling index and RI among the genotypes tested. The study revealed that cowpea genotypes SARI 1-4-90, Padi tuya, S...
Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science, 2019
Rots in yam tubers are the dominant cause of postharvest losses. Therefore, studies were conduct... more Rots in yam tubers are the dominant cause of postharvest losses. Therefore, studies were conducted to identify the rot-causing organisms in yam and to evaluate the efficacy of false yam (Icacina oliviformis) plant extracts as surface protectants in the storage of yam. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) design with five treatments (fruit, root and leaf extract of false yam, Mancozeb and tap water) replicated three times. Two concentrations (50% and 100%) of each extract were also tested. Species were identified based on the structural features, the characteristics and properties of the spore and mycelium. A spore suspension of yam rot fungi was sprayed on healthy yam tubers that had been pretreated with the extracts. Results showed that fungi isolated from rotted yams were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and Penicillium sclerotigenum. Leaf extracts (both 50% and 100%) had the highest growth inhibitions on all the three fungi isolated in vitro. Tubers ...
This review examines the prospects and risks associated with the environmental release of genetic... more This review examines the prospects and risks associated with the environmental release of genetically modified plants (GMP) and genetically modified food (GMF) also known as transgenic plants and products. The review dwelled on primary and secondary literature obtained from scholarly data bases, peer reviewed journals as well as trusted institutional websites. The literature sources used dates from 2000 to 2008. The debate about the benefits and risks of transgenic plants has been on for more than a decade. The benefits of transgenic plants to agriculture and human health are clearer. The risks to human health and the environment are less clear owing largely to inadequate clinical and environmental data. The lack of experimental and clinical data has generated much more opinion about transgenic plants than facts about them. The limited studies that are available appear to suggest that unregulated development and release of transgenic plants could trigger allergies in humans as some ...
African Journal of Biotechnology, 2020
Ghana Journal of Horticulture, 2012
The cost of tomato production has increased due to the high cost of effective nematicides. Chemic... more The cost of tomato production has increased due to the high cost of effective nematicides. Chemical nematicides are not readily available and most are not effective. There is also health and environmental hazards associated with their use hence the need to study alternative chemicals which are environmentally friendly, easily available and cheaper A pot experiment was conducted between September and December, 2010 at the Plant house of the Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala, Tamale to investigate the effect of aqueous garlic extract on root knot nematode of tomato. There were four treatments: 10 g/50 ml aqueous garlic extract, 20 g/50 ml aqueous garlic extract, 30 g/50 ml aqueous garlic extract and control replicated four times in a completely randomised design. The soils were inoculated with 2000 eggs of Meloidogyne species a week before the application of the treatment. Data were collected on each tomato plant pot. Parameters measured were plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, root galling, egg mass index and root knot nematode population in the soil. There were significant differences among the treatment means for root galling, nematode population and egg mass index. Garlic extract significantly reduced (p=0.05) nematode population compared to the control. However, 30 g/50 ml of the aqueous garlic extract recorded a significantly higher (p=0.05) reduction in nematode population than the other treatments. Application of aqueous garlic extract at the rate of 10 g/50m1 recorded the highest reduction in root galling and egg mass index. Application of 30 g/50m1 aqueous garlic extract resulted in a significantly higher (p=0.05) fruit weight, as well as number of fruit per plant. However, there was no significant difference observed in the growth parameters between the treated plants. It is therefore recommended that 30g/50m1 of aqueous garlic extract should be evaluated in the field to optimize the production of tomato.
Ghana Journal of Horticulture, 2007
African Journal of Plant Science, Nov 30, 2020
International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, Feb 25, 2013
Bamabara groundnut, Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc, is an important grain legume that plays a signi... more Bamabara groundnut, Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc, is an important grain legume that plays a significant role in sustainable agriculture, food and nutritional security in sub-Saharan Africa. In northern Ghana one major constraint to the save preservation of bambara groundnut seeds after harvest is infestation by bruchid insects. A survey was conducted to obtain information on the existing storage systems and their implications for bruchid pest management in the Talensi-Nabdam district of Upper East region of Ghana. Six farming communities and five marketing centers were surveyed between January and March, 2012 by administering structured and semi structured questionnaires to respondents drawn by purposive sampling method. The study revealed that the major storage pests infesting bambara groundnuts in the surveyed areas were insects of the bruchid group which were dominated by three species of Callosobruhus and one species of Zabrotes. Storage structures used by farmers and traders included earthenware pots, gourds, mud silos, jute sacks, metal drums and plastic containers but jute sacks and clay pots were rampant in terms of use. Though not all the structures are effective many were used owing to their hermetic conditions against the pests, coupled with their durability, economic and ease of integration with indigenous grain protectants such as admixture with vegetable oils, fine ash and extracts from a local plant scientifically known as Hyptis spicigera. The extract from Hyptis spicigera was more (50 %) in use to preserve Bambara groundnuts because its work better in warding off the bruchid pest. The rampant postharvest losses to bambara groundnut grains in the area could be minimized if these existing storage structures and grain preservation techniques were improved.
UDS International Journal of Development, 2015
Acta horticulturae, Sep 1, 2013
Acta horticulturae, Sep 1, 2013
Current Agriculture Research Journal, Jun 16, 2016
Tomato is a popular, widely cultivated and consumed vegetable crop in the world, but its producti... more Tomato is a popular, widely cultivated and consumed vegetable crop in the world, but its production is hampered by diseases, some of which are seed-borne. This study sought to detect seed-borne fungi in tomato seeds used by farmers in the,Tolon-Kurnbungu District of Northern Region of Ghana_ Twenty seed samples made up of two from commercial seed retailers and 18 from farmers in nine communities were used for the detection of the seed-borne mycoflora, by the agar plate and blotter methods in the Plant Pathology laboratory of the Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (SARI). Four fungal species namely Aspergillus flavus (Link), A. niger (van Tieghem), Penicilium spp. and Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. :Fr) Vuil., were isolated and identified from seeds stored by farmers. The Agar plate method was more sensitive than the blotter method in detecting the seed-borne fungi. Aspergillus flavus had the highest occurrence in both sterilised and unsterilised seeds while Penicillium had the least. For example, the occurrence of A. flavus in seeds tested by the blotter method for sterilised and unsterilised seeds were 56.7% and 56.1%, respectively and 3.2% and 3.5%, respectively for Penicillium. Generally, the incidence of seed-borne fungi in samples offarmer-saved seeds was higher than the commercial seeds. All the seed samples tested had a germination percentage above 80%, except sample GYA from Gareshegu) which had 61.5% germination. Due to the high popularity of the farmer-saved seeds, a system should be put in place to frequently check the health status of these farmer-saved seeds, to prevent the use of infected seeds in tomato production, which could have adverse consequences on the yield
Agricultural and Food Science Journal of Ghana, 2020
Anthracnose is the most serious leaf and vine epiphytotic disease of yam that causes yield loss. ... more Anthracnose is the most serious leaf and vine epiphytotic disease of yam that causes yield loss. Chemical fungicides could potentially form the basis of sustainable management strategies for anthracnose, however, the inorganic fungicides used in managing plant diseases are not degradable and may persist in the soils. Studies were conducted in vitro and in vivo to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica, Jatropha curcas and Nicotiana tabacum extracts for the control of anthracnose disease of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir). The antifungal activities of 35, 45, 65 and 75% concentrations of each of the plant extracts wasassessed in vitro on potato dextrose agar using the food poison technique. The fungitoxicity of the plant extracts against yam anthracnose disease was assessed under in vivo conditions through foliar application of 75% concentrations of each plant extract. The in vitro results showed that each plant extract inhibited significantly (P ≤ 0.05) the mycelia growth of C. gloeosporioides The 75% concentration of the plant extracts exhibited the best inhibitory effect considering the percentage mycelial growth it recorded. The results of the field trial revealed that each plant extract at 75% concentration significantly (P ≤ .05) reduced the incidence and severity of the anthracnose disease. The plant extracts particularly, Azadirachta indica seed extracts produced higher yield. Farmers may use aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica seed as an alternative to synthetic fungicides for the control of anthracnose disease of yam. Keywords: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, disease incidence, severity, plant extracts, Dioscorea rotundat
The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp. is a major economic pest of cowpea in Northern Ghana. Th... more The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp. is a major economic pest of cowpea in Northern Ghana. The use of moringa leaf powder is an economical and environmentally friendly alternative for nematode management. The effectiveness of time of application of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf powder on the management of root-knot nematode (Melodogyne spp.) for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was evaluated at University for Development Studies, Nyankpala, Ghana using a Randomized Complete Block Design. Treatments were; application at planting (AP), application one week after planting (1 WAP), application two weeks after planting (2 WAP) and application three weeks after planting (3 WAP). Application at 1 WAP showed better root-knot nematode suppression resulting in fewer root galls and greater plant growth. There was also an increase in grain yield. Application of moringa leaf powder at 1 WAP has a longer potency and efficacy in reducing or controlling the population of root-knot nematodes of cowpea.
A reconnaissance survey was conducted in the Tamale Metropolis of the Northern region of Ghana fr... more A reconnaissance survey was conducted in the Tamale Metropolis of the Northern region of Ghana from January to May, 2010 to obtain information on the handling and storage of fruit and vegetable crops as well as the causes of deterioration. Open-ended questionnaires were pre-tested and administered in 5 communities namely, Aboabo, Lamashegu, Nyohini, Sakasaka and Tamale Central. Twenty sellers were randomly selected from each of the 5 communities; a total of 100 respondents were interviewed. Infected samples of some fruit and vegetable crops including carrot (Daucus carota), hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens), oranges (Citrus spp.), sweet pepper (Capsicum annum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were collected. Pathogens were isolated and identified in the Plant Pathology laboratory of the Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (SARI). All the respondents were female but only 47% hadformal education. Most of them (67%) were youthful (15-45 years) while the rest (32%) were aged46-65...
Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, 2015
In response to the quest for an environmentally friendly mode of disposal of shea nut cake, One h... more In response to the quest for an environmentally friendly mode of disposal of shea nut cake, One hundred and sixty two (162) soil samples were collected at random at 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm soil depth from shea nut cake dumping sites in Jusonayilli, Gurugu and Kasalgu within the Sanaregu District of the Northern Region of Ghana, from September, 2010 to July, 2011. This is to isolate bacteria with high shea nut cake degrading ability and consequently select the potential application of these bacteria in bioremediation. The bacteria were grown in mineral salt medium supplemented with 2% shea nut cake as sole source of carbon. More Gram negative bacteria were involved in shea nut cake degradation than Gram positive bacteria. Two isolates which gave good growth on 5% shea nut cake agar were identified biochemically as Pseudomonas species. Both grew optimally at 35oC and at pH 7.0. Yeast extracts enhanced growth. Pseudomanas strain G9 degraded 71.25% shea nut cake, while Pseudomona...
Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science, 2019
The cultivation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivars that are tolerant to root-knot n... more The cultivation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivars that are tolerant to root-knot nematode attack is among the environmentally safe approach to managing the root-knot nematode menace in cultivated crops. In this study, the tolerance of 10 cowpea genotypes to root-knot nematodes infestation was evaluated in a pot experiment conducted in a Screenhouse, at the University for Development Studies, Nyankpala Campus. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. The number of second stage juveniles (J2) per 250 cm3 of soil sample were counted while the severity of root-knot nematode damage (root galls) was assessed. The reproduction index (RI) was used to classify the varieties as resistant or susceptible. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the number of second stage juveniles of root-knot nematode (RKN), galling index and RI among the genotypes tested. The study revealed that cowpea genotypes SARI 1-4-90, Padi tuya, S...
Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science, 2019
Rots in yam tubers are the dominant cause of postharvest losses. Therefore, studies were conduct... more Rots in yam tubers are the dominant cause of postharvest losses. Therefore, studies were conducted to identify the rot-causing organisms in yam and to evaluate the efficacy of false yam (Icacina oliviformis) plant extracts as surface protectants in the storage of yam. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) design with five treatments (fruit, root and leaf extract of false yam, Mancozeb and tap water) replicated three times. Two concentrations (50% and 100%) of each extract were also tested. Species were identified based on the structural features, the characteristics and properties of the spore and mycelium. A spore suspension of yam rot fungi was sprayed on healthy yam tubers that had been pretreated with the extracts. Results showed that fungi isolated from rotted yams were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and Penicillium sclerotigenum. Leaf extracts (both 50% and 100%) had the highest growth inhibitions on all the three fungi isolated in vitro. Tubers ...
This review examines the prospects and risks associated with the environmental release of genetic... more This review examines the prospects and risks associated with the environmental release of genetically modified plants (GMP) and genetically modified food (GMF) also known as transgenic plants and products. The review dwelled on primary and secondary literature obtained from scholarly data bases, peer reviewed journals as well as trusted institutional websites. The literature sources used dates from 2000 to 2008. The debate about the benefits and risks of transgenic plants has been on for more than a decade. The benefits of transgenic plants to agriculture and human health are clearer. The risks to human health and the environment are less clear owing largely to inadequate clinical and environmental data. The lack of experimental and clinical data has generated much more opinion about transgenic plants than facts about them. The limited studies that are available appear to suggest that unregulated development and release of transgenic plants could trigger allergies in humans as some ...
African Journal of Biotechnology, 2020