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Papers by Elisabeth Hildt

Research paper thumbnail of Neuroethics and the Neuroscientific Turn

The Routledge Handbook of Neuroethics, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Cognitive Enhancement

Oxford Handbooks Online, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Brain-Computer Interaction and Medical Access to the Brain: Individual, Social and Ethical Implications

Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Autonomie. Von den Implikationen eines politisch-moralischen Ideals in Humangenetik und Neurowissenschaften

Jahrbuch Fur Christliche Sozialwissenschaften, Sep 1, 2004

Research paper thumbnail of Moderne Neurowissenschaften und das menschliche Selbstverständnis

Technik in einer fragilen Welt, 2005

Research paper thumbnail of Human Germline Interventions–Think First

Frontiers in Genetics, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Was bedeutet genetische Information?

... kovacs@ uni-tuebingen. de Das Werk enthält 10 Abbildungen und 4 Tabellen. ... 1 Elisabeth Hil... more ... kovacs@ uni-tuebingen. de Das Werk enthält 10 Abbildungen und 4 Tabellen. ... 1 Elisabeth Hildt und László Kovács Literaturverzeichnis..... ... 77 Martina Paulsen 7.1 Die genetischen und epigenetischen Komponenten des Erbguts.. ...

Research paper thumbnail of 2 Was ist das Besondere an genetischer Information?

Was bedeutet genetische Information?, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of 1 Zur Bedeutung genetischer Information: Eine Einführung

Was bedeutet genetische Information?, 2009

... schaft in die Genetik hat viele Erkenntnisse einer Interpretationsart ermöglicht, wenn auch e... more ... schaft in die Genetik hat viele Erkenntnisse einer Interpretationsart ermöglicht, wenn auch einige andere verhindert (Kovács 2009). ... Im Rahmen ihres Beitrags geht Martina Paulsen anschließend detailliert auf den derzeitigen Forschungsstand hinsichtlich der sogenannten ...

Research paper thumbnail of Twenty-Five Years of Ethics Across the Curriculum in advance

Research paper thumbnail of Autonomie in der Medizin: Selbstbestimmung, Selbstentwurf und Lebensgestaltung

Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Reflections on Addiction in Students Using Stimulants for Neuroenhancement: A Preliminary Interview Study

BioMed Research International, 2015

The use of stimulants for the purpose of pharmacological neuroenhancement (NE) among students is ... more The use of stimulants for the purpose of pharmacological neuroenhancement (NE) among students is a subject of increasing public awareness. The risk of addiction development by stimulant use for NE is still unanswered. Therefore, face-to-face interviews were carried out among 18 university students experienced in the nonmedical use of methylphenidate and amphetamines for NE assessing aspects of addiction. Interviews were tape-recorded, verbatim-transcribed, and analyzed using a qualitative approach. The interviews showed that participants-the majority had current or lifetime diagnoses of misuse or addiction to alcohol or cannabis-reported an awareness of the risk of addiction development associated with stimulant use and reported various effects which may increase their likelihood of future stimulant use, for example, euphoric effects, increase of self-confidence, and motivation. They also cited measures to counteract the development of addiction as well as measures taken to normalize again after stimulant use. Students were convinced of having control over their stimulant use and of not becoming addicted to stimulants used for NE. We can conclude that behavior and beliefs of the students in our sample appear to be risky in terms of addiction development. However, long-term empirical research is needed to estimate the true risk of addiction.

Research paper thumbnail of On Human–Computer Interaction in Brain–Computer Interfaces

The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of On the current neuroenhancement use of transcranial direct current stimulation by healthy individuals–a non-fictional snap-shot: commentary on Lapenta et al. 2014

Psychology and Neuroscience, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Cognitive Enhancement – A Critical Look at the Recent Debate

Trends in Augmentation of Human Performance, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Zur Rolle von Risiko, Ungewissheit und Nichtwissen in der Bioethik

Exploring Uncertainty, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Charakteristika von Studierenden, die pharmakologisches Neuroenhancement mit Stimulanzien betreiben: Eine Pilotstudie

Psychiatrische Praxis, 2012

Little is known regarding characteristics of subjects using substances exclusively for the purpos... more Little is known regarding characteristics of subjects using substances exclusively for the purpose of pharmacological neuroenhancement (PN). Aim of this pilot study was to characterize students in Germany who use methylphenidate (MPH) and/or amphetamines (AMPH) for PN. Semi-structured interviews among 20 students who reported the use of MPH/AMPH for PN and 20 matched controls. Subjects using stimulants for PN had significant better knowledge about further illicit substances for PN than controls. Users of AMPH more frequently used further illicit substances for PN than MPH users. Regarding prescription substances for PN no difference was found between MPH and AMPH users. AMPH users predominantly used AMPH intranasally for PN purposes. Stimulant users for PN used illicit substances (not for PN) more frequently with significantly higher rates of diagnoses of substance misuse of alcohol and THC (no difference between AMPH and MPH users). Larger epidemiological studies are needed to elucidate the risk of misuse and addiction in subjects using stimulants for PN.

Research paper thumbnail of Non-Medical Use of Prescription Stimulants and Illicit Use of Stimulants for Cognitive Enhancement in Pupils and Students in Germany

Research paper thumbnail of Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students – a qualitative approach

BMC Medical Ethics, 2014

Academic performance enhancement or cognitive enhancement (CE) via stimulant drug use has receive... more Academic performance enhancement or cognitive enhancement (CE) via stimulant drug use has received increasing attention. The question remains, however, whether CE solely represents the use of drugs for achieving better academic or workplace results or whether CE also serves various other purposes. The aim of this study was to put the phenomenon of pharmacological academic performance enhancement via prescription and illicit (psycho-) stimulant use (Amphetamines, Methylphenidate) among university students into a broader context. Specifically, we wanted to further understand students' experiences, the effects of use on students and other factors, such as pressure to perform in their academic and private lives. A sample of 18 healthy university students reporting the non-medical use of prescription and illicit stimulants for academic performance enhancement was interviewed in a face-to-face setting. The leading questions were related to the situations and context in which the students considered the non-medical use of stimulants. Based on the resultant transcript, two independent raters identified six categories relating to the life context of stimulant use for academic performance enhancement: Context of stimulant use beyond academic performance enhancement, Subjective experience of enhancement, Timing of consumption, Objective academic results, Side effects, Pressure to perform. The answers reveal that academic performance enhancement through the use of stimulants is not an isolated phenomenon that solely aims at enhancing cognition to achieve better academic results but that the multifaceted life context in which it is embedded is of crucial relevance. The participants not only considered the stimulants advantageous for enhancing academic performance, but also for leading an active life with a suitable balance between studying and time off. The most common reasons given for stimulant use were to maximize time, to increase motivation and to cope with memorizing. According to the interviews, there is a considerable discrepancy between subjective experiences and objective academic results achieved.

Research paper thumbnail of Electrodes in the brain: Some anthropological and ethical aspects of deep brain stimulation

In the following text, medical, anthropological and ethical issues of deep brain stimulation, a m... more In the following text, medical, anthropological and ethical issues of deep brain stimulation, a medical technol- ogy in which electrodes implanted in the human brain electrically influence specified brain regions, will be discussed. After a brief account of the deep brain stimulation procedure and its chances and risks, anthropo- logical and ethical aspects of the approach will be discussed. These

Research paper thumbnail of Neuroethics and the Neuroscientific Turn

The Routledge Handbook of Neuroethics, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Cognitive Enhancement

Oxford Handbooks Online, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Brain-Computer Interaction and Medical Access to the Brain: Individual, Social and Ethical Implications

Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Autonomie. Von den Implikationen eines politisch-moralischen Ideals in Humangenetik und Neurowissenschaften

Jahrbuch Fur Christliche Sozialwissenschaften, Sep 1, 2004

Research paper thumbnail of Moderne Neurowissenschaften und das menschliche Selbstverständnis

Technik in einer fragilen Welt, 2005

Research paper thumbnail of Human Germline Interventions–Think First

Frontiers in Genetics, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Was bedeutet genetische Information?

... kovacs@ uni-tuebingen. de Das Werk enthält 10 Abbildungen und 4 Tabellen. ... 1 Elisabeth Hil... more ... kovacs@ uni-tuebingen. de Das Werk enthält 10 Abbildungen und 4 Tabellen. ... 1 Elisabeth Hildt und László Kovács Literaturverzeichnis..... ... 77 Martina Paulsen 7.1 Die genetischen und epigenetischen Komponenten des Erbguts.. ...

Research paper thumbnail of 2 Was ist das Besondere an genetischer Information?

Was bedeutet genetische Information?, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of 1 Zur Bedeutung genetischer Information: Eine Einführung

Was bedeutet genetische Information?, 2009

... schaft in die Genetik hat viele Erkenntnisse einer Interpretationsart ermöglicht, wenn auch e... more ... schaft in die Genetik hat viele Erkenntnisse einer Interpretationsart ermöglicht, wenn auch einige andere verhindert (Kovács 2009). ... Im Rahmen ihres Beitrags geht Martina Paulsen anschließend detailliert auf den derzeitigen Forschungsstand hinsichtlich der sogenannten ...

Research paper thumbnail of Twenty-Five Years of Ethics Across the Curriculum in advance

Research paper thumbnail of Autonomie in der Medizin: Selbstbestimmung, Selbstentwurf und Lebensgestaltung

Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Reflections on Addiction in Students Using Stimulants for Neuroenhancement: A Preliminary Interview Study

BioMed Research International, 2015

The use of stimulants for the purpose of pharmacological neuroenhancement (NE) among students is ... more The use of stimulants for the purpose of pharmacological neuroenhancement (NE) among students is a subject of increasing public awareness. The risk of addiction development by stimulant use for NE is still unanswered. Therefore, face-to-face interviews were carried out among 18 university students experienced in the nonmedical use of methylphenidate and amphetamines for NE assessing aspects of addiction. Interviews were tape-recorded, verbatim-transcribed, and analyzed using a qualitative approach. The interviews showed that participants-the majority had current or lifetime diagnoses of misuse or addiction to alcohol or cannabis-reported an awareness of the risk of addiction development associated with stimulant use and reported various effects which may increase their likelihood of future stimulant use, for example, euphoric effects, increase of self-confidence, and motivation. They also cited measures to counteract the development of addiction as well as measures taken to normalize again after stimulant use. Students were convinced of having control over their stimulant use and of not becoming addicted to stimulants used for NE. We can conclude that behavior and beliefs of the students in our sample appear to be risky in terms of addiction development. However, long-term empirical research is needed to estimate the true risk of addiction.

Research paper thumbnail of On Human–Computer Interaction in Brain–Computer Interfaces

The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of On the current neuroenhancement use of transcranial direct current stimulation by healthy individuals–a non-fictional snap-shot: commentary on Lapenta et al. 2014

Psychology and Neuroscience, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Cognitive Enhancement – A Critical Look at the Recent Debate

Trends in Augmentation of Human Performance, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Zur Rolle von Risiko, Ungewissheit und Nichtwissen in der Bioethik

Exploring Uncertainty, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Charakteristika von Studierenden, die pharmakologisches Neuroenhancement mit Stimulanzien betreiben: Eine Pilotstudie

Psychiatrische Praxis, 2012

Little is known regarding characteristics of subjects using substances exclusively for the purpos... more Little is known regarding characteristics of subjects using substances exclusively for the purpose of pharmacological neuroenhancement (PN). Aim of this pilot study was to characterize students in Germany who use methylphenidate (MPH) and/or amphetamines (AMPH) for PN. Semi-structured interviews among 20 students who reported the use of MPH/AMPH for PN and 20 matched controls. Subjects using stimulants for PN had significant better knowledge about further illicit substances for PN than controls. Users of AMPH more frequently used further illicit substances for PN than MPH users. Regarding prescription substances for PN no difference was found between MPH and AMPH users. AMPH users predominantly used AMPH intranasally for PN purposes. Stimulant users for PN used illicit substances (not for PN) more frequently with significantly higher rates of diagnoses of substance misuse of alcohol and THC (no difference between AMPH and MPH users). Larger epidemiological studies are needed to elucidate the risk of misuse and addiction in subjects using stimulants for PN.

Research paper thumbnail of Non-Medical Use of Prescription Stimulants and Illicit Use of Stimulants for Cognitive Enhancement in Pupils and Students in Germany

Research paper thumbnail of Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students – a qualitative approach

BMC Medical Ethics, 2014

Academic performance enhancement or cognitive enhancement (CE) via stimulant drug use has receive... more Academic performance enhancement or cognitive enhancement (CE) via stimulant drug use has received increasing attention. The question remains, however, whether CE solely represents the use of drugs for achieving better academic or workplace results or whether CE also serves various other purposes. The aim of this study was to put the phenomenon of pharmacological academic performance enhancement via prescription and illicit (psycho-) stimulant use (Amphetamines, Methylphenidate) among university students into a broader context. Specifically, we wanted to further understand students' experiences, the effects of use on students and other factors, such as pressure to perform in their academic and private lives. A sample of 18 healthy university students reporting the non-medical use of prescription and illicit stimulants for academic performance enhancement was interviewed in a face-to-face setting. The leading questions were related to the situations and context in which the students considered the non-medical use of stimulants. Based on the resultant transcript, two independent raters identified six categories relating to the life context of stimulant use for academic performance enhancement: Context of stimulant use beyond academic performance enhancement, Subjective experience of enhancement, Timing of consumption, Objective academic results, Side effects, Pressure to perform. The answers reveal that academic performance enhancement through the use of stimulants is not an isolated phenomenon that solely aims at enhancing cognition to achieve better academic results but that the multifaceted life context in which it is embedded is of crucial relevance. The participants not only considered the stimulants advantageous for enhancing academic performance, but also for leading an active life with a suitable balance between studying and time off. The most common reasons given for stimulant use were to maximize time, to increase motivation and to cope with memorizing. According to the interviews, there is a considerable discrepancy between subjective experiences and objective academic results achieved.

Research paper thumbnail of Electrodes in the brain: Some anthropological and ethical aspects of deep brain stimulation

In the following text, medical, anthropological and ethical issues of deep brain stimulation, a m... more In the following text, medical, anthropological and ethical issues of deep brain stimulation, a medical technol- ogy in which electrodes implanted in the human brain electrically influence specified brain regions, will be discussed. After a brief account of the deep brain stimulation procedure and its chances and risks, anthropo- logical and ethical aspects of the approach will be discussed. These

Research paper thumbnail of The Human Sciences after the Decade of the Brain

The Human Sciences after the Decade of the Brain brings together exciting new works that address ... more The Human Sciences after the Decade of the Brain brings together exciting new works that address today’s key challenges for a mutual interaction between cognitive neuroscience and the social sciences and humanities. Taking up the methodological and conceptual problems of choosing a neuroscience approach to disciplines such as philosophy, history, ethics and education, the book deepens discussions on a range of epistemological, historical, and sociological questions about the "neuro-turn" in the new millennium. The book’s three sections focus on (i) epistemological questions posed by neurobiologically informed approaches to philosophy and history, (ii) neuroscience’s influence on explanations for social and moral behavior, and (iii) the consequences of the neuro-turn in diverse sectors of social life such as science, education, film, and human self-understanding.

This book is an important resource both for students and scholars of cognitive neuroscience and biological psychology interested in the philosophical, ethical, and societal influences of—and on—their work as well as for students and scholars from the social sciences and humanities interested in neuroscience.