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Papers by Elisabeth Valle
Annals of tourism …, 2006
Información del artículo Empleo y efectos del valor añadido producidos por la mejora de la calida... more Información del artículo Empleo y efectos del valor añadido producidos por la mejora de la calidad hotelera.
The impact of a fall in tourism on the Balearic economy
Studies of Applied Economics, 2020
The input-output tables for 1983, 1997 and 2004 indicate that the Balearic Islands is a service o... more The input-output tables for 1983, 1997 and 2004 indicate that the Balearic Islands is a service oriented economy, highly specialized in the production of services for tourists. The main purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment of the weight of tourism in the Balearic economy using input-output techniques to uncover indirect and induced effects. The results obtained confirm the view that tourism has played a fundamental role in the development of the islands during the second half of the twentieth century, although there are indications that the impulse has lost intensity since the turn of the century.
Investigaciones de Historia Económica, 2017
Tourism Economics, 2016
In this article we contribute to the analysis of innovation in the tourism industry and more spec... more In this article we contribute to the analysis of innovation in the tourism industry and more specifically to understanding the role of innovation on the hotel occupancy. Furthermore, we discuss how the growth in hotel occupancy due to innovation increases, directly and indirectly, production, added value and employment in other sectors of the economy. In this way, we calculated the total impact on the Balearic economy of an innovation process in the Balearic hotel industry as well as the specific effects on different economic sectors. Positive and significant impact on potential growth was found with added value of between 1.6% and 2.2%. The micro–macro model presented in this work justifies implementing policies promoting innovation in the hotel industry.
Tourism Economics, 2016
Climate variables such as temperature and precipitation play a crucial role on tourism flows worl... more Climate variables such as temperature and precipitation play a crucial role on tourism flows worldwide. This places tourism at the forefront of the economic sectors to be affected by climate change. In this article, we address the impacts of climate change on the arrivals of inbound tourists to Portugal, a south European country where tourism is a core economic sector. The economic dimension of the impacts, in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) and employment, is then assessed. This is achieved by combining a world gravity model of tourism flows with an input–output model. The results show that under standard climate change scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Portugal will experience a significant increase in temperature leading to a decrease of inbound tourism arrivals between 2.5% and 5.2%. This decrease in tourist arrivals is expected to reduce Portuguese GDP between 0.19% and 0.40%.
Boletin Economico De Ice Informacion Comercial Espanola, 2002
Tourism Economics the Business and Finance of Tourism and Recreation, 2014
Encyclopedia of Tourism, 2014
Input-output (IO) analysis was developed after the seminal work by Leontief (1936). Following Leo... more Input-output (IO) analysis was developed after the seminal work by Leontief (1936). Following Leon Walras’ general equilibrium framework, Leontief proposed a simple linear model to determine production quantities and prices in a setup where commodities are produced with commodities, in which all “coefficients of production” can be specified numerically with the aid of an IO table. Leontief (1936) was also the first to construct a statistical table for the ▶United States that presented information on “quantitative input and output relations” for 44 industries in 1919, when the first “tableau economique” of a national economy and the first numerical general equilibrium model were born. Since then, IO tables have been routinely constructed for national and regional economies to quantify demand, examine sectoral interdependencies, analyze structural/ productivity changes, study redistribution, calculate energy content of commodities, and estimate CO2 emissions. By the 1970s, ▶ international tourism had become a key export “industry” accounting for shares of output, income, labor, and tax revenues in recipient countries (Archer 1982). IO models were used to quantify the ▶ impact of tourism on national/regional economies (Fletcher 1989). Polo and Valle (2012) presented a comprehensive survey of tourism studies and discussed the advantages and limitations of linear models relative to computable general equilibrium models. Notwithstanding, IO analysis has provided interesting and useful information to policymakers, making it possible to quantify the overall economic impact of tourism on a ▶ destination economy, for example, ranking production and calculating imports according to tourists’ demands, estimating the effects of ▶ tourist injections on services, measuring linkages among touristic sectors, ascertaining the importance of tourism to traditional exports, estimating government revenues and costs from tourism, and assessing environmental consequences of▶mass tourism. All in all, IO studies have made a great contribution to understanding the multiple impacts of tourism on an economy. With growing economic integration and globalization and rapid increase in per capita income, tourism will continue to be a major driving force in large, medium, and small economies alike. Due to its ease in specification and implementation, IO analysis and its related linear models will continue to be routinely used to estimate the economic and environmental consequences of tourism. Efforts should be made to construct more solid data basis (IO tables and social accounting matrices) assembled from statistical
The great difficulty in measuring the economic effects of tourism is that it is a cross sector wh... more The great difficulty in measuring the economic effects of tourism is that it is a cross sector which means there are multiple businesses in different branches of activity offering services to the tourists, at the same time as producing other goods and services not related to the tourism activity. For this reason, instead of studying tourism from the point of view of supply the normal option is to study it from the point of view of demand. Nevertheless, it would be erroneous to only consider the beneficial effects of direct tourism expenditure, given the existence of indirect and induced effects. In the first section, different methodologies to measure the economic impact of tourism are shown. In the second section, an input-output model and tourism satellite account is described and finally these methodologies are applied to the Spanish economy, a highly specialised tourism economy, to quantify the impact of tourism on production, employment, exports and imports. In the last section...
Tourism Economics, 2008
According to the official Institute of Tourist Studies, the Balearic Islands, a Spanish region wi... more According to the official Institute of Tourist Studies, the Balearic Islands, a Spanish region with just over one million inhabitants, received 9.6 million international arrivals in 2005 out of 55.8 million for the entire country. Although a rather impressive figure, it is 8.2% below the 10.5 million recorded in 1999, which might partially explain why the Balearic Islands has recorded the worst growth performance of all 17 autonomous Spanish regions since 2000. A look at the 1997 regional input–output table confirms the Balearic Islands as a service-oriented economy highly specialized in the production of services for tourists. The main purpose of this paper is to provide the first assessment of the impact of tourism in the Balearic Islands using input–output techniques and several alternative assumptions on endogeneity of final demand components. The paper also estimates, under the same assumptions, the effects on the economy of a 10% fall in tourist flows. Finally, the results are...
Advances in Tourism Economics, 2009
Chapter 8 Estimating Tourism Impacts Using Input-Output and SAM Models in the Balearic Islands Cl... more Chapter 8 Estimating Tourism Impacts Using Input-Output and SAM Models in the Balearic Islands Clemente Polo and Elisabeth Valle 8.1 Introduction The main goal of the paper is to provide an assessment of the importance of tourism in the Balearic Islands (BI) and to estimate ...
Handbook of Research Methods in Tourism
Tourism Economics, 2008
Many mature tourist destinations are considering replacing low category hotel beds with high cate... more Many mature tourist destinations are considering replacing low category hotel beds with high category beds. This study estimates the potential effects that these proposals will have on employment, assuming that labour is homogeneous. The methodology used is based on the input–output model and the social accounting matrix, which allow direct, indirect and induced effects to be taken into account. In addition to conventional employment and output multipliers, the paper presents projections for different bed replacement scenarios and analyses the replacement ratios which would allow aggregate gross value added or employment to remain constant. Finally, the analysis extends to include the change of tourist expenditure distribution on complementary tourism facilities.
Annals of tourism …, 2006
Información del artículo Empleo y efectos del valor añadido producidos por la mejora de la calida... more Información del artículo Empleo y efectos del valor añadido producidos por la mejora de la calidad hotelera.
The impact of a fall in tourism on the Balearic economy
Studies of Applied Economics, 2020
The input-output tables for 1983, 1997 and 2004 indicate that the Balearic Islands is a service o... more The input-output tables for 1983, 1997 and 2004 indicate that the Balearic Islands is a service oriented economy, highly specialized in the production of services for tourists. The main purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment of the weight of tourism in the Balearic economy using input-output techniques to uncover indirect and induced effects. The results obtained confirm the view that tourism has played a fundamental role in the development of the islands during the second half of the twentieth century, although there are indications that the impulse has lost intensity since the turn of the century.
Investigaciones de Historia Económica, 2017
Tourism Economics, 2016
In this article we contribute to the analysis of innovation in the tourism industry and more spec... more In this article we contribute to the analysis of innovation in the tourism industry and more specifically to understanding the role of innovation on the hotel occupancy. Furthermore, we discuss how the growth in hotel occupancy due to innovation increases, directly and indirectly, production, added value and employment in other sectors of the economy. In this way, we calculated the total impact on the Balearic economy of an innovation process in the Balearic hotel industry as well as the specific effects on different economic sectors. Positive and significant impact on potential growth was found with added value of between 1.6% and 2.2%. The micro–macro model presented in this work justifies implementing policies promoting innovation in the hotel industry.
Tourism Economics, 2016
Climate variables such as temperature and precipitation play a crucial role on tourism flows worl... more Climate variables such as temperature and precipitation play a crucial role on tourism flows worldwide. This places tourism at the forefront of the economic sectors to be affected by climate change. In this article, we address the impacts of climate change on the arrivals of inbound tourists to Portugal, a south European country where tourism is a core economic sector. The economic dimension of the impacts, in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) and employment, is then assessed. This is achieved by combining a world gravity model of tourism flows with an input–output model. The results show that under standard climate change scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Portugal will experience a significant increase in temperature leading to a decrease of inbound tourism arrivals between 2.5% and 5.2%. This decrease in tourist arrivals is expected to reduce Portuguese GDP between 0.19% and 0.40%.
Boletin Economico De Ice Informacion Comercial Espanola, 2002
Tourism Economics the Business and Finance of Tourism and Recreation, 2014
Encyclopedia of Tourism, 2014
Input-output (IO) analysis was developed after the seminal work by Leontief (1936). Following Leo... more Input-output (IO) analysis was developed after the seminal work by Leontief (1936). Following Leon Walras’ general equilibrium framework, Leontief proposed a simple linear model to determine production quantities and prices in a setup where commodities are produced with commodities, in which all “coefficients of production” can be specified numerically with the aid of an IO table. Leontief (1936) was also the first to construct a statistical table for the ▶United States that presented information on “quantitative input and output relations” for 44 industries in 1919, when the first “tableau economique” of a national economy and the first numerical general equilibrium model were born. Since then, IO tables have been routinely constructed for national and regional economies to quantify demand, examine sectoral interdependencies, analyze structural/ productivity changes, study redistribution, calculate energy content of commodities, and estimate CO2 emissions. By the 1970s, ▶ international tourism had become a key export “industry” accounting for shares of output, income, labor, and tax revenues in recipient countries (Archer 1982). IO models were used to quantify the ▶ impact of tourism on national/regional economies (Fletcher 1989). Polo and Valle (2012) presented a comprehensive survey of tourism studies and discussed the advantages and limitations of linear models relative to computable general equilibrium models. Notwithstanding, IO analysis has provided interesting and useful information to policymakers, making it possible to quantify the overall economic impact of tourism on a ▶ destination economy, for example, ranking production and calculating imports according to tourists’ demands, estimating the effects of ▶ tourist injections on services, measuring linkages among touristic sectors, ascertaining the importance of tourism to traditional exports, estimating government revenues and costs from tourism, and assessing environmental consequences of▶mass tourism. All in all, IO studies have made a great contribution to understanding the multiple impacts of tourism on an economy. With growing economic integration and globalization and rapid increase in per capita income, tourism will continue to be a major driving force in large, medium, and small economies alike. Due to its ease in specification and implementation, IO analysis and its related linear models will continue to be routinely used to estimate the economic and environmental consequences of tourism. Efforts should be made to construct more solid data basis (IO tables and social accounting matrices) assembled from statistical
The great difficulty in measuring the economic effects of tourism is that it is a cross sector wh... more The great difficulty in measuring the economic effects of tourism is that it is a cross sector which means there are multiple businesses in different branches of activity offering services to the tourists, at the same time as producing other goods and services not related to the tourism activity. For this reason, instead of studying tourism from the point of view of supply the normal option is to study it from the point of view of demand. Nevertheless, it would be erroneous to only consider the beneficial effects of direct tourism expenditure, given the existence of indirect and induced effects. In the first section, different methodologies to measure the economic impact of tourism are shown. In the second section, an input-output model and tourism satellite account is described and finally these methodologies are applied to the Spanish economy, a highly specialised tourism economy, to quantify the impact of tourism on production, employment, exports and imports. In the last section...
Tourism Economics, 2008
According to the official Institute of Tourist Studies, the Balearic Islands, a Spanish region wi... more According to the official Institute of Tourist Studies, the Balearic Islands, a Spanish region with just over one million inhabitants, received 9.6 million international arrivals in 2005 out of 55.8 million for the entire country. Although a rather impressive figure, it is 8.2% below the 10.5 million recorded in 1999, which might partially explain why the Balearic Islands has recorded the worst growth performance of all 17 autonomous Spanish regions since 2000. A look at the 1997 regional input–output table confirms the Balearic Islands as a service-oriented economy highly specialized in the production of services for tourists. The main purpose of this paper is to provide the first assessment of the impact of tourism in the Balearic Islands using input–output techniques and several alternative assumptions on endogeneity of final demand components. The paper also estimates, under the same assumptions, the effects on the economy of a 10% fall in tourist flows. Finally, the results are...
Advances in Tourism Economics, 2009
Chapter 8 Estimating Tourism Impacts Using Input-Output and SAM Models in the Balearic Islands Cl... more Chapter 8 Estimating Tourism Impacts Using Input-Output and SAM Models in the Balearic Islands Clemente Polo and Elisabeth Valle 8.1 Introduction The main goal of the paper is to provide an assessment of the importance of tourism in the Balearic Islands (BI) and to estimate ...
Handbook of Research Methods in Tourism
Tourism Economics, 2008
Many mature tourist destinations are considering replacing low category hotel beds with high cate... more Many mature tourist destinations are considering replacing low category hotel beds with high category beds. This study estimates the potential effects that these proposals will have on employment, assuming that labour is homogeneous. The methodology used is based on the input–output model and the social accounting matrix, which allow direct, indirect and induced effects to be taken into account. In addition to conventional employment and output multipliers, the paper presents projections for different bed replacement scenarios and analyses the replacement ratios which would allow aggregate gross value added or employment to remain constant. Finally, the analysis extends to include the change of tourist expenditure distribution on complementary tourism facilities.