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Papers by Elizabeth N Mukewa (PhD)

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of commercialization of sweetpotato on gender relations and wellbeing among smallholder farmers: Technical workshop to review study findings and develop recommendations for improved programming

Acronyms vi Group exercise Day 2 Recap Recommendations: Addressing the challenges facing men, wom... more Acronyms vi Group exercise Day 2 Recap Recommendations: Addressing the challenges facing men, women and young people in commercializing sweetpotato Private sector and foundations group discussion Farmers group discussion on recommendations Extension workers group discussion on recommendations Researchers group discussion on recommendations Integration of youth issues into the strategy Concluding remarks Annex 1: Workshop evaluation

Research paper thumbnail of Workshop Report: Training on Gender Integrated Potato Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS) in Ethiopia

Introducing concepts and methods Introduction to PVS Introducing gender concepts and gender mains... more Introducing concepts and methods Introduction to PVS Introducing gender concepts and gender mainstreaming into PVS Introducing Mother and Baby Trial design Activity: How can you plan M&B trials to ensure that gender is integrated at every stage of the process? Day 2

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of the livestock sub-sector in community-based conservancies

Introduction and background x Methods xi Findings xi Discussion xiii Conclusions xiv Abbreviation... more Introduction and background x Methods xi Findings xi Discussion xiii Conclusions xiv Abbreviations and acronyms xvi 1 Introduction 1 2 Challenges and opportunities for conservation and resource management in pastoral rangelands 3 2.1 The Kenyan institutional context 3 2.2 Governance in CBNRM 5 2.3 CBNRM in pastoral rangelands 6 3 Aim, objectives and scope 8 4 Methods 9 4.1 Analytical framework 9 4.2 Selection of cases 10 4.3 Overview of methods used 11 4.4 Methods for the market system analysis 11 Assessment of the livestock sub-sector in community-based conservancies 1. Interviews not associated with any of the particular cases, and focused primarily on matters related to the livestock market system. 2. Interviews not associated with any of the particular cases, and focused primarily on matters related to governance and rangeland management.

Research paper thumbnail of How local gender norms and intra-household dynamics shape women’s demand for laborsaving technologies: insights from maize-based livelihoods in Ethiopia and Kenya

Gender, Technology and Development, 2020

Abstract Where agriculture relies heavily on physical labor, small-scale mechanization can reduce... more Abstract Where agriculture relies heavily on physical labor, small-scale mechanization can reduce labor constraints and contribute to higher yields and food security. Then, how to explain weak demand articulation for and adoption of small-scale mechanization, despite high labor burden? This study examines how intra-household gender dynamics affect women’s articulation of demand for and adoption of laborsaving technologies in maize-based systems in Ethiopia and Kenya. Using gender as a relational concept, and differentiating between different types of households, the analysis pulls together key underlying dimensions that shape women’s demand-articulation for small-scale mechanization. First, women’s labor often go unrecognized, and women typically are expected to work hard and not voice their concerns. Second, women generally lack access to and control over a range of resources, including land, income, and extension services. Third, the gender division of labor exacerbates this as women’s time poverty negatively affects their access to resources and information. Finally, decisions are primarily seen as men's domain, and women are often excluded. Our study contributes to the literature by offering a conceptual approach and methodology for the analysis of gender dynamics in relation to demand articulation and adoption of laborsaving technologies.

Research paper thumbnail of Do women control what they grow? The gendered use of KickStart’s pumps for irrigation in Kenya and Tanzania

Research paper thumbnail of Measuring women’s social and economic empowerment

The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) is a composite measure of empowerment of men ... more The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) is a composite measure of empowerment of men and women at the household level. It was developed collaboratively by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) to track multidimensional changes in women’s empowerment levels as a direct or indirect result of development initiatives, and is composed of two sub-indices: the five domains of empowerment (5DE) and the Gender Parity Index (GPI). The 5DE are: production, resources, income, leadership and time. Each of the domains has indicators, which are measured to establish any change within the domain (Table 1). The 5DE is an aggregate measure of empowerment among groups of women and men which demonstrates the number of domains in which they have attained ‘sufficiency’ or ‘adequacy’ and the extent to which these have been attained in percentage for...

Research paper thumbnail of Microcredit and the empowerment of women

In the last four centuries, microcredits have become a popular means to combat poverty world-wide... more In the last four centuries, microcredits have become a popular means to combat poverty world-wide. One of the arguments used to support microcredits is that they will lead to the empowerment of women. However, especially in the last years, critical studies on the question of whether microcredit leads to empowerment have been published. This diploma thesis deals with the controversial topic through theoretical consideration as well as through an empirical study. The theroretical part of the diploma thesis describes the historical development of microcredits in different countries. Apart from that, an overview of the panoply of studies about microcredit and empowerment describes the current state of research. The empirical part of the diploma thesis presents the results of a research conducted in a microcredit programme in the slum of Kibera (Nairobi/ Kenya), where savings and loan groups have been established. The author concerned herself with the question of how the group savings an...

Research paper thumbnail of Stakeholder workshop on integrating livelihoods and rights in livestock, microcredit and value chain development programs for empowering women

Research paper thumbnail of Can Market-Based Approaches to Technology Development and Dissemination Benefit Women Smallholder Farmers? A Qualitative Assessment of Gender Dynamics in the Ownership, Purchase, and use of Irrigation Pumps in Kenya and Tanzania

policy solutions to sustainably end hunger and malnutrition and reduce poverty. The Institute con... more policy solutions to sustainably end hunger and malnutrition and reduce poverty. The Institute conducts research, communicates results, optimizes partnerships, and builds capacity to ensure sustainable food production, promote healthy food systems, improve markets and trade, transform agriculture, build resilience, and strengthen institutions and governance. Gender is considered in all of the Institute’s work. IFPRI collaborates with partners around the world, including development implementers, public institutions, the private sector, and farmers ’ organizations, to ensure that local, national, regional, and global food policies are based on evidence. AUTHORS Jemimah Njuki

Research paper thumbnail of How local gender norms and intra-household dynamics shape women’s demand for laborsaving technologies: insights from maize-based livelihoods in Ethiopia and Kenya

Gender, Technology and Development

Abstract Where agriculture relies heavily on physical labor, small-scale mechanization can reduce... more Abstract Where agriculture relies heavily on physical labor, small-scale mechanization can reduce labor constraints and contribute to higher yields and food security. Then, how to explain weak demand articulation for and adoption of small-scale mechanization, despite high labor burden? This study examines how intra-household gender dynamics affect women’s articulation of demand for and adoption of laborsaving technologies in maize-based systems in Ethiopia and Kenya. Using gender as a relational concept, and differentiating between different types of households, the analysis pulls together key underlying dimensions that shape women’s demand-articulation for small-scale mechanization. First, women’s labor often go unrecognized, and women typically are expected to work hard and not voice their concerns. Second, women generally lack access to and control over a range of resources, including land, income, and extension services. Third, the gender division of labor exacerbates this as women’s time poverty negatively affects their access to resources and information. Finally, decisions are primarily seen as men's domain, and women are often excluded. Our study contributes to the literature by offering a conceptual approach and methodology for the analysis of gender dynamics in relation to demand articulation and adoption of laborsaving technologies.

Research paper thumbnail of A Qualitative Assessment of Gender and Irrigation Technology in Kenya and Tanzania

Gender, Technology and Development, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Can Market-Based Approaches to Technology Development and Dissemination Benefit Women Smallholder Farmers? A Qualitative Assessment of Gender Dynamics in the Ownership, Purchase, and Use of Irrigation Pumps in Kenya and Tanzania

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

ABSTRACT Rural household economies dependent on rainfed agriculture are increasingly turning to i... more ABSTRACT Rural household economies dependent on rainfed agriculture are increasingly turning to irrigation technology solutions to reduce the effects of weather variability and guard against inconsistent and low crop output. Organizations are increasingly using market-based approaches to disseminate technologies to smallholder farmers, and, although women are among their targeted group, little is known of the extent to which these approaches are reaching and benefiting women. There is also little evidence on the implications of women’s use and control of irrigation technologies for outcomes, including crop choice and income management. This paper reports findings from a qualitative study undertaken in Tanzania and Kenya to examine women’s access to and ownership of KickStart pumps and the implications for their ability to make major decisions on crop choices and use of income from irrigated crops. Results from sales-monitoring data show that women purchase less than 10 percent of the pumps and men continue to make most of the major decisions on crop choices and income use. These findings vary by type of crop, with men making major decisions on high-income crops such as tomatoes and women having relatively more autonomy on crops such as leafy vegetables. The study concludes that market-based approaches on their own cannot guarantee access to and ownership of technologies, and businesses need to take specific measures toward the goal of reaching and benefiting women.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of commercialization of sweetpotato on gender relations and wellbeing among smallholder farmers: Technical workshop to review study findings and develop recommendations for improved programming

Acronyms vi Group exercise Day 2 Recap Recommendations: Addressing the challenges facing men, wom... more Acronyms vi Group exercise Day 2 Recap Recommendations: Addressing the challenges facing men, women and young people in commercializing sweetpotato Private sector and foundations group discussion Farmers group discussion on recommendations Extension workers group discussion on recommendations Researchers group discussion on recommendations Integration of youth issues into the strategy Concluding remarks Annex 1: Workshop evaluation

Research paper thumbnail of Workshop Report: Training on Gender Integrated Potato Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS) in Ethiopia

Introducing concepts and methods Introduction to PVS Introducing gender concepts and gender mains... more Introducing concepts and methods Introduction to PVS Introducing gender concepts and gender mainstreaming into PVS Introducing Mother and Baby Trial design Activity: How can you plan M&B trials to ensure that gender is integrated at every stage of the process? Day 2

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of the livestock sub-sector in community-based conservancies

Introduction and background x Methods xi Findings xi Discussion xiii Conclusions xiv Abbreviation... more Introduction and background x Methods xi Findings xi Discussion xiii Conclusions xiv Abbreviations and acronyms xvi 1 Introduction 1 2 Challenges and opportunities for conservation and resource management in pastoral rangelands 3 2.1 The Kenyan institutional context 3 2.2 Governance in CBNRM 5 2.3 CBNRM in pastoral rangelands 6 3 Aim, objectives and scope 8 4 Methods 9 4.1 Analytical framework 9 4.2 Selection of cases 10 4.3 Overview of methods used 11 4.4 Methods for the market system analysis 11 Assessment of the livestock sub-sector in community-based conservancies 1. Interviews not associated with any of the particular cases, and focused primarily on matters related to the livestock market system. 2. Interviews not associated with any of the particular cases, and focused primarily on matters related to governance and rangeland management.

Research paper thumbnail of How local gender norms and intra-household dynamics shape women’s demand for laborsaving technologies: insights from maize-based livelihoods in Ethiopia and Kenya

Gender, Technology and Development, 2020

Abstract Where agriculture relies heavily on physical labor, small-scale mechanization can reduce... more Abstract Where agriculture relies heavily on physical labor, small-scale mechanization can reduce labor constraints and contribute to higher yields and food security. Then, how to explain weak demand articulation for and adoption of small-scale mechanization, despite high labor burden? This study examines how intra-household gender dynamics affect women’s articulation of demand for and adoption of laborsaving technologies in maize-based systems in Ethiopia and Kenya. Using gender as a relational concept, and differentiating between different types of households, the analysis pulls together key underlying dimensions that shape women’s demand-articulation for small-scale mechanization. First, women’s labor often go unrecognized, and women typically are expected to work hard and not voice their concerns. Second, women generally lack access to and control over a range of resources, including land, income, and extension services. Third, the gender division of labor exacerbates this as women’s time poverty negatively affects their access to resources and information. Finally, decisions are primarily seen as men's domain, and women are often excluded. Our study contributes to the literature by offering a conceptual approach and methodology for the analysis of gender dynamics in relation to demand articulation and adoption of laborsaving technologies.

Research paper thumbnail of Do women control what they grow? The gendered use of KickStart’s pumps for irrigation in Kenya and Tanzania

Research paper thumbnail of Measuring women’s social and economic empowerment

The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) is a composite measure of empowerment of men ... more The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) is a composite measure of empowerment of men and women at the household level. It was developed collaboratively by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) to track multidimensional changes in women’s empowerment levels as a direct or indirect result of development initiatives, and is composed of two sub-indices: the five domains of empowerment (5DE) and the Gender Parity Index (GPI). The 5DE are: production, resources, income, leadership and time. Each of the domains has indicators, which are measured to establish any change within the domain (Table 1). The 5DE is an aggregate measure of empowerment among groups of women and men which demonstrates the number of domains in which they have attained ‘sufficiency’ or ‘adequacy’ and the extent to which these have been attained in percentage for...

Research paper thumbnail of Microcredit and the empowerment of women

In the last four centuries, microcredits have become a popular means to combat poverty world-wide... more In the last four centuries, microcredits have become a popular means to combat poverty world-wide. One of the arguments used to support microcredits is that they will lead to the empowerment of women. However, especially in the last years, critical studies on the question of whether microcredit leads to empowerment have been published. This diploma thesis deals with the controversial topic through theoretical consideration as well as through an empirical study. The theroretical part of the diploma thesis describes the historical development of microcredits in different countries. Apart from that, an overview of the panoply of studies about microcredit and empowerment describes the current state of research. The empirical part of the diploma thesis presents the results of a research conducted in a microcredit programme in the slum of Kibera (Nairobi/ Kenya), where savings and loan groups have been established. The author concerned herself with the question of how the group savings an...

Research paper thumbnail of Stakeholder workshop on integrating livelihoods and rights in livestock, microcredit and value chain development programs for empowering women

Research paper thumbnail of Can Market-Based Approaches to Technology Development and Dissemination Benefit Women Smallholder Farmers? A Qualitative Assessment of Gender Dynamics in the Ownership, Purchase, and use of Irrigation Pumps in Kenya and Tanzania

policy solutions to sustainably end hunger and malnutrition and reduce poverty. The Institute con... more policy solutions to sustainably end hunger and malnutrition and reduce poverty. The Institute conducts research, communicates results, optimizes partnerships, and builds capacity to ensure sustainable food production, promote healthy food systems, improve markets and trade, transform agriculture, build resilience, and strengthen institutions and governance. Gender is considered in all of the Institute’s work. IFPRI collaborates with partners around the world, including development implementers, public institutions, the private sector, and farmers ’ organizations, to ensure that local, national, regional, and global food policies are based on evidence. AUTHORS Jemimah Njuki

Research paper thumbnail of How local gender norms and intra-household dynamics shape women’s demand for laborsaving technologies: insights from maize-based livelihoods in Ethiopia and Kenya

Gender, Technology and Development

Abstract Where agriculture relies heavily on physical labor, small-scale mechanization can reduce... more Abstract Where agriculture relies heavily on physical labor, small-scale mechanization can reduce labor constraints and contribute to higher yields and food security. Then, how to explain weak demand articulation for and adoption of small-scale mechanization, despite high labor burden? This study examines how intra-household gender dynamics affect women’s articulation of demand for and adoption of laborsaving technologies in maize-based systems in Ethiopia and Kenya. Using gender as a relational concept, and differentiating between different types of households, the analysis pulls together key underlying dimensions that shape women’s demand-articulation for small-scale mechanization. First, women’s labor often go unrecognized, and women typically are expected to work hard and not voice their concerns. Second, women generally lack access to and control over a range of resources, including land, income, and extension services. Third, the gender division of labor exacerbates this as women’s time poverty negatively affects their access to resources and information. Finally, decisions are primarily seen as men's domain, and women are often excluded. Our study contributes to the literature by offering a conceptual approach and methodology for the analysis of gender dynamics in relation to demand articulation and adoption of laborsaving technologies.

Research paper thumbnail of A Qualitative Assessment of Gender and Irrigation Technology in Kenya and Tanzania

Gender, Technology and Development, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Can Market-Based Approaches to Technology Development and Dissemination Benefit Women Smallholder Farmers? A Qualitative Assessment of Gender Dynamics in the Ownership, Purchase, and Use of Irrigation Pumps in Kenya and Tanzania

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

ABSTRACT Rural household economies dependent on rainfed agriculture are increasingly turning to i... more ABSTRACT Rural household economies dependent on rainfed agriculture are increasingly turning to irrigation technology solutions to reduce the effects of weather variability and guard against inconsistent and low crop output. Organizations are increasingly using market-based approaches to disseminate technologies to smallholder farmers, and, although women are among their targeted group, little is known of the extent to which these approaches are reaching and benefiting women. There is also little evidence on the implications of women’s use and control of irrigation technologies for outcomes, including crop choice and income management. This paper reports findings from a qualitative study undertaken in Tanzania and Kenya to examine women’s access to and ownership of KickStart pumps and the implications for their ability to make major decisions on crop choices and use of income from irrigated crops. Results from sales-monitoring data show that women purchase less than 10 percent of the pumps and men continue to make most of the major decisions on crop choices and income use. These findings vary by type of crop, with men making major decisions on high-income crops such as tomatoes and women having relatively more autonomy on crops such as leafy vegetables. The study concludes that market-based approaches on their own cannot guarantee access to and ownership of technologies, and businesses need to take specific measures toward the goal of reaching and benefiting women.