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Papers by Emiliano Carnielo
The purpose of study is to develop an understanding the how many customer satisfied with the E-co... more The purpose of study is to develop an understanding the how many customer satisfied with the E-commerce services. So there are lots of scopes to an analyze user's data to find unknown facts of E-commerce. To achieve objective of this paper authors conduct a survey named Customer Satisfaction level in India. They collected a sample of 520 users in one month time duration via online medium (Google Forms). The major difference between online and traditional shopping is that in online shopping there is no touch, feel and trust. So the consumer gets afraid to pay first before receiving the product. In this paper authors try to find out relationship between type of services and satisfaction level in Indian consumer in Ecommerce services. The result of experiment shows that P value of customers Ages and Satisfaction level is 0.5817 which is significant at 95% confidence and P value of customers Services and Satisfaction level is 0.5988. It tells that consumer satisfaction level accordi...
Determination of Photometric Properties of Materials for Energy Purposes Through the Experimental Study of a Two-Axis Goniophotometer
Evolution over time of UV-Vis-NIR reflectance of cool roofing materials in urban environments
Applicazioni di cool materials per l'efficienza energetica negli edifici e la mitigazione dell'isola di calore urbana. Stato dell'arte e prospettive in Italia e in EU
Cool roof: una nuova tecnologia per rinfrescare gli edifici
La prestazione ottico-radiativa nel tempo dell'involucro edilizio: esposizione naturale in ambiente urbano, e invecchiamento e sporcamento accelerato in laboratorio - Building envelope's optical-radiative performance over time: natural exposure in urban environments, and accelerated weathering and s
Cool Roofs: Monitoring A Retrofit Project In Rome, Italy
Impact of cool materials on urban heat islands and on buildings comfort and energy consumption
Determinazione delle proprietà termofisiche di materiali ad elevata riflettanza solare per applicazioni a scala urbana: limiti e potenzialità
Si definisce effetto isola di calore urbana (Urban Heat Island) l'aumento della temperatura d... more Si definisce effetto isola di calore urbana (Urban Heat Island) l'aumento della temperatura dell'aria nelle citta rispetto alle aree rurali circostanti. Il fenomeno e presente a tutte le latitudini e, associato al riscaldamento globale, ha un forte impatto su ambiente, energia e salute. In questo report e riportato il calcolo dell’intensita dell’isola di calore urbana per la citta di Roma, ottenuto elaborando le acquisizioni di diversi termo-igrometri, posizionati sia in zone densamente urbanizzate che in zone di campagna limitrofe alla citta. La massima intensita di isola di calore rilevata e stata 7°C. L'aumento della riflettanza solare dei materiali urbani e una strategia volta a ridurre le temperature di superficie e dell'aria e ad attenuare l’effetto isola di calore urbana. I cool material applicati agli asfalti convenzionali sono una valida tecnologia per il raggiungimento di tale scopo. La caratterizzazione ottica e stata effettuata in laboratorio e all'ap...
Impact of Cool Materials on Ambient Temperatures in an Urban Area
Energy and Buildings, 2017
Average air temperatures in the Mediterranean region are in the thermal comfort zone for human be... more Average air temperatures in the Mediterranean region are in the thermal comfort zone for human beings in summer. However, irradiation conditions, construction technologies and subjective comfort expectations are dramatically increasing the cooling demand in buildings, exacerbated by the ambient temperature increase due to the climate change and the urban heat island phenomenon. This paper investigates the impact of the urban environment on the energy and thermal response of residential buildings, considering the case of the city of Rome, Italy. Ambient air temperature and relative humidity were continuously measured in four neighborhoods in 2015 and 2016. The monitored neighborhoods are characterized by: location in the urban area; construction materials for buildings and pavements; geometry of the urban texture. Data were also measured by a non-urban station, used as undisturbed reference. The climatic data were then used to calculate the thermal response of a typical Italian residential building, ideally located in the monitored areas of the city. Two envelope configurations were taken into account: with and without thermal insulation. Heat island intensities up to 8 °C was detected, with maximum monthly averages equal to 2 °C. The urban heat island increases the building cooling energy needs by 12% in the peripheral neighborhood and by up to 46% in the city center, respect to the undisturbed zone. For not cooled buildings, it was found out that the number of hours of thermal discomfort remains significant in urban buildings, despite the application of night ventilation strategies, while comfort conditions are mostly reached for buildings in the countryside.
Energy and Buildings, 2014
Highly reflective roofs, widely known as cool roofs, can reduce peak surface temperatures and the... more Highly reflective roofs, widely known as cool roofs, can reduce peak surface temperatures and the energy required to cool buildings, mitigate urban microclimates, and offset CO 2 . However, weathering, soiling, and biological growth affect their solar reflectance. In this study, the solar spectral reflectances of 12 roofing membranes were measured before the exposure and after 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of natural ageing in Roma and Milano, Italy. The membranes with an initial solar reflectance greater than 0.80, for example, decreased in reflectance by 0.14 in Roma and 0.22 in Milano after two years. Then, for a typical highly insulated commercial building, the annual cooling load savings were calculated to be reduced by 4.1-7.1 MJ m -2 y -1 per 0.1 loss in reflectance. When the buildings are non-insulated, the savings reduction is 58-71 MJ m -2 y -1 in Milano and 70-84 MJ m -2 y -1 in Roma. Ageing yielded a reduction of the cooling load savings that could be achieved with a new white membrane of 14-23% in Roma and of 20-34% in Milano. Moreover, in Milano, an aged, white, highly insulated roof, which has a solar reflectance of 0.56, may reach a surface temperature 16 • C higher than a new roof, which has a solar reflectance of 0.80.
Global energy performance of residential buildings: the role of the urban climate
Energy Procedia
On the relation between urban climate and energy performance of buildings. A three-years experience in Rome, Italy
Applied Energy
Thermal and optical characterisation of dynamic shading systems with PCMs through laboratory experimental measurements
Energy and Buildings
Advanced Polycarbonate Transparent Systems with Aerogel: Preliminary Characterization of Optical and Thermal Properties
Energy Procedia
Assessment of the Impact of a Centralized Heating System Equipped with Programmable Thermostatic Valves on Building Energy Demand
Energy Procedia
Opaque construction materials solar loads calculation: Dependence on directional reflectance
Energy Procedia
Thermal impact of a redeveloped area on localized urban microclimate: A case study in Rome
Energy and Buildings, 2016
Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development, 2016
The heat island effect in urban environments, (whatever the size and the latitude determining the... more The heat island effect in urban environments, (whatever the size and the latitude determining the effect intensity) is dramatically increasing due to climate changes and urban sprawl. The urban heat island is a phenomenon observed since the last decades of the XIX century, but diffused to a large scale only one century later. It is characterised by the increase of air temperature in densely built urban environments with respect to nearby natural landscape areas. Many available studies show urban heat island intensities up to 12°C. This thermal stress causes social, health and environmental hazards, with major impacts on weak social classes, such as elderly and low income people. This study presents first results of air temperature monitoring campaigns in different neighbourhoods of Rome, a metropolitan area characterised by a typical Mediterranean climate and by a complex urban texture, in which densely built areas and green or not-built zones border one another. Six spots were monitored since June 2014; they include: historical city centre, semi-central zones with different construction typologies, and surrounding areas with various urban and building contexts. This paper explores the summer temperature profiles within the city and their increase respect to suburban areas' values. UHI intensities up to 10°C were monitored as well as monthly UHI up to 3.4°C in the hottest area of the city. The impact on the cooling performance and the thermal response of reference buildings were also assessed. Temperature datasets and the reference building model were inputted into adynamic calibrated calculation software. In addition, cooling net energy demand of the reference building as well as operative temperature fluctuation in the not cooled building configuration were calculated. The results of calculation allow to compare the energy and thermal performances in the urban environment with respect to the reference conditions, being the latter typically adopted by national building codes. 50 and 100% relative increasing of cooling demand were calculated, respectively, for insulated and not insulated buildings.
The purpose of study is to develop an understanding the how many customer satisfied with the E-co... more The purpose of study is to develop an understanding the how many customer satisfied with the E-commerce services. So there are lots of scopes to an analyze user's data to find unknown facts of E-commerce. To achieve objective of this paper authors conduct a survey named Customer Satisfaction level in India. They collected a sample of 520 users in one month time duration via online medium (Google Forms). The major difference between online and traditional shopping is that in online shopping there is no touch, feel and trust. So the consumer gets afraid to pay first before receiving the product. In this paper authors try to find out relationship between type of services and satisfaction level in Indian consumer in Ecommerce services. The result of experiment shows that P value of customers Ages and Satisfaction level is 0.5817 which is significant at 95% confidence and P value of customers Services and Satisfaction level is 0.5988. It tells that consumer satisfaction level accordi...
Determination of Photometric Properties of Materials for Energy Purposes Through the Experimental Study of a Two-Axis Goniophotometer
Evolution over time of UV-Vis-NIR reflectance of cool roofing materials in urban environments
Applicazioni di cool materials per l'efficienza energetica negli edifici e la mitigazione dell'isola di calore urbana. Stato dell'arte e prospettive in Italia e in EU
Cool roof: una nuova tecnologia per rinfrescare gli edifici
La prestazione ottico-radiativa nel tempo dell'involucro edilizio: esposizione naturale in ambiente urbano, e invecchiamento e sporcamento accelerato in laboratorio - Building envelope's optical-radiative performance over time: natural exposure in urban environments, and accelerated weathering and s
Cool Roofs: Monitoring A Retrofit Project In Rome, Italy
Impact of cool materials on urban heat islands and on buildings comfort and energy consumption
Determinazione delle proprietà termofisiche di materiali ad elevata riflettanza solare per applicazioni a scala urbana: limiti e potenzialità
Si definisce effetto isola di calore urbana (Urban Heat Island) l'aumento della temperatura d... more Si definisce effetto isola di calore urbana (Urban Heat Island) l'aumento della temperatura dell'aria nelle citta rispetto alle aree rurali circostanti. Il fenomeno e presente a tutte le latitudini e, associato al riscaldamento globale, ha un forte impatto su ambiente, energia e salute. In questo report e riportato il calcolo dell’intensita dell’isola di calore urbana per la citta di Roma, ottenuto elaborando le acquisizioni di diversi termo-igrometri, posizionati sia in zone densamente urbanizzate che in zone di campagna limitrofe alla citta. La massima intensita di isola di calore rilevata e stata 7°C. L'aumento della riflettanza solare dei materiali urbani e una strategia volta a ridurre le temperature di superficie e dell'aria e ad attenuare l’effetto isola di calore urbana. I cool material applicati agli asfalti convenzionali sono una valida tecnologia per il raggiungimento di tale scopo. La caratterizzazione ottica e stata effettuata in laboratorio e all'ap...
Impact of Cool Materials on Ambient Temperatures in an Urban Area
Energy and Buildings, 2017
Average air temperatures in the Mediterranean region are in the thermal comfort zone for human be... more Average air temperatures in the Mediterranean region are in the thermal comfort zone for human beings in summer. However, irradiation conditions, construction technologies and subjective comfort expectations are dramatically increasing the cooling demand in buildings, exacerbated by the ambient temperature increase due to the climate change and the urban heat island phenomenon. This paper investigates the impact of the urban environment on the energy and thermal response of residential buildings, considering the case of the city of Rome, Italy. Ambient air temperature and relative humidity were continuously measured in four neighborhoods in 2015 and 2016. The monitored neighborhoods are characterized by: location in the urban area; construction materials for buildings and pavements; geometry of the urban texture. Data were also measured by a non-urban station, used as undisturbed reference. The climatic data were then used to calculate the thermal response of a typical Italian residential building, ideally located in the monitored areas of the city. Two envelope configurations were taken into account: with and without thermal insulation. Heat island intensities up to 8 °C was detected, with maximum monthly averages equal to 2 °C. The urban heat island increases the building cooling energy needs by 12% in the peripheral neighborhood and by up to 46% in the city center, respect to the undisturbed zone. For not cooled buildings, it was found out that the number of hours of thermal discomfort remains significant in urban buildings, despite the application of night ventilation strategies, while comfort conditions are mostly reached for buildings in the countryside.
Energy and Buildings, 2014
Highly reflective roofs, widely known as cool roofs, can reduce peak surface temperatures and the... more Highly reflective roofs, widely known as cool roofs, can reduce peak surface temperatures and the energy required to cool buildings, mitigate urban microclimates, and offset CO 2 . However, weathering, soiling, and biological growth affect their solar reflectance. In this study, the solar spectral reflectances of 12 roofing membranes were measured before the exposure and after 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of natural ageing in Roma and Milano, Italy. The membranes with an initial solar reflectance greater than 0.80, for example, decreased in reflectance by 0.14 in Roma and 0.22 in Milano after two years. Then, for a typical highly insulated commercial building, the annual cooling load savings were calculated to be reduced by 4.1-7.1 MJ m -2 y -1 per 0.1 loss in reflectance. When the buildings are non-insulated, the savings reduction is 58-71 MJ m -2 y -1 in Milano and 70-84 MJ m -2 y -1 in Roma. Ageing yielded a reduction of the cooling load savings that could be achieved with a new white membrane of 14-23% in Roma and of 20-34% in Milano. Moreover, in Milano, an aged, white, highly insulated roof, which has a solar reflectance of 0.56, may reach a surface temperature 16 • C higher than a new roof, which has a solar reflectance of 0.80.
Global energy performance of residential buildings: the role of the urban climate
Energy Procedia
On the relation between urban climate and energy performance of buildings. A three-years experience in Rome, Italy
Applied Energy
Thermal and optical characterisation of dynamic shading systems with PCMs through laboratory experimental measurements
Energy and Buildings
Advanced Polycarbonate Transparent Systems with Aerogel: Preliminary Characterization of Optical and Thermal Properties
Energy Procedia
Assessment of the Impact of a Centralized Heating System Equipped with Programmable Thermostatic Valves on Building Energy Demand
Energy Procedia
Opaque construction materials solar loads calculation: Dependence on directional reflectance
Energy Procedia
Thermal impact of a redeveloped area on localized urban microclimate: A case study in Rome
Energy and Buildings, 2016
Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development, 2016
The heat island effect in urban environments, (whatever the size and the latitude determining the... more The heat island effect in urban environments, (whatever the size and the latitude determining the effect intensity) is dramatically increasing due to climate changes and urban sprawl. The urban heat island is a phenomenon observed since the last decades of the XIX century, but diffused to a large scale only one century later. It is characterised by the increase of air temperature in densely built urban environments with respect to nearby natural landscape areas. Many available studies show urban heat island intensities up to 12°C. This thermal stress causes social, health and environmental hazards, with major impacts on weak social classes, such as elderly and low income people. This study presents first results of air temperature monitoring campaigns in different neighbourhoods of Rome, a metropolitan area characterised by a typical Mediterranean climate and by a complex urban texture, in which densely built areas and green or not-built zones border one another. Six spots were monitored since June 2014; they include: historical city centre, semi-central zones with different construction typologies, and surrounding areas with various urban and building contexts. This paper explores the summer temperature profiles within the city and their increase respect to suburban areas' values. UHI intensities up to 10°C were monitored as well as monthly UHI up to 3.4°C in the hottest area of the city. The impact on the cooling performance and the thermal response of reference buildings were also assessed. Temperature datasets and the reference building model were inputted into adynamic calibrated calculation software. In addition, cooling net energy demand of the reference building as well as operative temperature fluctuation in the not cooled building configuration were calculated. The results of calculation allow to compare the energy and thermal performances in the urban environment with respect to the reference conditions, being the latter typically adopted by national building codes. 50 and 100% relative increasing of cooling demand were calculated, respectively, for insulated and not insulated buildings.