Endel Tulving - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Endel Tulving

WHERE IN THE CORTEX DOES COGNITION TAKE PLACE?

Macromolecular Interplay In Brain Associative Mechanisms, 1998

Episodic memory: When recognition fails

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1975

Page 1. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1975, Vol. 104, No. 1, 5-29 Episodic Memory: ... more Page 1. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1975, Vol. 104, No. 1, 5-29 Episodic Memory: When Recognition Fails Michael J. Watkins Yale University Endel Tulving Yale University and University of Toronto SUMMARY ...

Context effects in recognition memory for faces

Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1976

Three experiments showed that a study-to-test change in the presentation context of pictures of u... more Three experiments showed that a study-to-test change in the presentation context of pictures of unfamiliar faces impairs their recognition. Experiment I showed.

Three-dimensional memory traces: A model and its application to forgetting

Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1980

Trends in cognitive sciences, 1998

Canadian journal of psychology, 1964

Transperceptual encoding and retrieval processes in memory: a PET study of visual and haptic objects

NeuroImage, 2001

An important objective of functional neuroimaging research is to identify neuroanatomical correla... more An important objective of functional neuroimaging research is to identify neuroanatomical correlates of memory processes such as encoding and retrieval. In typical studies directed at this goal, however, the to-be-remembered information has been presented in a single perceptual modality. Under these conditions it is not known whether the observed brain activity reflects the studied memory process as such or only the memory process in the given modality. The positron emission tomography (PET) study reported here was designed to identify brain regions involved in encoding and retrieval processes specific to visual and haptic modalities, as well as those common to the two modalities. These latter, common regions, were assumed to be associated with "transperceptual" encoding and retrieval processes. Abstract three-dimensional objects, difficult to describe verbally, served as to-be-remembered materials. A multivariate partial least squares analysis of the PET data revealed tha...

Age-related differences in effective neural connectivity during encoding and recall

Neuroreport, Jan 10, 1997

Age-related differences in brain activity may reflect local neural changes in the regions involve... more Age-related differences in brain activity may reflect local neural changes in the regions involved or they may reflect a more global transformation of brain function. To investigate this issue, we applied structural equation modeling to the results of a positron emission tomography (PET) study in which young and old adults encoded and recalled word pairs. In the young group there was a shift from positive interactions involving the left prefrontal cortex during encoding to positive interactions involving the right prefrontal cortex during recall, whereas in the old group frontal interactions were mixed during encoding and bilaterally positive during recall. The present results suggest that age-related changes in neural activation are partly due to age-related changes in effective connectivity in the neural network underlying the task.

Brain research. Cognitive brain research, 1996

The purpose of this study was to identify the brain regions invoked when subjects attempt to lear... more The purpose of this study was to identify the brain regions invoked when subjects attempt to learn verbal materials for a subsequent memory test. Twelve healthy subjects undertook two different tasks: reading and encoding of word pairs, while they were being scanned using [15O]H2O positron emission tomography (PET). As expected, the encoding pairs were remembered much better (recall 39% vs. 8%; P < 0.001) than reading pairs in a subsequent memory test. The encoding scans, as compared to reading scans, showed activation of the left prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex and the left medial temporal cortex. The left prefrontal activations were in two discrete regions: (i) a left anterior and inferior left prefrontal (Brodmann's areas 45, 46) which we attribute to semantic processing; and (ii) a left posterior mid-frontal region (BA 6, 44) which may reflect rote rehearsal. We interpret the data to suggest that when subjects use cognitive strategies of semantic processi...

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 1996

Two important objectives in the neuroscience of memory are (1) identification of neural pathways ... more Two important objectives in the neuroscience of memory are (1) identification of neural pathways involved in memory processes; and (2) characterization of the pattern of interactions between these pathways. Functional neuroimaging can contribute to both of these goals. Using image subtraction analysis of regional cerebral blood flow data measured with positron emission tomography, we identified brain regions that changed activity during episodic memory retrieval (visual work recognition). Relative to a baseline reading task, decreased activity was observed in bilateral prefrontal, bilateral anterior and posterior temporal, and posterior cingulate cortices. Brain regions showing increased activity were the right prefrontal (different from deactivated regions), left anterior cingulate, and left occipital cortices, and vermis of cerebellum. We then performed a network analysis with structural equation modeling to test the hypothesis that regional decreases came about through active inh...

Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 1986

Several investigators have suggested that microcomputers might serve as useful external aids for ... more Several investigators have suggested that microcomputers might serve as useful external aids for memory-impaired patients. However, knowledge of basic computer vocabulary may be necessary for patients to use and benefit from a microcomputer. The present paper describes a procedure, the method of vanishing cues, which facilitated the acquisition of computer-related vocabulary in four memory-impaired patients. The method involves the systematic reduction of letter fragments of to-be-learned words across trials. Although learning was slow and strongly dependent on first-letter cues, all patients acquired a substantial amount of the vocabulary and eventually were able to produce the target words in the absence of fragment cues. Further, they retained the vocabulary over a 6-week interval and showed some transfer of the knowledge they had acquired. These findings suggest that memory-impaired patients may eventually be able to use a microcomputer as a prosthetic device.

Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 1994

Data are reviewed from positron emission tomography studies of encoding and retrieval processes i... more Data are reviewed from positron emission tomography studies of encoding and retrieval processes in episodic memory. These data suggest a hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry model of prefrontal involvement in encoding and retrieval of episodic memory. According to this model, the left and right prefrontal lobes are part of an extensive neuronal network that subserves episodic remembering, but the two prefrontal hemispheres

Functional role of the prefrontal cortex in retrieval of memories: a PET study

NeuroReport, 1995

Retrieval of information from episodic memory involves the processes invoked by the attempt to re... more Retrieval of information from episodic memory involves the processes invoked by the attempt to remember (retrieval attempt) as well as processes associated with the successful retrieval of stored information (ecphory). Previous PET studies of memory have shown an activation of the prefrontal cortex in memory retrieval tasks, and we hypothesised that this activation represents retrieval attempt, not ecphory. This hypothesis was directly directed using [15O]H2 PET imaging in 19 healthy subjects who performed three matched tasks which involved different levels of retrieval attempt and ecphory. The results showed that retrieval attempt was associated with activation of the prefrontal cortex, right greater than left, while ecphory involved the posterior cortical regions. These findings illuminate the functional role of the different neuroanatomical regions involved in episodic remembering.

Studies of animals with complex nervous systems, including humans, have provided continuing insig... more Studies of animals with complex nervous systems, including humans, have provided continuing insights about how memory is organized in the brain. One major new idea is that there are multiple forms of memory. Thus, a distinction can be made between declarative (explicit) memory and nondeclarative (implicit) memory. Declarative memory refers to information about previously encountered facts and events, the kind of information that is ordinarily available as conscious recollections. Nondeclarative (implicit) memory is a heterogeneous collection of nonconscious abilities, which support skill learning, the development of dispositions or habits and the phenomenon of priming. Parallel studies in monkeys have identified the anatomical components of the declarative memory system in the hippocampus and related cortex. This system is essential for the formation and storage of declarative memory, and for its retrieval during a lengthy period of consolidation and reorganization. As time passes, the role of this system in memory diminishes and a more permanent memory gradually develops elsewhere, probably in neocortex. Another new development is the possibility of studying the anatomy of memory in humans using magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. These technologies have provided direct evidence of hippocampal damage in patients with circumscribed memory impairment and direct evidence for the activation of the hippocampal region in normal subjects performing memory tasks. PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TEMPO-RAL ORDER IN BRAIN CHAOS W.S. Tirsch, M. Keidel and G. Sommer

Vividness of words and learning in free-recall learning

Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie, 1965

82 words of approximately equal frequency-of-occurrence value were rated for vividness (V) and me... more 82 words of approximately equal frequency-of-occurrence value were rated for vividness (V) and meaningfulness (M) by 2 independent groups of 100 raters. From this set of words 3 lists of 16 words each were then constructed. The lists varied in V, but were equal in M. They were used as learning materials in an experiment that was designed (1) to

Does The Future Exist?

Mind and the Frontal LobesCognition, Behavior, and Brain Imaging, 2011

The Logic of Memory Representations

Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 1974

Episodic memory

Scholarpedia, 2009

... Episodic memory: From mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 1-25. Tulving, E. (2002... more ... Episodic memory: From mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 1-25. Tulving, E. (2002b).Chronesthesia: Awareness of subjective time. In DT Stuss & RC Knight (Eds.), Principles of Frontal Lobe Function (pp. 311-325). New York: Oxford University Press. ...

Varieties of Future Experience

Predictions in the Brain, 2011

... or hurling it up towards the ceiling is a testament to the fact that you are able to anticipa... more ... or hurling it up towards the ceiling is a testament to the fact that you are able to anticipate the approximate weight of the carton (again, in ... type of conscious awareness that underlies the capacity to simply know that the past and future exist, in a way that we know a myriad of other ...

MODEL OF CUE INTERACTION IN RETRIEVAL FROM MEMORY-PRELIMINARY-REPORT