Eny Martindah - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Eny Martindah

Research paper thumbnail of Aktivitas Ovisidal, Larvasidal dan Vermisidal Ekstrak Obat Alami Terhadap Nematoda Haemonchus contortus secara in-Vitro

Jurnal Veteriner

Hemonchosis disebabkan oleh cacing nematoda Haemonchus contortus dan dapat menyebabkan kerugian e... more Hemonchosis disebabkan oleh cacing nematoda Haemonchus contortus dan dapat menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi yang tinggi. Penanganan dan pengendalian kecacingan yang paling umum dilakukan adalah dengan pemberian antelmintika kimia berspektrum luas, tetapi jika digunakan secara terus menerus dalam waktu yang lama dapat mengakibatkan resistensi dan residu terhadap produk ternak yang menjadi ancaman serius bagi produksi ternak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi apakah tanaman herbal biji pare (Momordica charantia L.), temu putih (Curcuma zedoaria Rosce), buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia), biji alpukat (Persea americana mill), buah pinang (Areca catechu) dapat digunakan sebagai obat cacing nematoda yang efektif dan efisien. Tanaman herbal diekstrak dan diuji secara fitokimia di Balai Penelitian Rempah dan Obat (Balittro). Ekstrak biji pare dan biji alpukat dalam DMSO 1% dengan konsentrasi 2.5%, 5% dan 7.5% memiliki aktivitas antelmintik ovisidal, larvasidal dan vermisidal.

Research paper thumbnail of Frequency of Diseases Occurrence in Poultry Production Cluster (PPC) and Non-PPC in Indonesia

Proceedings of International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology, Aug 10, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Tetracycline residues in fresh dairy milk from three districts in Indonesia: Occurrence and dietary exposure assessment

Veterinary World

Background and Aim: Milk can introduce antibiotics into the human diet which poses a public healt... more Background and Aim: Milk can introduce antibiotics into the human diet which poses a public health risk. Therefore, a study to determine the tetracycline residue in dairy milk and its health risk assessment is needed. A cross-sectional study was performed to detect tetracycline residues in fresh dairy milk samples collected from the districts of Malang, Boyolali, and Padang Panjang, Indonesia, and to evaluate dietary exposure to tetracycline residues through milk consumption in 10-12-year-old children and adults. Materials and Methods: A total of 203 fresh dairy milk samples were collected from local and smallholder dairy cows in Malang, Boyolali, and Padang Panjang in April and August 2018. High-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array at 355 and 368 nm was used to detect tetracycline residues. Data were evaluated for dietary exposure assessment. Results: The results showed that the most common residue found was chlortetracycline (8.37%), followed by tetra...

Research paper thumbnail of Detection and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Fluoroquinolones Residues in Chicken Meat from the Districts of Malang and Blitar, Indonesia

Tropical Animal Science Journal, 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin and cip... more The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) residues in fresh chicken meat and evaluate its consumption risk to the adult population in Indonesia. A total of 55 fresh chicken-meat samples were collected from Districts of Malang and Blitar, East Java Province, Indonesia, in April 2017. Detections of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a PDA detector. It was found that ciprofloxacin was detected with a frequency of 67.3% at a maximum concentration of 275.00 ng/g. Enrofloxacin was detected with a frequency of 41.8% at a maximum concentration of 242.40 ng/g, or totally as a sum of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues detected in 76.4% samples at a maximum concentration of 367.50 ng/g. The estimated dietary intakes of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin were 44.90 ng/kg body weight/day and 7.91 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively, resulting in the hazard indexes of 0.0063 and 0.0013 for the consumptions of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin residues in chicken meat. Therefore, the risk associated with the consumption of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin residues in chicken meat by the adult population in Indonesia was considered negligible.

Research paper thumbnail of Improvement of Public Awareness on Fasciolosis as Zoonosis Disease

Fasciolosis is commonly suffered by the ruminants such as cattle and buffaloes, and as one of the... more Fasciolosis is commonly suffered by the ruminants such as cattle and buffaloes, and as one of the most important parasitic disease . The prevalence of fasciolosis in ruminants is related to the contaminated feedstuff and water supply with metacercariae, the infective larvae of trematode genus Fasciola spp ., such as Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica. In Indonesia, the prevalence of this disease in ruminants could be up to 90%, and there is no case report on human being . However, the occurrence of this disease in human should be anticipated, since many cases have been reported in human in the other countries, such as South America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and South East Asia (Thailand and Vietnam), as "Food-borne infection" and as one of the most important issues in public health . Ironically, the farmers and the extension agents in Indonesia do not aware on the danger of this disease neither to the animals nor to human, so they also do not care on how to prevent a...

Research paper thumbnail of Ecosystems Potency of Small and Outer Islands of Indonesia for Beef Cattle Farming Development

Indonesian archipelago consists of five main islands and more than seventeen thousand of small is... more Indonesian archipelago consists of five main islands and more than seventeen thousand of small islands. These small islands are very effective as natural barrier to the spread of contagious animal diseases. This situation is very advantageous to develop many programs such as beef cattle farming to support beef self sufficient program in 2010. However, there are some constraints in developing of these small islands, namely human resources, natural resources, infrastructure, mean of communications and transportations and lack of intra sector integrated coordination. In taking the advantageous of developing small islands as a screening base and quarantine area, animal production technologies and veterinary science are much needed. The development can be done in integration with transmigration development program so that the beef cattle development could become source of income and job opportunity for the transmigran and local inhabitant as well. Beef cattle farming scheme are recommend...

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of Helminth Infections on Smallholder Farming Beef Cattle at Palm-Cow Integration in East Kalimantan and Riau provinces, Indonesia

Advances in Biological Sciences Research, 2022

An integrated palm-cow management system has been introduced to increase population and productio... more An integrated palm-cow management system has been introduced to increase population and production of beef cattle in Indonesia. The objective of the study was to assess the helminth infections on beef cattle in the palm-cow integration in East Kalimantan and Riau provinces under smallholder farming system. A cross sectional survey was carried out during November-December 2020 to observe diseases occurrence, interview the owner and animal health officer, as well as collected faecal sample of cattle in extensive, intensive and semi-intensive management. The clinical signs during field observation were diarrhoea, cachexia, anorexia and reproductive disturbance. In East Kalimantan, the prevalence of trematode (fasciolosis) in Bali cattle (65,5%) raised extensively was higher compared to Brahman cross (32%) that raised intensively. Conversely, the prevalence of nematodes in crossbreed was higher than in local breed (28% vs 10.34%). In Riau, cattle were kept in semi-intensive indicates that cross breed was more susceptible than local breed to nematode infestation (41.67% vs 22.73%), and to trematodes (Fasciola) (29.17% vs 18.18%). Beef cattle reared in palm cow-integration systems showed minimal cases of infectious diseases. Gastrointestinal parasites are potentially affected on ingested nutrient loss and metabolic disorder led to poor productivity and reproductivity of beef cattle.

Research paper thumbnail of Deteksi Larva Cacing Nematoda Sebelum dan Sesudah Pengobatan pada Beberapa Bangsa Domba

Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner Mendukung Diversifikasi Sumber Protein Asal Ternak, 2017

Gastrointestinal nematode infection is one of the factors inhibiting the productivity of sheep. T... more Gastrointestinal nematode infection is one of the factors inhibiting the productivity of sheep. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of larvae and the percentage growth of the nematode are possible develop anthelmintic resistance in sheep. Feces from seven breeds on a farm sheep in Balitnak Bogor were collected. Each breed was taken 20 heads for samples. Sheep were treated with albendazole (benzimidazoles group). Faecal samples were taken on days 0 (before treatment), day seven and day 14 post-treatment. The number of eggs in stool were examined (egg per gram) as a method of Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and cultured to determine the growth of larvae of nematodes existing types. The percentage of larvae growing were calculated and the larval nematodes are identified. Percentage growth of larvae and larval nematode species identification is an advanced stage of FECRT. The nematode larvae identified were Haemonchus spp, Trichostrongylus spp, Cooperia spp and Oesophagostomum spp. Haemonhus is larvae that grow the most in every breeds of sheep both from a stool sample day 0 (before treatment) and day 7 and 14 post-treatment. Haemonchus did not undergo inhibition in its development, although the sheep had been given treatment. Based on identification of larvae and larval growth, Haemonchus has high percentage and it can be stated that Haemonchus develop resistance to albendazole anthelmentic (benzimidazoles group). The high percentage of larvae of Haemonchus compared to other worm larvae can harm livestock productivity, therefore it is needed appropriate control strategies. Good livestock management, epidemiological studies, and the possible use of molecular technology could be used control of parasitic diseases

Research paper thumbnail of Media Penyimpanan Telur, Larva dan Cacing Nematode sebagai Media Uji In Vitro

Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner Mendukung Diversifikasi Sumber Protein Asal Ternak, 2017

Gastrointestinal nematode worm infection is one of the factors inhibiting efforts to improve live... more Gastrointestinal nematode worm infection is one of the factors inhibiting efforts to improve livestock productivity. The treatment is done by anthelmintic, but lately have been several cases of drug resistance worm. So that needs to be tested to determine the effectiveness of worm medicine. The test of effectiveness of drugs against worms can be done in vitro either on eggs, larvae and adult worms to chemical anthelmintics and herbs anthelmintics. Before performing the in vitro test, first need to know a good media in vitro test for use to the egg, larva and nematode worms can survive well beyond its natural condition. This study was aimed to test the good solvent medium for the storage of eggs, larvae and adult worms that can be used in vitro tests. Solvent medium or the test medium in vitro as the storage of eggs, larvae and adult worms commonly used is a solution of isotonic or a solution containing a substance, such as 0.9% NaCl, DMSO 1%, PBS 1%, CMC 1%, Tween 20 1%, and distilled water. Eggs and larvae are stored in the petridish that already contains six media with each of the three repetitions and time of observation for 24 and 48 hours, while the adult worms was observed every hour for 5 hours. Result showed that in vitro medium good for eggs and larvae was DMSO 1% and PBS 1%, while for adult worms NaCl 0.9% and PBS 1%. PBS is a good medium if the test will be conducted simultaneously using eggs, larvae and adult nematode worms.

Research paper thumbnail of Occurrence and genetic identifications of porcine Entamoeba, E. suis and E. polecki, at Tangerang in West Java, Indonesia

Parasitology Research, 2020

Entamoeba suis and E. polecki subtype (ST) 1 and ST3 recently have been inferred to be virulent i... more Entamoeba suis and E. polecki subtype (ST) 1 and ST3 recently have been inferred to be virulent in pigs. However, because relevant molecular epidemiological surveys have been limited, the prevalences of these species remain unknown and their pathogenicities are still controversial. We surveyed 196 fecal samples of pigs (118 of adults, 78 of piglets) at Tangerang in West Java, Indonesia, in 2017, employing PCR using porcine Entamoeba-specific primers. E. suis was the more frequently detected species, observed in 81.1% of samples, while E. polecki ST1 and ST3 were detected in 18.4% and 17.3% of samples, respectively; mixed infections (harboring 2-3 species or subtypes of Entamoeba) were confirmed in 29.3% of positive samples. Statistically significant differences in the positive rates were not seen between adult pigs and piglets, except for those of E. polecki ST3. The prevalences of Eimeria spp. and/or Cystoisospora suis (79.1%), strongyles (55.6%), and Strongyloides spp. (6.1%) were also observed morphologically in the samples. Further chronological or seasonal investigations of pigs and humans in these high-prevalence areas are needed to assess the virulence of the Entamoeba parasites, including the effects on pig productivity, and to evaluate the zoonotic impacts of these organisms.

Research paper thumbnail of Awareness of the existence of Leishmaniasis as Protozoan Zoonosis in Indonesia

Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2020

Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis, neglected and poorly reported disease, caused by the protozoan Leish... more Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis, neglected and poorly reported disease, caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp, genus Leishmania, transmitted through several vector species including the sand fly (gnat) genus Phlebotomus. This disease has complex ecology and epidemiology. This paper presents about Leishmaniasis disease from epidemiological aspects and risk factors; parasites, vectors and reservoirs; diseases transmission and control. Leishmania spp. is an obligate intramacrophage protozoan, characterized by its kinetoplast, a unique form of mitochondrial DNA. Clinical manifestations of Leishmaniasis depend on interactions between the characteristics of Leishmania species and the human host immune response, resulting in a diseases spectrum ranging from local lesions on the skin to diffuse involvement of the reticuloendothelial system. There are four forms of Leishmaniasis in humans with various clinical manifestations, namely visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar (KA), Cut...

Research paper thumbnail of Detections of gastrointestinal parasites, including Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp., in cattle of Banten province, Indonesia

Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2019

Gastrointestinal parasites can induce low productivity in livestock by causing acute or chronic e... more Gastrointestinal parasites can induce low productivity in livestock by causing acute or chronic enteritis. Veterinarians make great efforts to design rational and effective hygienic protocols for both the prevention and treatment of diarrhea. Although prevalences can vary depending on the examined areas or the ages of the hosts, and the methods used for detections, it is helpful to accumulate data across many areas to evaluate parasitic distribution. A coprological survey in cattle was conducted in Tangerang, Banten Province of Indonesia, in order to determine the prevalence of the parasites, including those of diarrhea-associated diseases. Furthermore, the risk of transmission of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp. to human was genetically analyzed. Gastrointestinal parasites were detected in 87 of 109 cattle samples, including 85 carrying Eimeria spp., 36 carrying Fasciola gigantica, 35 carrying Strongyloides spp., 33 carrying Paramphistomum spp., and 15 carrying Capillaria spp. Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp., parasites with zoonotic potential, were detected in 9 and 1 cattle samples, respectively. Molecular analyses identified the G. intestinalis isolate as a member of Assemblage E, which has been recently detected in humans in another country. These results may be helpful in understanding the hygienic risk affecting the livestock productivity and zoonotic potential of cattle in Indonesia.

Research paper thumbnail of Vector Control of Zoonotic Arbovirus Disease in Indonesia

Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2017

Zoonotic Arbovirus diseases which are caused by the genus of Flavivirus, Alphavirus, and Bunyavir... more Zoonotic Arbovirus diseases which are caused by the genus of Flavivirus, Alphavirus, and Bunyavirus, are transmitted through potential vectors. These diseases are commonly occurred, especially in tropical countries, including Indonesia. They can affect the economic development because of the high morbidity and mortality. This paper describes the incidence of zoonotic Arbovirus in Indonesia and the strategy to control its vector. Factors that support the occurrence of zoonotic Arbovirus diseases are environmental, demographic and behavioral changes, as well as advanced technology, transportation and global trade. These diseases would not occur without the role of vectors. Vector control can be carried out effectively through longitudinal surveillance to identify types of potential vectors in the area. Therefore to prevent the increased incidence of the diseases, controlling the vector is necessary.

Research paper thumbnail of Tingkat Mortalitas dan Afkir Ayam Broiler di Kandang Terbuka dan Tertutup

Perkembangan peternakan ayam broiler diiringi dengan perhatian yang besar terhadap sistem perkand... more Perkembangan peternakan ayam broiler diiringi dengan perhatian yang besar terhadap sistem perkandangan untuk kesejahteraan ayam yang direfleksikan dari tingkat mortalitas yang terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kesejahteraan ayam (dinilai dari tingkat mortalitas) dan jumlah afkir ayam broiler yang dipelihara dengan sistem kandang terbuka dan tertutup. Penelitian dilakukan di sebuah peternakan ayam broiler di Kecamatan Jasinga, Kabupaten Bogor, selama 2 periode pemeliharaan, dengan populasi masing-masing 69.321 ekor dan 70.381 ekor. Data mortalitas dan ayam afkir (culling) dikumpulkan melalui observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara dengan dokter hewan penanggung jawab peternakan (farm) dan petugas kandang. Hubungan antara tipe kandang terhadap tingkat mortalitas dan jumlah ayam afkir dianalisis secara kuantitatif deskriptif menggunakan uji chi square test dan interpretasi peluang risiko dengan Odd Ratio (OR). Hasil menujukkan tingkat mortalitas ayam secara kumul...

Research paper thumbnail of Risk Factors, Attitude and Knowledge of Farmers in Controlling Anthrax

Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2018

In terms of epidemiology, the distribution of anthrax globally remains enzootic, and is endemic i... more In terms of epidemiology, the distribution of anthrax globally remains enzootic, and is endemic in some parts of Indonesia. Contact with anthrax spores that present in meat, soil and grass can cause disease in both humans and animals. This paper describes risk factors causing high prevalence of anthrax, also attitude and knowledge of farmers’ community toward anthrax. Several risk factors that causing high prevalence of anthrax transmitted to humans are lack of farmers’ knowledge on anthrax, people's habit of slaughtering the sick animal and consuming the meat for economic reason. The knowledge of anthrax amongs farmer communities are influenced by education level, information sources, and professions. Farmers community knowledge in Indonesia towards anthrax is relatively low. Most farmers have wrong perception that anthrax is non-contagious disease. Control of anthrax in livestock and humans will be effective, if the community has better knowledge, attitude and good perception ...

Research paper thumbnail of Control of Coccidiosis in Chickens Through Herbal Medicine

Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2019

Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria sp. is an important disease in poultry industry. In Indonesia, the ... more Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria sp. is an important disease in poultry industry. In Indonesia, the morbidity due to this disease in poultry reaches up to 90%. The clinical symptoms of coccidiosis vary depending on the age of poultry and the species of Eimeria. If coccidiostat is not properly used in control and eradication program, it will cause resistance and residue in meat and egg. This paper aims to describe the optimal control of coccidiosis without chemical substances by using natural herbs. Resistance cases to Eimeria sp. cause the anti-coccidia ineffective therefore a safe and effective coccidiostat is needed. Currently, coccidiosis control using natural medicines from herbs was reported to be effective, safe, free of side effects and cheaper. An integrated coccidiosis control program can be applied along with biosecurity, vaccination, prebiotics and coccidiostat from herbs. Control of coccidiosis in chickens with herbal medicines can increase immunity, appetite and reduce str...

Research paper thumbnail of 206 Extension Program on the Control of Bovine Fasciolosis in West Java , Indonesia

MARTINDAH, E., A. KUSUMANINGSIH, S. WIDJAJANTI, S. PARTOUTOMO, B. FRANK, and SUHARDONO. 1998. Ext... more MARTINDAH, E., A. KUSUMANINGSIH, S. WIDJAJANTI, S. PARTOUTOMO, B. FRANK, and SUHARDONO. 1998. Extension program on the control of bovine fasciolosis in West Java, Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 3(3): 206-213. An extension program to control fasciolosis in cattle and buffalo was undertaken in collaboration with officers of the District of Livestock Services (DLS) and farmer organizations in the Surade district of West Java. Control strategies were based on results of extensive epidemiological studies on fasciolosis in this area over the past 4 years. Recommendations included: (1) preventing animals grazing harvested rice fields adjacent to a village or cattle pen; (2) feeding stock only the top two-thirds of freshly cut rice stalks; (3) mixing cattle or buffalo faeces with manure of ducks or chicken naturally infected with Echinostoma revolutum, before using them as fertilizer in rice fields; and (4) a single treatment with triclabendazole in July, about 6 weeks after ha...

Research paper thumbnail of Reaksi Silang Serum Unggas terhadap Virus Avian Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.1.3 dan 2.3.2 dengan Uji Hemaglutinasi Inhibisi

Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner Mendukung Diversifikasi Sumber Protein Asal Ternak, Aug 9, 2017

Avian Influenza virus H5N1 has existed in Indonesia and was detected as a clade 2.1.3 in 2003, an... more Avian Influenza virus H5N1 has existed in Indonesia and was detected as a clade 2.1.3 in 2003, and then in 2012 was detected H5N1 clade 2.3.2. Clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 has a low level of homology at genetic of nucleotide or amino acid. This study aims to determine cross reaction between Avian Influenza (AI) antigen (virus) H5N1 clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 in poultry (chickens and ducks) serum, which were vaccinated with inactivated AI H5N1 vaccine clade 2.1.3 against AI H5N1 antigen clade 2.3.2 and vaccinated inactivated AI H5N1 vaccine clade 2.3.2 against H5N1 antigen clade 2.1.3. Serum was obtained from chickens and ducks post-vaccination and unvaccinated (control) in laboratory conditions, and from ducks post-vaccination AI H5N1 in field condition. HI test is run by using AI H5N1 antigen clade 2.1.3 and clade 2.3.2. Results were analysed by the geometric means and anova test. HI test results show cross reaction with low antibody titers between chicken and duck serum post-vaccination of H5N1 clade 2.3.2 with clade 2.1.3 antigen, whereas serum of chicken and duck post-vaccination of AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 against clade 2.3.2 antigen shows cross reactions with high antibody titers. Conclusion of this study, postvaccination serum of AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 provide cross-reaction better than the post vaccination serum of H5N1 clade 2.3.2.

Research paper thumbnail of Cross-Reaction of Duck and Chicken Sera against Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 Antigens by Hemagglutination Inhibition Test

Jurnal Biologi Indonesia, 2017

This study aims to determine the cross-reaction between the antigen of avian influenza (AI) H5N1 ... more This study aims to determine the cross-reaction between the antigen of avian influenza (AI) H5N1 virus clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 in duck and chicken sera, which were vaccinated with inactivated AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 vaccine against AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 antigen and those vaccinated with inactivated AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 vaccine against H5N1 clade 2.1.3 antigen. The sera tested were obtained from postvaccination and control (unvaccinated) chickens and ducks in the laboratory condition, and from AI H5N1 postvaccination ducks in the field condition. HI test was conducted by using AI H5N1 clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 antigens. The results of HI titer were analyzed by the geometric means and by ANOVA. The results show that cross-reactions in both chicken and duck sera after AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 vaccination tested with AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 antigen occurred with low antibody titers, whereas in chicken and duck sera postvaccination with avian influenza H5N1 virus clade 2.1.3 showed cross-reaction with high antibody titer against clade 2.3.2 antigen. The conclusion of this study, postvaccination sera of AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 provide better cross-reaction compared to the postvaccination sera of AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2.

Research paper thumbnail of Extension program on the control of bovine fasciolosis in West Java, Indonesia

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner, 1998

An extension program to control fasciolosis in cattle and buffalo was undertaken in collaboration... more An extension program to control fasciolosis in cattle and buffalo was undertaken in collaboration with officers of the District of Livestock Services (DLS) and farmer organizations in the Surade district of West Java. Control strategies were based on results of extensive epidemiological studies on fasciolosis in this area over the past 4 years. Recommendations included: (1) preventing animals grazing harvested rice fields adjacent to a village or cattle pen; (2) feeding stock only the top two-thirds of freshly cut rice stalks; (3) mixing cattle or buffalo faeces with manure of ducks or chicken naturally infected with Echinostoma revolutum, before using them as fertilizer in rice fields; and (4) a single treatment with triclabendazole in July, about 6 weeks after harvest of the last seasonal rice crop. Farmers were surveyed in January 1996 to determine their level of knowledge about fasciolosis. The extension program commenced in February, soon after planting the second seasonal rice...

Research paper thumbnail of Aktivitas Ovisidal, Larvasidal dan Vermisidal Ekstrak Obat Alami Terhadap Nematoda Haemonchus contortus secara in-Vitro

Jurnal Veteriner

Hemonchosis disebabkan oleh cacing nematoda Haemonchus contortus dan dapat menyebabkan kerugian e... more Hemonchosis disebabkan oleh cacing nematoda Haemonchus contortus dan dapat menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi yang tinggi. Penanganan dan pengendalian kecacingan yang paling umum dilakukan adalah dengan pemberian antelmintika kimia berspektrum luas, tetapi jika digunakan secara terus menerus dalam waktu yang lama dapat mengakibatkan resistensi dan residu terhadap produk ternak yang menjadi ancaman serius bagi produksi ternak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi apakah tanaman herbal biji pare (Momordica charantia L.), temu putih (Curcuma zedoaria Rosce), buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia), biji alpukat (Persea americana mill), buah pinang (Areca catechu) dapat digunakan sebagai obat cacing nematoda yang efektif dan efisien. Tanaman herbal diekstrak dan diuji secara fitokimia di Balai Penelitian Rempah dan Obat (Balittro). Ekstrak biji pare dan biji alpukat dalam DMSO 1% dengan konsentrasi 2.5%, 5% dan 7.5% memiliki aktivitas antelmintik ovisidal, larvasidal dan vermisidal.

Research paper thumbnail of Frequency of Diseases Occurrence in Poultry Production Cluster (PPC) and Non-PPC in Indonesia

Proceedings of International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology, Aug 10, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Tetracycline residues in fresh dairy milk from three districts in Indonesia: Occurrence and dietary exposure assessment

Veterinary World

Background and Aim: Milk can introduce antibiotics into the human diet which poses a public healt... more Background and Aim: Milk can introduce antibiotics into the human diet which poses a public health risk. Therefore, a study to determine the tetracycline residue in dairy milk and its health risk assessment is needed. A cross-sectional study was performed to detect tetracycline residues in fresh dairy milk samples collected from the districts of Malang, Boyolali, and Padang Panjang, Indonesia, and to evaluate dietary exposure to tetracycline residues through milk consumption in 10-12-year-old children and adults. Materials and Methods: A total of 203 fresh dairy milk samples were collected from local and smallholder dairy cows in Malang, Boyolali, and Padang Panjang in April and August 2018. High-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array at 355 and 368 nm was used to detect tetracycline residues. Data were evaluated for dietary exposure assessment. Results: The results showed that the most common residue found was chlortetracycline (8.37%), followed by tetra...

Research paper thumbnail of Detection and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Fluoroquinolones Residues in Chicken Meat from the Districts of Malang and Blitar, Indonesia

Tropical Animal Science Journal, 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin and cip... more The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) residues in fresh chicken meat and evaluate its consumption risk to the adult population in Indonesia. A total of 55 fresh chicken-meat samples were collected from Districts of Malang and Blitar, East Java Province, Indonesia, in April 2017. Detections of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a PDA detector. It was found that ciprofloxacin was detected with a frequency of 67.3% at a maximum concentration of 275.00 ng/g. Enrofloxacin was detected with a frequency of 41.8% at a maximum concentration of 242.40 ng/g, or totally as a sum of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues detected in 76.4% samples at a maximum concentration of 367.50 ng/g. The estimated dietary intakes of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin were 44.90 ng/kg body weight/day and 7.91 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively, resulting in the hazard indexes of 0.0063 and 0.0013 for the consumptions of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin residues in chicken meat. Therefore, the risk associated with the consumption of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin residues in chicken meat by the adult population in Indonesia was considered negligible.

Research paper thumbnail of Improvement of Public Awareness on Fasciolosis as Zoonosis Disease

Fasciolosis is commonly suffered by the ruminants such as cattle and buffaloes, and as one of the... more Fasciolosis is commonly suffered by the ruminants such as cattle and buffaloes, and as one of the most important parasitic disease . The prevalence of fasciolosis in ruminants is related to the contaminated feedstuff and water supply with metacercariae, the infective larvae of trematode genus Fasciola spp ., such as Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica. In Indonesia, the prevalence of this disease in ruminants could be up to 90%, and there is no case report on human being . However, the occurrence of this disease in human should be anticipated, since many cases have been reported in human in the other countries, such as South America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and South East Asia (Thailand and Vietnam), as "Food-borne infection" and as one of the most important issues in public health . Ironically, the farmers and the extension agents in Indonesia do not aware on the danger of this disease neither to the animals nor to human, so they also do not care on how to prevent a...

Research paper thumbnail of Ecosystems Potency of Small and Outer Islands of Indonesia for Beef Cattle Farming Development

Indonesian archipelago consists of five main islands and more than seventeen thousand of small is... more Indonesian archipelago consists of five main islands and more than seventeen thousand of small islands. These small islands are very effective as natural barrier to the spread of contagious animal diseases. This situation is very advantageous to develop many programs such as beef cattle farming to support beef self sufficient program in 2010. However, there are some constraints in developing of these small islands, namely human resources, natural resources, infrastructure, mean of communications and transportations and lack of intra sector integrated coordination. In taking the advantageous of developing small islands as a screening base and quarantine area, animal production technologies and veterinary science are much needed. The development can be done in integration with transmigration development program so that the beef cattle development could become source of income and job opportunity for the transmigran and local inhabitant as well. Beef cattle farming scheme are recommend...

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of Helminth Infections on Smallholder Farming Beef Cattle at Palm-Cow Integration in East Kalimantan and Riau provinces, Indonesia

Advances in Biological Sciences Research, 2022

An integrated palm-cow management system has been introduced to increase population and productio... more An integrated palm-cow management system has been introduced to increase population and production of beef cattle in Indonesia. The objective of the study was to assess the helminth infections on beef cattle in the palm-cow integration in East Kalimantan and Riau provinces under smallholder farming system. A cross sectional survey was carried out during November-December 2020 to observe diseases occurrence, interview the owner and animal health officer, as well as collected faecal sample of cattle in extensive, intensive and semi-intensive management. The clinical signs during field observation were diarrhoea, cachexia, anorexia and reproductive disturbance. In East Kalimantan, the prevalence of trematode (fasciolosis) in Bali cattle (65,5%) raised extensively was higher compared to Brahman cross (32%) that raised intensively. Conversely, the prevalence of nematodes in crossbreed was higher than in local breed (28% vs 10.34%). In Riau, cattle were kept in semi-intensive indicates that cross breed was more susceptible than local breed to nematode infestation (41.67% vs 22.73%), and to trematodes (Fasciola) (29.17% vs 18.18%). Beef cattle reared in palm cow-integration systems showed minimal cases of infectious diseases. Gastrointestinal parasites are potentially affected on ingested nutrient loss and metabolic disorder led to poor productivity and reproductivity of beef cattle.

Research paper thumbnail of Deteksi Larva Cacing Nematoda Sebelum dan Sesudah Pengobatan pada Beberapa Bangsa Domba

Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner Mendukung Diversifikasi Sumber Protein Asal Ternak, 2017

Gastrointestinal nematode infection is one of the factors inhibiting the productivity of sheep. T... more Gastrointestinal nematode infection is one of the factors inhibiting the productivity of sheep. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of larvae and the percentage growth of the nematode are possible develop anthelmintic resistance in sheep. Feces from seven breeds on a farm sheep in Balitnak Bogor were collected. Each breed was taken 20 heads for samples. Sheep were treated with albendazole (benzimidazoles group). Faecal samples were taken on days 0 (before treatment), day seven and day 14 post-treatment. The number of eggs in stool were examined (egg per gram) as a method of Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and cultured to determine the growth of larvae of nematodes existing types. The percentage of larvae growing were calculated and the larval nematodes are identified. Percentage growth of larvae and larval nematode species identification is an advanced stage of FECRT. The nematode larvae identified were Haemonchus spp, Trichostrongylus spp, Cooperia spp and Oesophagostomum spp. Haemonhus is larvae that grow the most in every breeds of sheep both from a stool sample day 0 (before treatment) and day 7 and 14 post-treatment. Haemonchus did not undergo inhibition in its development, although the sheep had been given treatment. Based on identification of larvae and larval growth, Haemonchus has high percentage and it can be stated that Haemonchus develop resistance to albendazole anthelmentic (benzimidazoles group). The high percentage of larvae of Haemonchus compared to other worm larvae can harm livestock productivity, therefore it is needed appropriate control strategies. Good livestock management, epidemiological studies, and the possible use of molecular technology could be used control of parasitic diseases

Research paper thumbnail of Media Penyimpanan Telur, Larva dan Cacing Nematode sebagai Media Uji In Vitro

Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner Mendukung Diversifikasi Sumber Protein Asal Ternak, 2017

Gastrointestinal nematode worm infection is one of the factors inhibiting efforts to improve live... more Gastrointestinal nematode worm infection is one of the factors inhibiting efforts to improve livestock productivity. The treatment is done by anthelmintic, but lately have been several cases of drug resistance worm. So that needs to be tested to determine the effectiveness of worm medicine. The test of effectiveness of drugs against worms can be done in vitro either on eggs, larvae and adult worms to chemical anthelmintics and herbs anthelmintics. Before performing the in vitro test, first need to know a good media in vitro test for use to the egg, larva and nematode worms can survive well beyond its natural condition. This study was aimed to test the good solvent medium for the storage of eggs, larvae and adult worms that can be used in vitro tests. Solvent medium or the test medium in vitro as the storage of eggs, larvae and adult worms commonly used is a solution of isotonic or a solution containing a substance, such as 0.9% NaCl, DMSO 1%, PBS 1%, CMC 1%, Tween 20 1%, and distilled water. Eggs and larvae are stored in the petridish that already contains six media with each of the three repetitions and time of observation for 24 and 48 hours, while the adult worms was observed every hour for 5 hours. Result showed that in vitro medium good for eggs and larvae was DMSO 1% and PBS 1%, while for adult worms NaCl 0.9% and PBS 1%. PBS is a good medium if the test will be conducted simultaneously using eggs, larvae and adult nematode worms.

Research paper thumbnail of Occurrence and genetic identifications of porcine Entamoeba, E. suis and E. polecki, at Tangerang in West Java, Indonesia

Parasitology Research, 2020

Entamoeba suis and E. polecki subtype (ST) 1 and ST3 recently have been inferred to be virulent i... more Entamoeba suis and E. polecki subtype (ST) 1 and ST3 recently have been inferred to be virulent in pigs. However, because relevant molecular epidemiological surveys have been limited, the prevalences of these species remain unknown and their pathogenicities are still controversial. We surveyed 196 fecal samples of pigs (118 of adults, 78 of piglets) at Tangerang in West Java, Indonesia, in 2017, employing PCR using porcine Entamoeba-specific primers. E. suis was the more frequently detected species, observed in 81.1% of samples, while E. polecki ST1 and ST3 were detected in 18.4% and 17.3% of samples, respectively; mixed infections (harboring 2-3 species or subtypes of Entamoeba) were confirmed in 29.3% of positive samples. Statistically significant differences in the positive rates were not seen between adult pigs and piglets, except for those of E. polecki ST3. The prevalences of Eimeria spp. and/or Cystoisospora suis (79.1%), strongyles (55.6%), and Strongyloides spp. (6.1%) were also observed morphologically in the samples. Further chronological or seasonal investigations of pigs and humans in these high-prevalence areas are needed to assess the virulence of the Entamoeba parasites, including the effects on pig productivity, and to evaluate the zoonotic impacts of these organisms.

Research paper thumbnail of Awareness of the existence of Leishmaniasis as Protozoan Zoonosis in Indonesia

Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2020

Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis, neglected and poorly reported disease, caused by the protozoan Leish... more Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis, neglected and poorly reported disease, caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp, genus Leishmania, transmitted through several vector species including the sand fly (gnat) genus Phlebotomus. This disease has complex ecology and epidemiology. This paper presents about Leishmaniasis disease from epidemiological aspects and risk factors; parasites, vectors and reservoirs; diseases transmission and control. Leishmania spp. is an obligate intramacrophage protozoan, characterized by its kinetoplast, a unique form of mitochondrial DNA. Clinical manifestations of Leishmaniasis depend on interactions between the characteristics of Leishmania species and the human host immune response, resulting in a diseases spectrum ranging from local lesions on the skin to diffuse involvement of the reticuloendothelial system. There are four forms of Leishmaniasis in humans with various clinical manifestations, namely visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar (KA), Cut...

Research paper thumbnail of Detections of gastrointestinal parasites, including Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp., in cattle of Banten province, Indonesia

Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2019

Gastrointestinal parasites can induce low productivity in livestock by causing acute or chronic e... more Gastrointestinal parasites can induce low productivity in livestock by causing acute or chronic enteritis. Veterinarians make great efforts to design rational and effective hygienic protocols for both the prevention and treatment of diarrhea. Although prevalences can vary depending on the examined areas or the ages of the hosts, and the methods used for detections, it is helpful to accumulate data across many areas to evaluate parasitic distribution. A coprological survey in cattle was conducted in Tangerang, Banten Province of Indonesia, in order to determine the prevalence of the parasites, including those of diarrhea-associated diseases. Furthermore, the risk of transmission of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp. to human was genetically analyzed. Gastrointestinal parasites were detected in 87 of 109 cattle samples, including 85 carrying Eimeria spp., 36 carrying Fasciola gigantica, 35 carrying Strongyloides spp., 33 carrying Paramphistomum spp., and 15 carrying Capillaria spp. Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp., parasites with zoonotic potential, were detected in 9 and 1 cattle samples, respectively. Molecular analyses identified the G. intestinalis isolate as a member of Assemblage E, which has been recently detected in humans in another country. These results may be helpful in understanding the hygienic risk affecting the livestock productivity and zoonotic potential of cattle in Indonesia.

Research paper thumbnail of Vector Control of Zoonotic Arbovirus Disease in Indonesia

Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2017

Zoonotic Arbovirus diseases which are caused by the genus of Flavivirus, Alphavirus, and Bunyavir... more Zoonotic Arbovirus diseases which are caused by the genus of Flavivirus, Alphavirus, and Bunyavirus, are transmitted through potential vectors. These diseases are commonly occurred, especially in tropical countries, including Indonesia. They can affect the economic development because of the high morbidity and mortality. This paper describes the incidence of zoonotic Arbovirus in Indonesia and the strategy to control its vector. Factors that support the occurrence of zoonotic Arbovirus diseases are environmental, demographic and behavioral changes, as well as advanced technology, transportation and global trade. These diseases would not occur without the role of vectors. Vector control can be carried out effectively through longitudinal surveillance to identify types of potential vectors in the area. Therefore to prevent the increased incidence of the diseases, controlling the vector is necessary.

Research paper thumbnail of Tingkat Mortalitas dan Afkir Ayam Broiler di Kandang Terbuka dan Tertutup

Perkembangan peternakan ayam broiler diiringi dengan perhatian yang besar terhadap sistem perkand... more Perkembangan peternakan ayam broiler diiringi dengan perhatian yang besar terhadap sistem perkandangan untuk kesejahteraan ayam yang direfleksikan dari tingkat mortalitas yang terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kesejahteraan ayam (dinilai dari tingkat mortalitas) dan jumlah afkir ayam broiler yang dipelihara dengan sistem kandang terbuka dan tertutup. Penelitian dilakukan di sebuah peternakan ayam broiler di Kecamatan Jasinga, Kabupaten Bogor, selama 2 periode pemeliharaan, dengan populasi masing-masing 69.321 ekor dan 70.381 ekor. Data mortalitas dan ayam afkir (culling) dikumpulkan melalui observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara dengan dokter hewan penanggung jawab peternakan (farm) dan petugas kandang. Hubungan antara tipe kandang terhadap tingkat mortalitas dan jumlah ayam afkir dianalisis secara kuantitatif deskriptif menggunakan uji chi square test dan interpretasi peluang risiko dengan Odd Ratio (OR). Hasil menujukkan tingkat mortalitas ayam secara kumul...

Research paper thumbnail of Risk Factors, Attitude and Knowledge of Farmers in Controlling Anthrax

Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2018

In terms of epidemiology, the distribution of anthrax globally remains enzootic, and is endemic i... more In terms of epidemiology, the distribution of anthrax globally remains enzootic, and is endemic in some parts of Indonesia. Contact with anthrax spores that present in meat, soil and grass can cause disease in both humans and animals. This paper describes risk factors causing high prevalence of anthrax, also attitude and knowledge of farmers’ community toward anthrax. Several risk factors that causing high prevalence of anthrax transmitted to humans are lack of farmers’ knowledge on anthrax, people's habit of slaughtering the sick animal and consuming the meat for economic reason. The knowledge of anthrax amongs farmer communities are influenced by education level, information sources, and professions. Farmers community knowledge in Indonesia towards anthrax is relatively low. Most farmers have wrong perception that anthrax is non-contagious disease. Control of anthrax in livestock and humans will be effective, if the community has better knowledge, attitude and good perception ...

Research paper thumbnail of Control of Coccidiosis in Chickens Through Herbal Medicine

Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2019

Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria sp. is an important disease in poultry industry. In Indonesia, the ... more Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria sp. is an important disease in poultry industry. In Indonesia, the morbidity due to this disease in poultry reaches up to 90%. The clinical symptoms of coccidiosis vary depending on the age of poultry and the species of Eimeria. If coccidiostat is not properly used in control and eradication program, it will cause resistance and residue in meat and egg. This paper aims to describe the optimal control of coccidiosis without chemical substances by using natural herbs. Resistance cases to Eimeria sp. cause the anti-coccidia ineffective therefore a safe and effective coccidiostat is needed. Currently, coccidiosis control using natural medicines from herbs was reported to be effective, safe, free of side effects and cheaper. An integrated coccidiosis control program can be applied along with biosecurity, vaccination, prebiotics and coccidiostat from herbs. Control of coccidiosis in chickens with herbal medicines can increase immunity, appetite and reduce str...

Research paper thumbnail of 206 Extension Program on the Control of Bovine Fasciolosis in West Java , Indonesia

MARTINDAH, E., A. KUSUMANINGSIH, S. WIDJAJANTI, S. PARTOUTOMO, B. FRANK, and SUHARDONO. 1998. Ext... more MARTINDAH, E., A. KUSUMANINGSIH, S. WIDJAJANTI, S. PARTOUTOMO, B. FRANK, and SUHARDONO. 1998. Extension program on the control of bovine fasciolosis in West Java, Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 3(3): 206-213. An extension program to control fasciolosis in cattle and buffalo was undertaken in collaboration with officers of the District of Livestock Services (DLS) and farmer organizations in the Surade district of West Java. Control strategies were based on results of extensive epidemiological studies on fasciolosis in this area over the past 4 years. Recommendations included: (1) preventing animals grazing harvested rice fields adjacent to a village or cattle pen; (2) feeding stock only the top two-thirds of freshly cut rice stalks; (3) mixing cattle or buffalo faeces with manure of ducks or chicken naturally infected with Echinostoma revolutum, before using them as fertilizer in rice fields; and (4) a single treatment with triclabendazole in July, about 6 weeks after ha...

Research paper thumbnail of Reaksi Silang Serum Unggas terhadap Virus Avian Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.1.3 dan 2.3.2 dengan Uji Hemaglutinasi Inhibisi

Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner Mendukung Diversifikasi Sumber Protein Asal Ternak, Aug 9, 2017

Avian Influenza virus H5N1 has existed in Indonesia and was detected as a clade 2.1.3 in 2003, an... more Avian Influenza virus H5N1 has existed in Indonesia and was detected as a clade 2.1.3 in 2003, and then in 2012 was detected H5N1 clade 2.3.2. Clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 has a low level of homology at genetic of nucleotide or amino acid. This study aims to determine cross reaction between Avian Influenza (AI) antigen (virus) H5N1 clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 in poultry (chickens and ducks) serum, which were vaccinated with inactivated AI H5N1 vaccine clade 2.1.3 against AI H5N1 antigen clade 2.3.2 and vaccinated inactivated AI H5N1 vaccine clade 2.3.2 against H5N1 antigen clade 2.1.3. Serum was obtained from chickens and ducks post-vaccination and unvaccinated (control) in laboratory conditions, and from ducks post-vaccination AI H5N1 in field condition. HI test is run by using AI H5N1 antigen clade 2.1.3 and clade 2.3.2. Results were analysed by the geometric means and anova test. HI test results show cross reaction with low antibody titers between chicken and duck serum post-vaccination of H5N1 clade 2.3.2 with clade 2.1.3 antigen, whereas serum of chicken and duck post-vaccination of AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 against clade 2.3.2 antigen shows cross reactions with high antibody titers. Conclusion of this study, postvaccination serum of AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 provide cross-reaction better than the post vaccination serum of H5N1 clade 2.3.2.

Research paper thumbnail of Cross-Reaction of Duck and Chicken Sera against Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 Antigens by Hemagglutination Inhibition Test

Jurnal Biologi Indonesia, 2017

This study aims to determine the cross-reaction between the antigen of avian influenza (AI) H5N1 ... more This study aims to determine the cross-reaction between the antigen of avian influenza (AI) H5N1 virus clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 in duck and chicken sera, which were vaccinated with inactivated AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 vaccine against AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 antigen and those vaccinated with inactivated AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 vaccine against H5N1 clade 2.1.3 antigen. The sera tested were obtained from postvaccination and control (unvaccinated) chickens and ducks in the laboratory condition, and from AI H5N1 postvaccination ducks in the field condition. HI test was conducted by using AI H5N1 clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 antigens. The results of HI titer were analyzed by the geometric means and by ANOVA. The results show that cross-reactions in both chicken and duck sera after AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 vaccination tested with AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 antigen occurred with low antibody titers, whereas in chicken and duck sera postvaccination with avian influenza H5N1 virus clade 2.1.3 showed cross-reaction with high antibody titer against clade 2.3.2 antigen. The conclusion of this study, postvaccination sera of AI H5N1 clade 2.1.3 provide better cross-reaction compared to the postvaccination sera of AI H5N1 clade 2.3.2.

Research paper thumbnail of Extension program on the control of bovine fasciolosis in West Java, Indonesia

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner, 1998

An extension program to control fasciolosis in cattle and buffalo was undertaken in collaboration... more An extension program to control fasciolosis in cattle and buffalo was undertaken in collaboration with officers of the District of Livestock Services (DLS) and farmer organizations in the Surade district of West Java. Control strategies were based on results of extensive epidemiological studies on fasciolosis in this area over the past 4 years. Recommendations included: (1) preventing animals grazing harvested rice fields adjacent to a village or cattle pen; (2) feeding stock only the top two-thirds of freshly cut rice stalks; (3) mixing cattle or buffalo faeces with manure of ducks or chicken naturally infected with Echinostoma revolutum, before using them as fertilizer in rice fields; and (4) a single treatment with triclabendazole in July, about 6 weeks after harvest of the last seasonal rice crop. Farmers were surveyed in January 1996 to determine their level of knowledge about fasciolosis. The extension program commenced in February, soon after planting the second seasonal rice...