Erdem Imrak - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Erdem Imrak

Wire ropes have complicated structures. Its core is assembled using six wire strands around a sim... more Wire ropes have complicated structures. Its core is assembled using six wire strands around a simple straight wire strand and called as Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC). IWRCs are used as the core for most complex structured wire ropes as Seale IWRC. In this paper as a complex wire rope structure the construction of Seale IWRC is described and its finite element analysis (FEA) is mentioned. The proposed methodology gives wire by wire results and as a result gives necessary information about the wire behavior within a wire rope.

Pomorstvo, Jun 30, 2022

The Coast Guard Command, which has a wide range of duties as saving human lives, protecting natur... more The Coast Guard Command, which has a wide range of duties as saving human lives, protecting natural resources, preventing marine pollution and battle against smuggling, uses diesel main engines in its ships, as in other military and commercial ships. It is critical that the main engines operate smoothly at all times so that they can respond quickly while performing their duties, thus enabling fast and early detection of faults and preventing failures that are costly or take longer to repair. The aim of this study is to create and to develop a model based on current data, to select machine learning algorithms and ensemble methods, to develop and explain the most appropriate model for fast and accurate detection of malfunctions that may occur in 4-stroke high-speed diesel engines. Thus, it is aimed to be an exemplary study for a data-based decision support mechanism.

Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 2007

The most analyses of wire ropes are based on the well known classical treatise on elasticity by L... more The most analyses of wire ropes are based on the well known classical treatise on elasticity by Love in 1944. A general theory of thin rods are included and investigated extensively. General equilibrium equations of a thin rod on arc length are derived and presented. The analytical and numerical solutions of wire ropes are based on the equilibrium equations as

In this study, effects of internal and external wire breaks, abrasive wear, insufficient lubricat... more In this study, effects of internal and external wire breaks, abrasive wear, insufficient lubrication, curling on bending over sheave fatigue life of steel wire ropes have been investigated. Experimental studies have been performed for two different steel wire ropes to investigate how steel wire rope samples are affected by degradations. Experimental results have been compared and the most critical degradation type and severity orders of defects or failures on bending over sheave fatigue life for both ropes have been presented. The most critical degradation type has been found as four adjacent internal strand breaks for rotation resistant rope and 3 × 2 external wire breaks for 6 × 36 WS rope among another degradation types investigated. The results indicate that bending over sheave fatigue life is influenced substantially by degradations artificially created.

Trans Motauto World, 2018

Vehicles, such as buses which are massive and have a very high centre of gravity, they have a low... more Vehicles, such as buses which are massive and have a very high centre of gravity, they have a lower resistance to overturning than other vehicles. The studies have shown that deformations can especially occur in the body structure. Some deformations that can occur in carrier elements during an accident make the vehicle a vital danger area for drivers and passengers. The aim of this study is to examine the protection of the passengers in the bus by means of constructive developments to be made within the body structure. ECE R66 legal regulations which are issued by the European Union (EU) and (Economic Commission for Europe Regulation 66-Provisions on the Approval of Major Passenger Vehicles for Resistance to the Construction of the Skeleton) for the buses were developed to protect passengers' habitats in overturning accidents. This work focuses to reach constructive solutions for costing, manufacturing and, safety which provided conditions for the body structure during rollover behaviour of the vehicle. Computer simulations and analysis have been performed to examine the strength of the cross-section of the body structure. The methods specified in the standard for calculating the rollover behaviour of the vehicle have been implemented and concluded. The results obtained from all these analyses produced constructive solutions and optimizations for the design of intercity buses.

Mechanics & Industry, 2017

In this study, discard lifetimes of 6 × 36 Warrington-Seale steel wire ropes subjected to bending... more In this study, discard lifetimes of 6 × 36 Warrington-Seale steel wire ropes subjected to bending over sheave (BoS) fatigue have been determined theoretically and experimentally. Multiple linear regression model has been devised and novel theoretical discard life prediction equation has been presented by using the least square method. The results indicate that there is a powerful correlation between the results obtained by theoretical model and experimental data. The theoretical discard life prediction equation results can be used in the range of specific tensile loads investigated and diameter ratios used with acceptable error when the values of coefficient of determination (r 2) and correlation coefficient (r) are considered.

Measurement, Aug 1, 2019

In this paper, theoretical and experimental studies are conducted to exhibit the discarding fatig... more In this paper, theoretical and experimental studies are conducted to exhibit the discarding fatigue lifetime of a rotation resistant rope exposed to alternate bending over sheave (BoS) fatigue. Experimental studies are fulfilled to determine discarding lifetimes of a rotation resistant rope exposed to BoS fatigue. Multiple linear regression analysis is performed and novel theoretical discarding lifetime prediction formula is determined by using the least square method. Furthermore, discarding lifetimes of rotation resistant ropes exposed to BoS fatigue is predicted by using artificial neural network (ANN). There is a vigorous correlation among the results acquired by regression model, ANN and experimental data.

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Aug 18, 2010

This article presents experimental investigations to determine the influence of rotation speed on... more This article presents experimental investigations to determine the influence of rotation speed on the bending fatigue lifetime of rotation-resistant rope and non-rotation-resistant rope. Heat generated by the rotation speed on steel wire rope samples has been measured by a thermal camera. Two sheaves with different diameters have been used to obtain the effect of sheave diameters on the heat alterations and bending fatigue lifetime. Two experimental tests have been conducted to determine the effect of insufficient lubrication on the bending fatigue lifetime. The results indicate that rotation speed affects the steel wire rope lifetime subjected to bending fatigue.

The effective coefficient of friction between the ropes and grooves depends on the geometrical sh... more The effective coefficient of friction between the ropes and grooves depends on the geometrical shapes of the grooves and the actual coefficients of friction. The effect of the changes in the groove angle and undercutting angle on the coefficient of friction and the traction are also studied. Therefore this work introduces the concept of shape factors for the maximum specific pressure for undercut grooves namely round and undercut grooves and also derives it by means of stress fuction method.

Spiral wire rope strands and overhead electrical conductors are examples of helical wire assembli... more Spiral wire rope strands and overhead electrical conductors are examples of helical wire assemblies. The use of these helically wound wires constitute a wide class of important engineering components. When they are subjected to axial loads (tensile and torsional), these structures may still exhibit the helically symmetric characteristic after loading. For this reason, this feature can be used to simplify the analysis of these structures and to reduce model size in numerical simulations. In this paper, the formulation of helically symmetric boundary conditions is used and a general strand model using the finite element method (FEM) is presented. The model is capable of taking into account the effects of tension, shear, torsion, contact, friction and possible local plastic yielding and has been successfully used to predict the global behavior of simple straight wire rope strand as well as the stress distribution, which are very difficult to predict analytically. As most of the strand models, the length of the strand is assumed sufficiently long for the clamping conditions to be negligible. The finite analysis results showed excellent agreement with the analytical theory of Costello and the experimental results obtained by Utting and Jones [6, 7].

Steel wire ropes are used in elevators, cranes, mine hoistings, bridges, offshore and aerial rope... more Steel wire ropes are used in elevators, cranes, mine hoistings, bridges, offshore and aerial ropeway systems. In this study, bending over sheave (BoS) fatigue lifetimes of 6 × 36 Warrington-Seale steel wire ropes have been determined theoretically and experimentally. Experimental findings have critical importance in identifying behavior of wire rope subjected to bending over sheave fatigue. Experimental studies have been performed to show effects of tensile load and sheave diameter parameters on BoS fatigue lifetimes of 6 × 36 Warrington-Seale steel wire ropes. Besides, a multiple linear regression model has been devised and novel theoretical BoS fatigue life prediction equation has been presented by using the least square method. The results indicate that there is a powerful correlation between the results obtained by theoretical model and experimental data. The BoS fatigue lifetime results can be used in the range of specific tensile loads investigated and diameter ratios used with acceptable error.

Engineering With Computers, Nov 18, 2021

Dynamic crack propagation assessment in functionally graded materials (FGMs) with micro-cracks is... more Dynamic crack propagation assessment in functionally graded materials (FGMs) with micro-cracks is accomplished using bond-based Peridynamics (PD). The dynamic fracture behaviour of various FGMs' material models is studied in Kalthoff-Winkler experiment. Dynamic crack growth predictions and associated material damage of the specimen under dynamic loading conditions are considered. The effect of micro-cracks near macro-crack tips on the toughening mechanism is evaluated in terms of crack propagation velocities. Stochastically pre-located micro-cracks are modelled to obtain the toughening effect in the material. Additionally, the velocities and time required for fracture are compared in different FGM cases. It is frankly found that if a crack propagates in the harder region of the specimen, velocities decrease and toughness increase in contrast to the softer region. Furthermore, micro-cracks around a macro-crack decelerate the crack propagation and enhance toughening mechanism in FGM body depending on gradation of material properties.

Experimental Techniques, Jun 21, 2017

Investigation on theoretical and experimental determination of bending over sheave fatigue lifeti... more Investigation on theoretical and experimental determination of bending over sheave fatigue lifetimes of rotation resistant steel wire ropes has been conducted. Effects of sheave size and tensile load on bending over sheave fatigue lifetimes of investigated rope have been presented. Bending over sheave fatigue life prediction according to effects of tensile load and sheave diameter has been presented by using artificial neural networks. The results point out that constructed ANN model estimations and experimental results have powerful correlation.

DergiPark (Istanbul University), Apr 10, 2013

Kancalar, krenlerde yukun emniyetli bir sekilde tutulmasi ve kaldirilmasini saglayan bir eleman o... more Kancalar, krenlerde yukun emniyetli bir sekilde tutulmasi ve kaldirilmasini saglayan bir eleman olup, seklinin ve malzemesinin uygun bir sekilde secimi ile minimum olcude bir elemanin meydana getirilmesi, kaldirilan faydali yukun buyuklugunun arttirilmasini saglamaktadir. Bu calismada, egri eksenli cubuk teoreminin, endustriyel tesislerde yaygin kullanilan vinclerin ve krenlerin yuk tutma elemani olan basit kancalara uygulanabilecegi gosterilmistir. DIN 15401 normu esas alinarak basit kancalarin yaklasik ve egri eksenli cubuk teoreminin uygulandigi kesin hesap yontemleri incelenmis, konuyla ilgili aciklayici bir ornek verilmis ve elde edilen gerilme degerleri karsilastirilmistir.

Engineering With Computers, Jan 2, 2023

DergiPark (Istanbul University), Apr 10, 2013

Modellemede sağladığı kolaylıklar sonlu elemanlar metodunun dişli çarkların gerilme analizinde ku... more Modellemede sağladığı kolaylıklar sonlu elemanlar metodunun dişli çarkların gerilme analizinde kullanılmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çalışmada, düz dişli çarkların temas simülasyonu için sonlu elemanlar modellenmesinde dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Kavramadaki dişli çiftindeki dişdibi gerilmelerinin incelenmesine imkan sağlayan dişli çark sonlu eleman modeli elde edilmiş ve literatürdeki modellerle karşılaştırılmıştır.

Lift traffic control systems have become more complicated because of their nature of intelligence... more Lift traffic control systems have become more complicated because of their nature of intelligence. Evolutionary algorithm methods employing genetic algorithms have been proved to be successful in many different fields. They have been applied to basic problems in lift traffic control systems, such as the reduction of passenger’s waiting time. In particular, genetic algorithms can offer better solutions to the passenger hall call allocation process when compared to the conventional traffic control methods. Lift control algorithms utilizing genetic algorithms aim at optimizing the most suitable cars to the floors by considering the passenger service demand. In this paper, the passenger’s waiting time has been reduced by using genetic algorithms and the lift control systems must be optimum.

Sigma, 2004

... Neticede lineer cebrik denklem takımı ile problemin tümünün fiziksel davranışı tanımlamakta v... more ... Neticede lineer cebrik denklem takımı ile problemin tümünün fiziksel davranışı tanımlamakta ve uygun sayısal metod ile çözüm elde edilmektedir [9]. 3.1. ... Eleman şekil fonksiyonları köşe düğüm noktalarında (1,2,3 ve 4 numaralı düğümlerde), )1 )( 1)( 1( 4 ...

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 2011

The aim of this study is to determine the values of stress and deformation occurring on elevator ... more The aim of this study is to determine the values of stress and deformation occurring on elevator car frame components with finite element and analytical methods. Two analytical approaches have been used to obtain the mechanical behaviours of elevator car frame components. Different design parameters have been used to show fluctuation of safety factors, stress and deformation values occurring on elevator car frame components. Optimisations of vertical and crosshead beams have been performed by the finite element method in order to attain optimum weight and stress reduction. It is found that the most critical component of elevator car frame is the crosshead beam when elevator is overloaded. Practical applications: This article presents the stress and deformation values on car frame components depending on the number of passengers for elevator designed for five passengers. Safety factors have been presented for car frame components separately when the elevator is overloaded. The allowa...

Wire ropes have complicated structures. Its core is assembled using six wire strands around a sim... more Wire ropes have complicated structures. Its core is assembled using six wire strands around a simple straight wire strand and called as Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC). IWRCs are used as the core for most complex structured wire ropes as Seale IWRC. In this paper as a complex wire rope structure the construction of Seale IWRC is described and its finite element analysis (FEA) is mentioned. The proposed methodology gives wire by wire results and as a result gives necessary information about the wire behavior within a wire rope.

Pomorstvo, Jun 30, 2022

The Coast Guard Command, which has a wide range of duties as saving human lives, protecting natur... more The Coast Guard Command, which has a wide range of duties as saving human lives, protecting natural resources, preventing marine pollution and battle against smuggling, uses diesel main engines in its ships, as in other military and commercial ships. It is critical that the main engines operate smoothly at all times so that they can respond quickly while performing their duties, thus enabling fast and early detection of faults and preventing failures that are costly or take longer to repair. The aim of this study is to create and to develop a model based on current data, to select machine learning algorithms and ensemble methods, to develop and explain the most appropriate model for fast and accurate detection of malfunctions that may occur in 4-stroke high-speed diesel engines. Thus, it is aimed to be an exemplary study for a data-based decision support mechanism.

Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 2007

The most analyses of wire ropes are based on the well known classical treatise on elasticity by L... more The most analyses of wire ropes are based on the well known classical treatise on elasticity by Love in 1944. A general theory of thin rods are included and investigated extensively. General equilibrium equations of a thin rod on arc length are derived and presented. The analytical and numerical solutions of wire ropes are based on the equilibrium equations as

In this study, effects of internal and external wire breaks, abrasive wear, insufficient lubricat... more In this study, effects of internal and external wire breaks, abrasive wear, insufficient lubrication, curling on bending over sheave fatigue life of steel wire ropes have been investigated. Experimental studies have been performed for two different steel wire ropes to investigate how steel wire rope samples are affected by degradations. Experimental results have been compared and the most critical degradation type and severity orders of defects or failures on bending over sheave fatigue life for both ropes have been presented. The most critical degradation type has been found as four adjacent internal strand breaks for rotation resistant rope and 3 × 2 external wire breaks for 6 × 36 WS rope among another degradation types investigated. The results indicate that bending over sheave fatigue life is influenced substantially by degradations artificially created.

Trans Motauto World, 2018

Vehicles, such as buses which are massive and have a very high centre of gravity, they have a low... more Vehicles, such as buses which are massive and have a very high centre of gravity, they have a lower resistance to overturning than other vehicles. The studies have shown that deformations can especially occur in the body structure. Some deformations that can occur in carrier elements during an accident make the vehicle a vital danger area for drivers and passengers. The aim of this study is to examine the protection of the passengers in the bus by means of constructive developments to be made within the body structure. ECE R66 legal regulations which are issued by the European Union (EU) and (Economic Commission for Europe Regulation 66-Provisions on the Approval of Major Passenger Vehicles for Resistance to the Construction of the Skeleton) for the buses were developed to protect passengers' habitats in overturning accidents. This work focuses to reach constructive solutions for costing, manufacturing and, safety which provided conditions for the body structure during rollover behaviour of the vehicle. Computer simulations and analysis have been performed to examine the strength of the cross-section of the body structure. The methods specified in the standard for calculating the rollover behaviour of the vehicle have been implemented and concluded. The results obtained from all these analyses produced constructive solutions and optimizations for the design of intercity buses.

Mechanics & Industry, 2017

In this study, discard lifetimes of 6 × 36 Warrington-Seale steel wire ropes subjected to bending... more In this study, discard lifetimes of 6 × 36 Warrington-Seale steel wire ropes subjected to bending over sheave (BoS) fatigue have been determined theoretically and experimentally. Multiple linear regression model has been devised and novel theoretical discard life prediction equation has been presented by using the least square method. The results indicate that there is a powerful correlation between the results obtained by theoretical model and experimental data. The theoretical discard life prediction equation results can be used in the range of specific tensile loads investigated and diameter ratios used with acceptable error when the values of coefficient of determination (r 2) and correlation coefficient (r) are considered.

Measurement, Aug 1, 2019

In this paper, theoretical and experimental studies are conducted to exhibit the discarding fatig... more In this paper, theoretical and experimental studies are conducted to exhibit the discarding fatigue lifetime of a rotation resistant rope exposed to alternate bending over sheave (BoS) fatigue. Experimental studies are fulfilled to determine discarding lifetimes of a rotation resistant rope exposed to BoS fatigue. Multiple linear regression analysis is performed and novel theoretical discarding lifetime prediction formula is determined by using the least square method. Furthermore, discarding lifetimes of rotation resistant ropes exposed to BoS fatigue is predicted by using artificial neural network (ANN). There is a vigorous correlation among the results acquired by regression model, ANN and experimental data.

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Aug 18, 2010

This article presents experimental investigations to determine the influence of rotation speed on... more This article presents experimental investigations to determine the influence of rotation speed on the bending fatigue lifetime of rotation-resistant rope and non-rotation-resistant rope. Heat generated by the rotation speed on steel wire rope samples has been measured by a thermal camera. Two sheaves with different diameters have been used to obtain the effect of sheave diameters on the heat alterations and bending fatigue lifetime. Two experimental tests have been conducted to determine the effect of insufficient lubrication on the bending fatigue lifetime. The results indicate that rotation speed affects the steel wire rope lifetime subjected to bending fatigue.

The effective coefficient of friction between the ropes and grooves depends on the geometrical sh... more The effective coefficient of friction between the ropes and grooves depends on the geometrical shapes of the grooves and the actual coefficients of friction. The effect of the changes in the groove angle and undercutting angle on the coefficient of friction and the traction are also studied. Therefore this work introduces the concept of shape factors for the maximum specific pressure for undercut grooves namely round and undercut grooves and also derives it by means of stress fuction method.

Spiral wire rope strands and overhead electrical conductors are examples of helical wire assembli... more Spiral wire rope strands and overhead electrical conductors are examples of helical wire assemblies. The use of these helically wound wires constitute a wide class of important engineering components. When they are subjected to axial loads (tensile and torsional), these structures may still exhibit the helically symmetric characteristic after loading. For this reason, this feature can be used to simplify the analysis of these structures and to reduce model size in numerical simulations. In this paper, the formulation of helically symmetric boundary conditions is used and a general strand model using the finite element method (FEM) is presented. The model is capable of taking into account the effects of tension, shear, torsion, contact, friction and possible local plastic yielding and has been successfully used to predict the global behavior of simple straight wire rope strand as well as the stress distribution, which are very difficult to predict analytically. As most of the strand models, the length of the strand is assumed sufficiently long for the clamping conditions to be negligible. The finite analysis results showed excellent agreement with the analytical theory of Costello and the experimental results obtained by Utting and Jones [6, 7].

Steel wire ropes are used in elevators, cranes, mine hoistings, bridges, offshore and aerial rope... more Steel wire ropes are used in elevators, cranes, mine hoistings, bridges, offshore and aerial ropeway systems. In this study, bending over sheave (BoS) fatigue lifetimes of 6 × 36 Warrington-Seale steel wire ropes have been determined theoretically and experimentally. Experimental findings have critical importance in identifying behavior of wire rope subjected to bending over sheave fatigue. Experimental studies have been performed to show effects of tensile load and sheave diameter parameters on BoS fatigue lifetimes of 6 × 36 Warrington-Seale steel wire ropes. Besides, a multiple linear regression model has been devised and novel theoretical BoS fatigue life prediction equation has been presented by using the least square method. The results indicate that there is a powerful correlation between the results obtained by theoretical model and experimental data. The BoS fatigue lifetime results can be used in the range of specific tensile loads investigated and diameter ratios used with acceptable error.

Engineering With Computers, Nov 18, 2021

Dynamic crack propagation assessment in functionally graded materials (FGMs) with micro-cracks is... more Dynamic crack propagation assessment in functionally graded materials (FGMs) with micro-cracks is accomplished using bond-based Peridynamics (PD). The dynamic fracture behaviour of various FGMs' material models is studied in Kalthoff-Winkler experiment. Dynamic crack growth predictions and associated material damage of the specimen under dynamic loading conditions are considered. The effect of micro-cracks near macro-crack tips on the toughening mechanism is evaluated in terms of crack propagation velocities. Stochastically pre-located micro-cracks are modelled to obtain the toughening effect in the material. Additionally, the velocities and time required for fracture are compared in different FGM cases. It is frankly found that if a crack propagates in the harder region of the specimen, velocities decrease and toughness increase in contrast to the softer region. Furthermore, micro-cracks around a macro-crack decelerate the crack propagation and enhance toughening mechanism in FGM body depending on gradation of material properties.

Experimental Techniques, Jun 21, 2017

Investigation on theoretical and experimental determination of bending over sheave fatigue lifeti... more Investigation on theoretical and experimental determination of bending over sheave fatigue lifetimes of rotation resistant steel wire ropes has been conducted. Effects of sheave size and tensile load on bending over sheave fatigue lifetimes of investigated rope have been presented. Bending over sheave fatigue life prediction according to effects of tensile load and sheave diameter has been presented by using artificial neural networks. The results point out that constructed ANN model estimations and experimental results have powerful correlation.

DergiPark (Istanbul University), Apr 10, 2013

Kancalar, krenlerde yukun emniyetli bir sekilde tutulmasi ve kaldirilmasini saglayan bir eleman o... more Kancalar, krenlerde yukun emniyetli bir sekilde tutulmasi ve kaldirilmasini saglayan bir eleman olup, seklinin ve malzemesinin uygun bir sekilde secimi ile minimum olcude bir elemanin meydana getirilmesi, kaldirilan faydali yukun buyuklugunun arttirilmasini saglamaktadir. Bu calismada, egri eksenli cubuk teoreminin, endustriyel tesislerde yaygin kullanilan vinclerin ve krenlerin yuk tutma elemani olan basit kancalara uygulanabilecegi gosterilmistir. DIN 15401 normu esas alinarak basit kancalarin yaklasik ve egri eksenli cubuk teoreminin uygulandigi kesin hesap yontemleri incelenmis, konuyla ilgili aciklayici bir ornek verilmis ve elde edilen gerilme degerleri karsilastirilmistir.

Engineering With Computers, Jan 2, 2023

DergiPark (Istanbul University), Apr 10, 2013

Modellemede sağladığı kolaylıklar sonlu elemanlar metodunun dişli çarkların gerilme analizinde ku... more Modellemede sağladığı kolaylıklar sonlu elemanlar metodunun dişli çarkların gerilme analizinde kullanılmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çalışmada, düz dişli çarkların temas simülasyonu için sonlu elemanlar modellenmesinde dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Kavramadaki dişli çiftindeki dişdibi gerilmelerinin incelenmesine imkan sağlayan dişli çark sonlu eleman modeli elde edilmiş ve literatürdeki modellerle karşılaştırılmıştır.

Lift traffic control systems have become more complicated because of their nature of intelligence... more Lift traffic control systems have become more complicated because of their nature of intelligence. Evolutionary algorithm methods employing genetic algorithms have been proved to be successful in many different fields. They have been applied to basic problems in lift traffic control systems, such as the reduction of passenger’s waiting time. In particular, genetic algorithms can offer better solutions to the passenger hall call allocation process when compared to the conventional traffic control methods. Lift control algorithms utilizing genetic algorithms aim at optimizing the most suitable cars to the floors by considering the passenger service demand. In this paper, the passenger’s waiting time has been reduced by using genetic algorithms and the lift control systems must be optimum.

Sigma, 2004

... Neticede lineer cebrik denklem takımı ile problemin tümünün fiziksel davranışı tanımlamakta v... more ... Neticede lineer cebrik denklem takımı ile problemin tümünün fiziksel davranışı tanımlamakta ve uygun sayısal metod ile çözüm elde edilmektedir [9]. 3.1. ... Eleman şekil fonksiyonları köşe düğüm noktalarında (1,2,3 ve 4 numaralı düğümlerde), )1 )( 1)( 1( 4 ...

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 2011

The aim of this study is to determine the values of stress and deformation occurring on elevator ... more The aim of this study is to determine the values of stress and deformation occurring on elevator car frame components with finite element and analytical methods. Two analytical approaches have been used to obtain the mechanical behaviours of elevator car frame components. Different design parameters have been used to show fluctuation of safety factors, stress and deformation values occurring on elevator car frame components. Optimisations of vertical and crosshead beams have been performed by the finite element method in order to attain optimum weight and stress reduction. It is found that the most critical component of elevator car frame is the crosshead beam when elevator is overloaded. Practical applications: This article presents the stress and deformation values on car frame components depending on the number of passengers for elevator designed for five passengers. Safety factors have been presented for car frame components separately when the elevator is overloaded. The allowa...