Bradley Erickson - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Bradley Erickson
Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
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ABSTRACT
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Cancer informatics
Modern imaging systems are able to produce a rich and diverse array of information, regarding var... more Modern imaging systems are able to produce a rich and diverse array of information, regarding various facets of anatomy and function. The quantity of information produced by these systems is so bountiful, however, as to have the potential to become a hindrance to clinical assessment. In the context of serial image evaluation, computer-based change detection and characterization is one important mechanism to process the information produced by imaging systems, so as to reduce the quantity of data, direct the attention of the physician to regions of the data which are the most informative for their purposes, and present the data in the form in which it will be the most useful. Change detection and characterization algorithms may serve as a basis for the creation of an objective definition of progression, which will reduce inter and intra-observer variability, and facilitate earlier detection of disease and recurrence, which in turn may lead to improved outcomes. Decreased observer variability combined with increased acuity should make it easier to discover promising therapies. Quantitative measures of the response to these therapies should provide a means to compare the effectiveness of treatments under investigation. Change detection may be applicable to a broad range of cancers, in essentially all anatomical regions. The source of information upon which change detection comparisons may be based is likewise broad. Validation of algorithms for the longitudinal assessment of cancer patients is expected to be challenging, though not insurmountable, as the many facets of the problem mean that validation will likely need to be approached from a variety of vantage points. Change detection and characterization is quickly becoming a very active field of investigation, and it is expected that this burgeoning field will help to facilitate cancer care both in the clinic and research.
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Cancer informatics
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Cancer informatics
... Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Correspondence: Bradley J Erickson, Emai... more ... Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Correspondence: Bradley J Erickson, Email: bje/at/mayo.edu. This article is an open-access article ... described a process for acquiring the MRI images in an aligned condition (Gedat, Braun et al.; van der Kouwe, Benner et al. ...
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Neurology
Immunoglobulin (Ig) administration induces remyelination in the Theiler's virus model of ... more Immunoglobulin (Ig) administration induces remyelination in the Theiler's virus model of MS. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of IV immunoglobulin (IVIg) was performed in patients with MS who had persistent muscle weakness that had been stable for between 4 and 18 months to determine whether this would improve muscle strength (primary outcome: isometric muscle strength). Patients received either IVIg (0.4 g/kg) or placebo daily for 5 days, then single infusions every 2 weeks for 3 months (total, 11 infusions). Muscle groups identified by clinical measures to have unchanging significant weakness were the major targets for therapeutic response (targeted neurologic deficit [TND]). IVIg was well tolerated. An interim analysis after 67 patients were enrolled indicated no difference in the degree of change in strength between treatment groups in either the TND or non-TND muscle groups at 6 months, and the trial was terminated. There was no apparent benefit in relapse behavior or impairment measures during the 6-month observation period. Nor was there apparent benefit in either patients who remained clinically stable or in those with evidence of disease activity. Patients with active MS during the trial worsened in both TND and non-TND muscle groups. This worsening was seen regardless of whether the clinical manifestations of disease activity involved the TND muscle groups. IVIg does not reverse established weakness in MS. Measurements of isometric muscle strength were reliable (reproducible) indices of strength and may be sensitive, objective methods to document functional changes in impairment in future MS trials.
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PURPOSE The inherent variability of unstructured free text radiology reports may result in failur... more PURPOSE The inherent variability of unstructured free text radiology reports may result in failure to communicate valuable clinical information, particularly in follow-up tumor imaging. We aimed to assess if unstructured follow-up brain MRI reports contained sufficient information for classification of tumor status. METHOD AND MATERIALS Retrospective review of consecutive MRI reports for follow-up brain tumor exams performed Jan 2000 to Dec 2007 at a large tertiary center. Reports were classified by independent review, based on consensus annotation guidelines, according to tumor status (regression, stable, progression), magnitude of any change (mild, moderate, severe) and significance of any change (uncertain, possible, probable). RESULTS Of a total of 778 reports, 6 (0.8%) were unclassifiable despite having suitable comparison scans. In the remaining 772 reports, indicators used to classify tumor status included: tumor size in 215 (27.8%); other indicators such as enhancement, T2 p...
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES Learning Objectives: Understand why multidetector isotropic volumetric CT and... more LEARNING OBJECTIVES Learning Objectives: Understand why multidetector isotropic volumetric CT and advanced MR sequences have created an explosion in the number of images to be reviewed for diagnostic interpretation. Learn how technological innovations combined with psychovisual science have enabled creation of new visualization tools. Understand how to use these tools safely and effectively for diagnostic accuracy in the neuro-axis, abdomen, and cardiovascular systems.
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PURPOSE Registration of serial MRI brain exams is useful for research and clinical practice, but ... more PURPOSE Registration of serial MRI brain exams is useful for research and clinical practice, but when lesions in the brain grow or shrink, inaccurate alignment of the unchanged part of the brain may occur. We investigated a two-step registration method in which the whole brain was used to obtain the rough registration, and then a subregion of all brain voxels at least 5 mm away from lesion in step 2. METHOD AND MATERIALS After IRB review, we collected serial exam pairs on 20 patients with changing brain tumors acquired on 1.5T GE scanner including both T1- and T2-weighted images, 240 mmx240mm FOV, 4 mm thick and 256 x 256 matrix. T1 and T2 images at timepoint 2 were registered to its corresponding T1 or T2 image at timepoint 1 with customized ITK multi resolution, mutual information algorithm, allowing either quaternion or affine transformation. A user defined a tumor mask, and all non-brain voxels at least 5mm away from this mask were used as a 2nd step registration (both affine an...
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Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, Jan 31, 2015
Renal imaging examinations provide high-resolution information about the anatomic structure of th... more Renal imaging examinations provide high-resolution information about the anatomic structure of the kidneys and are used to measure total kidney volume (TKV) in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients. TKV has become the gold-standard image biomarker for ADPKD progression at early stages of the disease and is used in clinical trials to characterize treatment efficacy. Automated methods to segment the kidneys and measure TKV are desirable because of the long time requirement for manual approaches such as stereology or planimetry tracings. However, ADPKD kidney segmentation is complicated by a number of factors, including irregular kidney shapes and variable tissue signal at the kidney borders. We describe an image processing approach that overcomes these problems by using a baseline segmentation initialization to provide automatic segmentation of follow-up scans obtained years apart. We validated our approach using 20 patients with complete baseline and follow-up...
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Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
CT images represent a unique challenge for medical image compression; they have many pixels with ... more CT images represent a unique challenge for medical image compression; they have many pixels with very high and very low intensity values, often with sharp edges between the two, and the intensity values have quantitative significance, representing the attenuation coefficient in Hounsfield units (HU). Thus, the intensity ranges which represent bone or various soft tissues are essentially known in advance. When viewing a CT image, different window and level settings for mapping the 12-bit intensity values to an 8-bit display are used, depending on the objects of interest. When viewing objects with very high or low values, large window values are used, so that differences in intensity values on the order of 10 or 20 HU are not significant and are scarcely noticed in practice. Conversely, when viewing soft tissues, small windows are used to capture subtle but important distinction, and an intensity difference of 10-20 HU can be highly significant. CT compression schemes, therefore, shou...
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Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc, Jan 18, 2015
Today, a typical clinical study can involve thousands of participants, with imaging data acquired... more Today, a typical clinical study can involve thousands of participants, with imaging data acquired over several time points across multiple institutions. The additional associated information (metadata) accompanying these data can cause data management to be a study-hindering bottleneck. Consistent data management is crucial for large-scale modern clinical imaging research studies. If the study is to be used for regulatory submissions, such systems must be able to meet regulatory compliance requirements for systems that manage clinical image trials, including protecting patient privacy. Our aim was to develop a system to address these needs by leveraging the capabilities of an open-source content management system (CMS) that has a highly configurable workflow; has a single interface that can store, manage, and retrieve imaging-based studies; and can handle the requirement for data auditing and project management. We developed a Web-accessible CMS for medical images called Medical Ima...
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Academic radiology, 2015
To examine the effect of changes in utilization and advances in cross-sectional imaging on radiol... more To examine the effect of changes in utilization and advances in cross-sectional imaging on radiologists' workload. All computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations performed at a single institution between 1999 and 2010 were identified and associated with the total number of images for each examination. Annual trends in institutional numbers of interpreted examinations and images were translated to changes in daily workload for the individual radiologist by normalizing to the number of dedicated daily CT and MRI work assignments, assuming a 255-day/8-hour work day schedule. Temporal changes in institutional and individual workload were assessed by Sen's slope analysis (Q = median slope) and Mann-Kendall test (Z = Z statistic). From 1999 to 2010, a total of 1,517,149 cross-sectional imaging studies (CT = 994,471; MRI = 522,678) comprising 539,210,581 images (CT = 339,830,947; MRI = 199,379,634) were evaluated at our institution. Total annual cros...
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PURPOSE We sought to determine stand-alone accuracy of a computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithm... more PURPOSE We sought to determine stand-alone accuracy of a computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithm for saccular aneurysms on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) images and characterize specific anatomic locations and morphologic features associated with false positive detections, in order to guide future algorithm development. METHOD AND MATERIALS Following Institutional Review Board approval, we applied a custom CAD algorithm to 135 consecutive MRA exams in patients harboring intracranial aneurysms. Sensitivity of the algorithm was determined as well as the average number of false positive detections per exam. We also catalogued the locations and likely causes for false positive detections in 40 consecutive patients. RESULTS 166 aneurysms were present in 135 examinations. The average size of the aneurysms was 4.7+/-2.9mm. 157 (94.6%) of 166 aneurysms were detected by the algorithm. The algorithm detected 94 of 100 aneurysms smaller than 5mm (94%). On average, 6.7 false positives we...
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Neuro-oncology, Jan 5, 2015
A recent joint meeting was held on January 30, 2014, with the US Food and Drug Administration (FD... more A recent joint meeting was held on January 30, 2014, with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), National Cancer Institute (NCI), clinical scientists, imaging experts, pharmaceutical and biotech companies, clinical trials cooperative groups, and patient advocate groups to discuss imaging endpoints for clinical trials in glioblastoma. This workshop developed a set of priorities and action items including the creation of a standardized MRI protocol for multicenter studies. The current document outlines consensus recommendations for a standardized Brain Tumor Imaging Protocol (BTIP), along with the scientific and practical justifications for these recommendations, resulting from a series of discussions between various experts involved in aspects of neuro-oncology neuroimaging for clinical trials. The minimum recommended sequences include: (i) parameter-matched precontrast and postcontrast inversion recovery-prepared, isotropic 3D T1-weighted gradient-recalled echo; (ii) axial 2D T2...
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BACKGROUND Cerebral blood volume (CBV) is an emerging magnetic resonance imaging biomarker used t... more BACKGROUND Cerebral blood volume (CBV) is an emerging magnetic resonance imaging biomarker used to differentiate between progression and pseudo progression in patients with glioblastomas (GBM), a challenging task even for experts. Dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast (DSC) imaging is the most commonly used clinical technique for measuring CBV in brain tumors. However, accurate CBV quantification is difficult especially in cases of GBM, where the blood-brain barrier has been interrupted and contrast leakage occurs. Several software tools exist, allowing for semi-automatic calculation of relative CBV. Some of these software tools incorporate mathematical techniques to deal with contrast agent leakage. Assessing the accuracy and reliability of leakage correction methods can be achieved only with the use of an appropriate phantom. However, the development of digital phantoms that simulate contrast extravasation is an open research issue. The purpose of the current study is the devel...
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BACKGROUND Perfusion analysis software is widely available in clinical practice, however it is of... more BACKGROUND Perfusion analysis software is widely available in clinical practice, however it is often treated as a black box tool. The values produced are generally accepted, but validation is challenging. The purpose of the current study is to describe an evaluation framework we developed for the accuracy of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) measurements from these tools, as well as investigate their robustness to noise, i.e. their ability to perform measurements of data originating from different image acquisition protocols. EVALUATION Boxplots analysis was performed to provides a visual representation of variation of rCBV values for each noise level considered in this study for tumor with and without leakage respectively. Moderate positive correlations (0.3<r<0.7) were found between measurements with and without leakage correction. For the tumor with no simulated leakage, strong positive (r>0.7) correction was found for 1 package. In most cases, correlation decreased ...
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Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT
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Cancer informatics
Modern imaging systems are able to produce a rich and diverse array of information, regarding var... more Modern imaging systems are able to produce a rich and diverse array of information, regarding various facets of anatomy and function. The quantity of information produced by these systems is so bountiful, however, as to have the potential to become a hindrance to clinical assessment. In the context of serial image evaluation, computer-based change detection and characterization is one important mechanism to process the information produced by imaging systems, so as to reduce the quantity of data, direct the attention of the physician to regions of the data which are the most informative for their purposes, and present the data in the form in which it will be the most useful. Change detection and characterization algorithms may serve as a basis for the creation of an objective definition of progression, which will reduce inter and intra-observer variability, and facilitate earlier detection of disease and recurrence, which in turn may lead to improved outcomes. Decreased observer variability combined with increased acuity should make it easier to discover promising therapies. Quantitative measures of the response to these therapies should provide a means to compare the effectiveness of treatments under investigation. Change detection may be applicable to a broad range of cancers, in essentially all anatomical regions. The source of information upon which change detection comparisons may be based is likewise broad. Validation of algorithms for the longitudinal assessment of cancer patients is expected to be challenging, though not insurmountable, as the many facets of the problem mean that validation will likely need to be approached from a variety of vantage points. Change detection and characterization is quickly becoming a very active field of investigation, and it is expected that this burgeoning field will help to facilitate cancer care both in the clinic and research.
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Cancer informatics
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Cancer informatics
... Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Correspondence: Bradley J Erickson, Emai... more ... Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Correspondence: Bradley J Erickson, Email: bje/at/mayo.edu. This article is an open-access article ... described a process for acquiring the MRI images in an aligned condition (Gedat, Braun et al.; van der Kouwe, Benner et al. ...
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Neurology
Immunoglobulin (Ig) administration induces remyelination in the Theiler's virus model of ... more Immunoglobulin (Ig) administration induces remyelination in the Theiler's virus model of MS. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of IV immunoglobulin (IVIg) was performed in patients with MS who had persistent muscle weakness that had been stable for between 4 and 18 months to determine whether this would improve muscle strength (primary outcome: isometric muscle strength). Patients received either IVIg (0.4 g/kg) or placebo daily for 5 days, then single infusions every 2 weeks for 3 months (total, 11 infusions). Muscle groups identified by clinical measures to have unchanging significant weakness were the major targets for therapeutic response (targeted neurologic deficit [TND]). IVIg was well tolerated. An interim analysis after 67 patients were enrolled indicated no difference in the degree of change in strength between treatment groups in either the TND or non-TND muscle groups at 6 months, and the trial was terminated. There was no apparent benefit in relapse behavior or impairment measures during the 6-month observation period. Nor was there apparent benefit in either patients who remained clinically stable or in those with evidence of disease activity. Patients with active MS during the trial worsened in both TND and non-TND muscle groups. This worsening was seen regardless of whether the clinical manifestations of disease activity involved the TND muscle groups. IVIg does not reverse established weakness in MS. Measurements of isometric muscle strength were reliable (reproducible) indices of strength and may be sensitive, objective methods to document functional changes in impairment in future MS trials.
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PURPOSE The inherent variability of unstructured free text radiology reports may result in failur... more PURPOSE The inherent variability of unstructured free text radiology reports may result in failure to communicate valuable clinical information, particularly in follow-up tumor imaging. We aimed to assess if unstructured follow-up brain MRI reports contained sufficient information for classification of tumor status. METHOD AND MATERIALS Retrospective review of consecutive MRI reports for follow-up brain tumor exams performed Jan 2000 to Dec 2007 at a large tertiary center. Reports were classified by independent review, based on consensus annotation guidelines, according to tumor status (regression, stable, progression), magnitude of any change (mild, moderate, severe) and significance of any change (uncertain, possible, probable). RESULTS Of a total of 778 reports, 6 (0.8%) were unclassifiable despite having suitable comparison scans. In the remaining 772 reports, indicators used to classify tumor status included: tumor size in 215 (27.8%); other indicators such as enhancement, T2 p...
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES Learning Objectives: Understand why multidetector isotropic volumetric CT and... more LEARNING OBJECTIVES Learning Objectives: Understand why multidetector isotropic volumetric CT and advanced MR sequences have created an explosion in the number of images to be reviewed for diagnostic interpretation. Learn how technological innovations combined with psychovisual science have enabled creation of new visualization tools. Understand how to use these tools safely and effectively for diagnostic accuracy in the neuro-axis, abdomen, and cardiovascular systems.
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PURPOSE Registration of serial MRI brain exams is useful for research and clinical practice, but ... more PURPOSE Registration of serial MRI brain exams is useful for research and clinical practice, but when lesions in the brain grow or shrink, inaccurate alignment of the unchanged part of the brain may occur. We investigated a two-step registration method in which the whole brain was used to obtain the rough registration, and then a subregion of all brain voxels at least 5 mm away from lesion in step 2. METHOD AND MATERIALS After IRB review, we collected serial exam pairs on 20 patients with changing brain tumors acquired on 1.5T GE scanner including both T1- and T2-weighted images, 240 mmx240mm FOV, 4 mm thick and 256 x 256 matrix. T1 and T2 images at timepoint 2 were registered to its corresponding T1 or T2 image at timepoint 1 with customized ITK multi resolution, mutual information algorithm, allowing either quaternion or affine transformation. A user defined a tumor mask, and all non-brain voxels at least 5mm away from this mask were used as a 2nd step registration (both affine an...
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Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, Jan 31, 2015
Renal imaging examinations provide high-resolution information about the anatomic structure of th... more Renal imaging examinations provide high-resolution information about the anatomic structure of the kidneys and are used to measure total kidney volume (TKV) in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients. TKV has become the gold-standard image biomarker for ADPKD progression at early stages of the disease and is used in clinical trials to characterize treatment efficacy. Automated methods to segment the kidneys and measure TKV are desirable because of the long time requirement for manual approaches such as stereology or planimetry tracings. However, ADPKD kidney segmentation is complicated by a number of factors, including irregular kidney shapes and variable tissue signal at the kidney borders. We describe an image processing approach that overcomes these problems by using a baseline segmentation initialization to provide automatic segmentation of follow-up scans obtained years apart. We validated our approach using 20 patients with complete baseline and follow-up...
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Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
CT images represent a unique challenge for medical image compression; they have many pixels with ... more CT images represent a unique challenge for medical image compression; they have many pixels with very high and very low intensity values, often with sharp edges between the two, and the intensity values have quantitative significance, representing the attenuation coefficient in Hounsfield units (HU). Thus, the intensity ranges which represent bone or various soft tissues are essentially known in advance. When viewing a CT image, different window and level settings for mapping the 12-bit intensity values to an 8-bit display are used, depending on the objects of interest. When viewing objects with very high or low values, large window values are used, so that differences in intensity values on the order of 10 or 20 HU are not significant and are scarcely noticed in practice. Conversely, when viewing soft tissues, small windows are used to capture subtle but important distinction, and an intensity difference of 10-20 HU can be highly significant. CT compression schemes, therefore, shou...
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Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc, Jan 18, 2015
Today, a typical clinical study can involve thousands of participants, with imaging data acquired... more Today, a typical clinical study can involve thousands of participants, with imaging data acquired over several time points across multiple institutions. The additional associated information (metadata) accompanying these data can cause data management to be a study-hindering bottleneck. Consistent data management is crucial for large-scale modern clinical imaging research studies. If the study is to be used for regulatory submissions, such systems must be able to meet regulatory compliance requirements for systems that manage clinical image trials, including protecting patient privacy. Our aim was to develop a system to address these needs by leveraging the capabilities of an open-source content management system (CMS) that has a highly configurable workflow; has a single interface that can store, manage, and retrieve imaging-based studies; and can handle the requirement for data auditing and project management. We developed a Web-accessible CMS for medical images called Medical Ima...
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Academic radiology, 2015
To examine the effect of changes in utilization and advances in cross-sectional imaging on radiol... more To examine the effect of changes in utilization and advances in cross-sectional imaging on radiologists' workload. All computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations performed at a single institution between 1999 and 2010 were identified and associated with the total number of images for each examination. Annual trends in institutional numbers of interpreted examinations and images were translated to changes in daily workload for the individual radiologist by normalizing to the number of dedicated daily CT and MRI work assignments, assuming a 255-day/8-hour work day schedule. Temporal changes in institutional and individual workload were assessed by Sen's slope analysis (Q = median slope) and Mann-Kendall test (Z = Z statistic). From 1999 to 2010, a total of 1,517,149 cross-sectional imaging studies (CT = 994,471; MRI = 522,678) comprising 539,210,581 images (CT = 339,830,947; MRI = 199,379,634) were evaluated at our institution. Total annual cros...
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PURPOSE We sought to determine stand-alone accuracy of a computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithm... more PURPOSE We sought to determine stand-alone accuracy of a computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithm for saccular aneurysms on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) images and characterize specific anatomic locations and morphologic features associated with false positive detections, in order to guide future algorithm development. METHOD AND MATERIALS Following Institutional Review Board approval, we applied a custom CAD algorithm to 135 consecutive MRA exams in patients harboring intracranial aneurysms. Sensitivity of the algorithm was determined as well as the average number of false positive detections per exam. We also catalogued the locations and likely causes for false positive detections in 40 consecutive patients. RESULTS 166 aneurysms were present in 135 examinations. The average size of the aneurysms was 4.7+/-2.9mm. 157 (94.6%) of 166 aneurysms were detected by the algorithm. The algorithm detected 94 of 100 aneurysms smaller than 5mm (94%). On average, 6.7 false positives we...
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Neuro-oncology, Jan 5, 2015
A recent joint meeting was held on January 30, 2014, with the US Food and Drug Administration (FD... more A recent joint meeting was held on January 30, 2014, with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), National Cancer Institute (NCI), clinical scientists, imaging experts, pharmaceutical and biotech companies, clinical trials cooperative groups, and patient advocate groups to discuss imaging endpoints for clinical trials in glioblastoma. This workshop developed a set of priorities and action items including the creation of a standardized MRI protocol for multicenter studies. The current document outlines consensus recommendations for a standardized Brain Tumor Imaging Protocol (BTIP), along with the scientific and practical justifications for these recommendations, resulting from a series of discussions between various experts involved in aspects of neuro-oncology neuroimaging for clinical trials. The minimum recommended sequences include: (i) parameter-matched precontrast and postcontrast inversion recovery-prepared, isotropic 3D T1-weighted gradient-recalled echo; (ii) axial 2D T2...
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BACKGROUND Cerebral blood volume (CBV) is an emerging magnetic resonance imaging biomarker used t... more BACKGROUND Cerebral blood volume (CBV) is an emerging magnetic resonance imaging biomarker used to differentiate between progression and pseudo progression in patients with glioblastomas (GBM), a challenging task even for experts. Dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast (DSC) imaging is the most commonly used clinical technique for measuring CBV in brain tumors. However, accurate CBV quantification is difficult especially in cases of GBM, where the blood-brain barrier has been interrupted and contrast leakage occurs. Several software tools exist, allowing for semi-automatic calculation of relative CBV. Some of these software tools incorporate mathematical techniques to deal with contrast agent leakage. Assessing the accuracy and reliability of leakage correction methods can be achieved only with the use of an appropriate phantom. However, the development of digital phantoms that simulate contrast extravasation is an open research issue. The purpose of the current study is the devel...
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BACKGROUND Perfusion analysis software is widely available in clinical practice, however it is of... more BACKGROUND Perfusion analysis software is widely available in clinical practice, however it is often treated as a black box tool. The values produced are generally accepted, but validation is challenging. The purpose of the current study is to describe an evaluation framework we developed for the accuracy of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) measurements from these tools, as well as investigate their robustness to noise, i.e. their ability to perform measurements of data originating from different image acquisition protocols. EVALUATION Boxplots analysis was performed to provides a visual representation of variation of rCBV values for each noise level considered in this study for tumor with and without leakage respectively. Moderate positive correlations (0.3<r<0.7) were found between measurements with and without leakage correction. For the tumor with no simulated leakage, strong positive (r>0.7) correction was found for 1 package. In most cases, correlation decreased ...
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