Erik Lindeberg - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Erik Lindeberg

Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Jul 1, 2020

The partitioning of non-ionic surfactants in a CO 2 /synthetic brine system was studied for a sel... more The partitioning of non-ionic surfactants in a CO 2 /synthetic brine system was studied for a selection of surfactants at reservoir conditions for CO 2 enhanced oil recovery and aquifer storage. Alkyl and alkylphenol ethoxylates with different degrees of branching in their hydrophobic moiety were chosen. Generally, higher temperature and pressure promoted increased solubility in CO 2. Branching of the hydrophobic moiety tends to favour CO 2 solubility (higher partition coefficient). Highly branched moieties were found to hinder solubility probably due to a decrease of their conformational entropy. The addition of an aromatic ring connecting the ethoxylate moiety and the hydrophobic moiety seemed to have an adverse effect at lower temperatures. For two surfactants, the effect of concentration on partitioning was also studied. The partition coefficient decreased for increasing concentrations until a plateau was reached above the corresponding surfactant critical micelle concentration (CMC). This may indicate micelle formation both in the CO 2 and in the aqueous phase.

Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1974

Energy Procedia, 2016

Long term success of CO 2 storage is heavily dependent on maintaining well integrity. Prevention ... more Long term success of CO 2 storage is heavily dependent on maintaining well integrity. Prevention and remediation of leakage through wells plays a crucial role in large scale implementation of CO 2 storage. Squeeze cementing is the most common remediation practice in the oil and gas industry used for various well leakage scenarios. The objective of this work was to test the sealing ability of a commercially available temperature-activated polymer resin in a laboratory-scale squeeze cementing operation. Two well leakage scenarios were selected: micro-annuli or cracks in cement and debonding at cement-casing interface. Cement (with or without steel) core samples with designed vertical leak paths were prepared. Permeability of the samples was measured both before and after the squeeze procedure. Then the samples were disassembled and studied by optical microscopy. The squeeze procedure proved to be successful for plugging the designed leak paths.

Chemischer Informationsdienst, Nov 26, 1974

All Days, Apr 17, 1994

A study of CO2 injection into an oil reservoir on the Norwegian Continental Shelf has been conduc... more A study of CO2 injection into an oil reservoir on the Norwegian Continental Shelf has been conducted. Oil production during miscible CO2 injection was simulated with a compositional reservoir simulator and a three dimensional reservoir model. This production profile was compared to water injection. The simulations showed that considerably more oil could be recovered with CO2 injection, approximately 63% OOIP, compared to approximately 43% OOIP for water injection. Results from miscibility studies, measurement of phase diagrams and extraction experiments were used to tune the phase behaviour description of the simulator. Numerical simulation of laboratory core flood experiments were used to quality test the compositional simulator. A good agreement between measured and simulated production profiles were obtained.

Social Science Research Network, 2019

With present emissions the global CO2 budget associated with a maximum temperature increase of ab... more With present emissions the global CO2 budget associated with a maximum temperature increase of about 1.5 to 2ºC will likely be spent within a few decades, Thus, it will be very difficult or perhaps even impossible to meet the climate targets agreed upon in Paris only by decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases. Scenarios presented in the IPCC reports accommodate for this by introducing so-called negative CO2 emissions. The idea is that the cumulative CO2 emission budget will be exceeded, but that massive negative emissions, especially during the latter part of the century, will remove the surplus of CO2 in the atmosphere. A number of different Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) have been proposed, including Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), afforestation/reforestation, altered agricultural practices, biochar production, enhanced weathering and direct air captured. However, many of the options proposed could be associated with carbon leakage which could compromise the purpose of negative emissions, e.g. storage in of carbon in growing/dead biomass that leaks to the atmosphere. Furthermore, it may be difficult to safely assess the long-term leakage rates. To reach the large negative emissions needed it is expected to require a mix of approaches having different expected retention times, and different safety in terms of leakage rates. Could the risk of leakage mean that we are just delaying the problem and transferring the problem to coming generations? The short answer to this is that it all depends on the leakage rates. Different leakage rates and mixes of leakage rates are investigated in the paper. For the case of a mixture of leakage time scales of 300, 1000 and 10,000 years and assuming that 80% or more was permanently stored, the contribution to the atmospheric stock was small, peaking at about 3 ppm CO2. It was concluded that leakage would not significantly compromise the benefits of negative emissions unless leakage is substantial and rapid. To quantify what could be meant by substantial and rapid, an example would be if 100% of the CO2 stored would leak out at a rate of the order of 1%/year.

The sedimentary sequence in the subsurface of the Trøndelag Platform (Mid-Norway) has been assess... more The sedimentary sequence in the subsurface of the Trøndelag Platform (Mid-Norway) has been assessed with regard to its suitability for long-term storage of CO 2. This study is part of the EU-funded CO2STORE project and was stimulated by the geographical proximity of the Trøndelag Platform to planned CO 2 point sources in Mid Norway. The sedimentary succession has been interpreted from seismic data and by analogy to the geology in the nearby Haltenbanken hydrocarbon province. Key seismic horizons have been mapped on seismic and depth-converted. Since no hydrocarbon exploration wells have been drilled in the Froan Basin area, the properties of the sedimentary formations are not known. In analogy to the sedimentary succession in hydrocarbon fields nearby, three formations of Jurassic age are likely to have properties suitable for CO 2 injection: the Tilje, Ile and Garn Formations. These formations dip to northwest. It was assumed that the conformable seal of these formations is tight, while the Quaternary overlying their subcrop is not sealing. Small anticlinal traps and fault-bounded traps exist locally in these formations. A digital subsurface geology model has been generated based on the mapped horizons. Petrophysical properties of the potential reservoir formations are only tentatively known from nearby fields. Therefore several cases with variable reservoir properties have been simulated. The simulations are for simplicity restricted to the Garn Formation. They assume injection at the base of this formation, approximately 60 km (trap case) and 55 km (no-trap case) from its subcrop below the Quaternary, at a depth of approximately 1.9 km. None of the simulations with up to 100 Mtonnes injected CO 2 resulted in any leakage largely because most of the CO 2 was trapped in subtle structural traps. Dissolution of the CO 2 into formation water and trapping as residual gas will aid local fixation of the CO 2. The simulations utilised only one of three formations and only a small areal fraction of the Trøndelag Platform (southeasternmost part of the Froan Basin area). The overall storage potential of the Jurassic formations of the Trøndelag Platform is thus estimated to be of the order of several 1000 Mtonnes. A more detailed study is proposed to derive a more precise estimate of the storage capacity and to evaluate the seal quality above the reservoir formations.

Energy Procedia, 2017

An experimental setup has been designed for measuring the dissolution rate of buoyant CO 2 into t... more An experimental setup has been designed for measuring the dissolution rate of buoyant CO 2 into the water phase below. Experiments were performed in a high-pressure cell, where the water phase was stabilized by a porous medium to mimic the situation of a gas cap in a storage reservoir. As many previous tests have been performed in 2D cells, this setup allows for 3D measurements of diffusion-induced convection. The tests are performed at high pressure where CO 2 is at high density, similar to a real storage situation and the dissolved CO 2 is measured by metering the pump that is automatically maintaining constant pressure. This allows rate measurements in a 3D environment. The basic interest was to determine the dissolution rate in the convective regime, but also the diffusion coefficient of CO 2 in water was determined by this experimental setup. In addition, the onset time of convection was estimated. The result show that the dissolution rate measured during convection was one to two order of magnitude faster than predicted by semi-empirical correlations obtained by numerical simulations. The estimated onset time of convection was shorter than theoretical prediction. The overall results suggest that diffusion induced convection plays a more important role than previously assumed.

SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2002, 2002

A method for discriminating between different reservoir flow models using forward modeling and ti... more A method for discriminating between different reservoir flow models using forward modeling and time-lapse seismic is presented. A rock-physical model is used in order to generate synthetic time-lapse acoustic responses based on flow model predictions. From the ...

Third EAGE CO2 Geological Storage Workshop, 2012

Digital pore scale images of the reservoir rocks from the Utsira formation have been modelled. Th... more Digital pore scale images of the reservoir rocks from the Utsira formation have been modelled. The Utsira Formation on the Norwegian Continental Shelf that is already being used for CO2 sequestration. This is a saline sand aquifer of Miocene to early Pliocene age, which is covered by some 700 meters of shales and sands. The aquifer is large and CO2 is being injected into the aquifer at a depth of 1012 meters below the sea floor by a highly deviated 3 km long well from the Sleipner Field. Direct dynamic CO2/water simulations have been conducted with all relevant fluid and flow properties. From these simulations steady and un-steady state constitutive relations (relative permeability, end-point saturations) are obtained. Clear flow rate and viscosity effects are revealed from these data, which again affects the storage capabilities of the reservoir rocks.

68th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2006, 2006

Atzbach-Schwanenstadt gas field in Upper Austria, operated by Rohol-Aufsuchungs AG, is a potentia... more Atzbach-Schwanenstadt gas field in Upper Austria, operated by Rohol-Aufsuchungs AG, is a potential storage site for CO2. In order to quantify amount of CO2 that can be stored in the reservoir, a geological model has been made on which a simulation model was based. Based on observed production data, estimates of reservoir capacity have been made. As much as 3.2 million tonnes of CO2 produced by industry could be stored in the reservoir. Also a potential for enhanced gas recovery process has been estimated. Preliminary reservoir simulation calculations show that Atzbach-Schwanenstadt reservoir could be a good CO2 storage site. Atzbach-Schwanenstadt is a natural gas reservoir therefore it is expected that it would be also safe in respect to potential leakage of CO2. Safe containment of CO2 should occur if reservoir pressure will stay below initial pressure. Additionally the integrity of wells in the field is important for safe storage of CO2.

3rd EAGE International Conference on Fault and Top Seals, 2012

The capillary-sealing efficiency of the caprock is one of the major factors that control the safe... more The capillary-sealing efficiency of the caprock is one of the major factors that control the safety of geological CO2 storage. Possible changes in wettability due to geochemical processes could possibly decrease the capillary entry pressure and reduce the sealing integrity of the caprock. Changes in wettability have been measured by measuring the CO2 contact angle mineral substrates mica, quartz, calcite and feldspar in the presence of brine for pressures extending from atmospheric pressure up to 400 bars and for temperatures of 36 °C and 66 °C. The change in contact angle as function of pressure was non-significant for CO2 drop on the surface of quartz, feldspar and calcite. There was a significant change in contact angle on mica in which case the wettability changed from strongly water-wet to intermediate water-wet. The minimum in contact angle near the critical pressure was observed at 36 °C for three minerals (feldspar, calcite, quartz) and was maybe masked in the case of mica by the significant decrease in contact angle with increasing pressure. A relatively strong anomaly in CO2 compressibility is observed at 36 °C, less so at 66°C, indicating that the observed minimum may be related to the near-critical behavior of the CO2-phase.

62nd EAGE Conference and Exhibition - Special Session on CO2

Statoil commenced in autumn 1996 disposal of CO2 gas into a shallow water saturated marine sand f... more Statoil commenced in autumn 1996 disposal of CO2 gas into a shallow water saturated marine sand formation located in the Norwegian North Sea Sleipner area

Chemischer Informationsdienst, 1974

SIGN. SUMMARY A pre-study of a concept for power production offshore on an old petroleum platform... more SIGN. SUMMARY A pre-study of a concept for power production offshore on an old petroleum platform has been performed. A net delivered 300 MW combined cycle power plant and a CO2 sequestering plant are located on a single Condeep platform. The power will be supplied to Statfjord, Gullfaks and Snorre by AC sea cables. The sequestered CO2 is compressed and dried, and injected into an underground formation. By replacing the present gas turbine power production on these fields, the CO2 emissions will be reduced with 1.6 Mt per year, corresponding to 4.4% of the total Norwegian CO2 emissions. Equipping the gas compressors with speed controlled electrical motors also represents a technical advantage, improving energy utilisation compared to present turbine drive. The concept appears to be technically feasible. The internal rate of return is estimated to 17.6%. The net present value is 2211 MNOK from a total capital investment of 3190 MNOK. A similar concept with central power production wi...

Colloids and Interfaces, 2021

An oscillating drop rheometer capable of operating under conditions of high pressure and high tem... more An oscillating drop rheometer capable of operating under conditions of high pressure and high temperature has been built. The oscillating drop mechanism was able to support pressures as high as 1300 bar and successfully performed oscillations at constant pressure. Apparent elastic and viscous complex moduli were measured for a system of CO2 and synthetic seawater containing 100 ppm of a linear alkyl ethoxylate surfactant for different pressures and temperatures. The moduli had strong dependencies on both pressure and temperature. At temperatures of 40 and 80 °C, the apparent elastic modulus passed through a maximum for pressures between 100 and 300 bar. The harmonic distortion of the oscillations was calculated for all measurements, and it was found that drop oscillations below ca. 2.6 µL caused distortions above 10% due to a mechanical backlash of the motor.

Nanomaterials, 2018

Graphene oxide, nanographene oxide and partially reduced graphene oxide have been studied as poss... more Graphene oxide, nanographene oxide and partially reduced graphene oxide have been studied as possible foam stabilizing agents for CO2 based enhanced oil recovery. Graphene oxide was able to stabilize CO2/synthetic sea water foams, while nanographene oxide and partially reduced graphene oxide were not able to stabilize foams. The inability of nanographene oxide for stabilizing foams was explained by the increase of hydrophilicity due to size decrease, while for partially reduced graphene oxide, the high degree of reduction of the material was considered to be the reason. Graphene oxide brine dispersions showed immediate gel formation, which improved foam stability. Particle growth due to layer stacking was also observed. This mechanism was detrimental for foam stabilization. Gel formation and particle growth caused these particles to block pores and not being filterable. The work indicates that the particles studied are not suitable for CO2 enhanced oil recovery purposes.

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2019

With present emissions the global CO2 budget associated with a maximum temperature increase of ab... more With present emissions the global CO2 budget associated with a maximum temperature increase of about 1.5 to 2ºC will likely be spent within a few decades, Thus, it will be very difficult or perhaps even impossible to meet the climate targets agreed upon in Paris only by decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases. Scenarios presented in the IPCC reports accommodate for this by introducing so-called negative CO2 emissions. The idea is that the cumulative CO2 emission budget will be exceeded, but that massive negative emissions, especially during the latter part of the century, will remove the surplus of CO2 in the atmosphere. A number of different Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) have been proposed, including Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), afforestation/reforestation, altered agricultural practices, biochar production, enhanced weathering and direct air captured. However, many of the options proposed could be associated with carbon leakage which could compromise the purpose of negative emissions, e.g. storage in of carbon in growing/dead biomass that leaks to the atmosphere. Furthermore, it may be difficult to safely assess the long-term leakage rates. To reach the large negative emissions needed it is expected to require a mix of approaches having different expected retention times, and different safety in terms of leakage rates. Could the risk of leakage mean that we are just delaying the problem and transferring the problem to coming generations? The short answer to this is that it all depends on the leakage rates. Different leakage rates and mixes of leakage rates are investigated in the paper. For the case of a mixture of leakage time scales of 300, 1000 and 10,000 years and assuming that 80% or more was permanently stored, the contribution to the atmospheric stock was small, peaking at about 3 ppm CO2. It was concluded that leakage would not significantly compromise the benefits of negative emissions unless leakage is substantial and rapid. To quantify what could be meant by substantial and rapid, an example would be if 100% of the CO2 stored would leak out at a rate of the order of 1%/year.

Graphene oxide (GO), nanographene oxide (nGO) and partially reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have bee... more Graphene oxide (GO), nanographene oxide (nGO) and partially reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been studied as possible foam stabilizing agents for CO2 based enhanced oil recovery (EOR). GO was able to stabilize CO2/synthetic sea water foams. rGO was not able to stabilize foams likely due to the high reduction degree of the material. Particle size had a strong influence on foamability and stability. GO hydrophilicity increased as the particle size decreased and no foams were created when particle size was below 1 µm (nGO). GO brine dispersions showed immediate gel formation, which improved foam stability. Particle growth due to layer stacking was also observed. This mechanism was detrimental for foam formation and stabilization. nGO dispersed in synthetic sea water rapidly formed hydrogels and was not filterable. This work indicates that the particles studied are not suitable for CO2 EOR purposes.

Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Jul 1, 2020

The partitioning of non-ionic surfactants in a CO 2 /synthetic brine system was studied for a sel... more The partitioning of non-ionic surfactants in a CO 2 /synthetic brine system was studied for a selection of surfactants at reservoir conditions for CO 2 enhanced oil recovery and aquifer storage. Alkyl and alkylphenol ethoxylates with different degrees of branching in their hydrophobic moiety were chosen. Generally, higher temperature and pressure promoted increased solubility in CO 2. Branching of the hydrophobic moiety tends to favour CO 2 solubility (higher partition coefficient). Highly branched moieties were found to hinder solubility probably due to a decrease of their conformational entropy. The addition of an aromatic ring connecting the ethoxylate moiety and the hydrophobic moiety seemed to have an adverse effect at lower temperatures. For two surfactants, the effect of concentration on partitioning was also studied. The partition coefficient decreased for increasing concentrations until a plateau was reached above the corresponding surfactant critical micelle concentration (CMC). This may indicate micelle formation both in the CO 2 and in the aqueous phase.

Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1974

Energy Procedia, 2016

Long term success of CO 2 storage is heavily dependent on maintaining well integrity. Prevention ... more Long term success of CO 2 storage is heavily dependent on maintaining well integrity. Prevention and remediation of leakage through wells plays a crucial role in large scale implementation of CO 2 storage. Squeeze cementing is the most common remediation practice in the oil and gas industry used for various well leakage scenarios. The objective of this work was to test the sealing ability of a commercially available temperature-activated polymer resin in a laboratory-scale squeeze cementing operation. Two well leakage scenarios were selected: micro-annuli or cracks in cement and debonding at cement-casing interface. Cement (with or without steel) core samples with designed vertical leak paths were prepared. Permeability of the samples was measured both before and after the squeeze procedure. Then the samples were disassembled and studied by optical microscopy. The squeeze procedure proved to be successful for plugging the designed leak paths.

Chemischer Informationsdienst, Nov 26, 1974

All Days, Apr 17, 1994

A study of CO2 injection into an oil reservoir on the Norwegian Continental Shelf has been conduc... more A study of CO2 injection into an oil reservoir on the Norwegian Continental Shelf has been conducted. Oil production during miscible CO2 injection was simulated with a compositional reservoir simulator and a three dimensional reservoir model. This production profile was compared to water injection. The simulations showed that considerably more oil could be recovered with CO2 injection, approximately 63% OOIP, compared to approximately 43% OOIP for water injection. Results from miscibility studies, measurement of phase diagrams and extraction experiments were used to tune the phase behaviour description of the simulator. Numerical simulation of laboratory core flood experiments were used to quality test the compositional simulator. A good agreement between measured and simulated production profiles were obtained.

Social Science Research Network, 2019

With present emissions the global CO2 budget associated with a maximum temperature increase of ab... more With present emissions the global CO2 budget associated with a maximum temperature increase of about 1.5 to 2ºC will likely be spent within a few decades, Thus, it will be very difficult or perhaps even impossible to meet the climate targets agreed upon in Paris only by decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases. Scenarios presented in the IPCC reports accommodate for this by introducing so-called negative CO2 emissions. The idea is that the cumulative CO2 emission budget will be exceeded, but that massive negative emissions, especially during the latter part of the century, will remove the surplus of CO2 in the atmosphere. A number of different Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) have been proposed, including Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), afforestation/reforestation, altered agricultural practices, biochar production, enhanced weathering and direct air captured. However, many of the options proposed could be associated with carbon leakage which could compromise the purpose of negative emissions, e.g. storage in of carbon in growing/dead biomass that leaks to the atmosphere. Furthermore, it may be difficult to safely assess the long-term leakage rates. To reach the large negative emissions needed it is expected to require a mix of approaches having different expected retention times, and different safety in terms of leakage rates. Could the risk of leakage mean that we are just delaying the problem and transferring the problem to coming generations? The short answer to this is that it all depends on the leakage rates. Different leakage rates and mixes of leakage rates are investigated in the paper. For the case of a mixture of leakage time scales of 300, 1000 and 10,000 years and assuming that 80% or more was permanently stored, the contribution to the atmospheric stock was small, peaking at about 3 ppm CO2. It was concluded that leakage would not significantly compromise the benefits of negative emissions unless leakage is substantial and rapid. To quantify what could be meant by substantial and rapid, an example would be if 100% of the CO2 stored would leak out at a rate of the order of 1%/year.

The sedimentary sequence in the subsurface of the Trøndelag Platform (Mid-Norway) has been assess... more The sedimentary sequence in the subsurface of the Trøndelag Platform (Mid-Norway) has been assessed with regard to its suitability for long-term storage of CO 2. This study is part of the EU-funded CO2STORE project and was stimulated by the geographical proximity of the Trøndelag Platform to planned CO 2 point sources in Mid Norway. The sedimentary succession has been interpreted from seismic data and by analogy to the geology in the nearby Haltenbanken hydrocarbon province. Key seismic horizons have been mapped on seismic and depth-converted. Since no hydrocarbon exploration wells have been drilled in the Froan Basin area, the properties of the sedimentary formations are not known. In analogy to the sedimentary succession in hydrocarbon fields nearby, three formations of Jurassic age are likely to have properties suitable for CO 2 injection: the Tilje, Ile and Garn Formations. These formations dip to northwest. It was assumed that the conformable seal of these formations is tight, while the Quaternary overlying their subcrop is not sealing. Small anticlinal traps and fault-bounded traps exist locally in these formations. A digital subsurface geology model has been generated based on the mapped horizons. Petrophysical properties of the potential reservoir formations are only tentatively known from nearby fields. Therefore several cases with variable reservoir properties have been simulated. The simulations are for simplicity restricted to the Garn Formation. They assume injection at the base of this formation, approximately 60 km (trap case) and 55 km (no-trap case) from its subcrop below the Quaternary, at a depth of approximately 1.9 km. None of the simulations with up to 100 Mtonnes injected CO 2 resulted in any leakage largely because most of the CO 2 was trapped in subtle structural traps. Dissolution of the CO 2 into formation water and trapping as residual gas will aid local fixation of the CO 2. The simulations utilised only one of three formations and only a small areal fraction of the Trøndelag Platform (southeasternmost part of the Froan Basin area). The overall storage potential of the Jurassic formations of the Trøndelag Platform is thus estimated to be of the order of several 1000 Mtonnes. A more detailed study is proposed to derive a more precise estimate of the storage capacity and to evaluate the seal quality above the reservoir formations.

Energy Procedia, 2017

An experimental setup has been designed for measuring the dissolution rate of buoyant CO 2 into t... more An experimental setup has been designed for measuring the dissolution rate of buoyant CO 2 into the water phase below. Experiments were performed in a high-pressure cell, where the water phase was stabilized by a porous medium to mimic the situation of a gas cap in a storage reservoir. As many previous tests have been performed in 2D cells, this setup allows for 3D measurements of diffusion-induced convection. The tests are performed at high pressure where CO 2 is at high density, similar to a real storage situation and the dissolved CO 2 is measured by metering the pump that is automatically maintaining constant pressure. This allows rate measurements in a 3D environment. The basic interest was to determine the dissolution rate in the convective regime, but also the diffusion coefficient of CO 2 in water was determined by this experimental setup. In addition, the onset time of convection was estimated. The result show that the dissolution rate measured during convection was one to two order of magnitude faster than predicted by semi-empirical correlations obtained by numerical simulations. The estimated onset time of convection was shorter than theoretical prediction. The overall results suggest that diffusion induced convection plays a more important role than previously assumed.

SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2002, 2002

A method for discriminating between different reservoir flow models using forward modeling and ti... more A method for discriminating between different reservoir flow models using forward modeling and time-lapse seismic is presented. A rock-physical model is used in order to generate synthetic time-lapse acoustic responses based on flow model predictions. From the ...

Third EAGE CO2 Geological Storage Workshop, 2012

Digital pore scale images of the reservoir rocks from the Utsira formation have been modelled. Th... more Digital pore scale images of the reservoir rocks from the Utsira formation have been modelled. The Utsira Formation on the Norwegian Continental Shelf that is already being used for CO2 sequestration. This is a saline sand aquifer of Miocene to early Pliocene age, which is covered by some 700 meters of shales and sands. The aquifer is large and CO2 is being injected into the aquifer at a depth of 1012 meters below the sea floor by a highly deviated 3 km long well from the Sleipner Field. Direct dynamic CO2/water simulations have been conducted with all relevant fluid and flow properties. From these simulations steady and un-steady state constitutive relations (relative permeability, end-point saturations) are obtained. Clear flow rate and viscosity effects are revealed from these data, which again affects the storage capabilities of the reservoir rocks.

68th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2006, 2006

Atzbach-Schwanenstadt gas field in Upper Austria, operated by Rohol-Aufsuchungs AG, is a potentia... more Atzbach-Schwanenstadt gas field in Upper Austria, operated by Rohol-Aufsuchungs AG, is a potential storage site for CO2. In order to quantify amount of CO2 that can be stored in the reservoir, a geological model has been made on which a simulation model was based. Based on observed production data, estimates of reservoir capacity have been made. As much as 3.2 million tonnes of CO2 produced by industry could be stored in the reservoir. Also a potential for enhanced gas recovery process has been estimated. Preliminary reservoir simulation calculations show that Atzbach-Schwanenstadt reservoir could be a good CO2 storage site. Atzbach-Schwanenstadt is a natural gas reservoir therefore it is expected that it would be also safe in respect to potential leakage of CO2. Safe containment of CO2 should occur if reservoir pressure will stay below initial pressure. Additionally the integrity of wells in the field is important for safe storage of CO2.

3rd EAGE International Conference on Fault and Top Seals, 2012

The capillary-sealing efficiency of the caprock is one of the major factors that control the safe... more The capillary-sealing efficiency of the caprock is one of the major factors that control the safety of geological CO2 storage. Possible changes in wettability due to geochemical processes could possibly decrease the capillary entry pressure and reduce the sealing integrity of the caprock. Changes in wettability have been measured by measuring the CO2 contact angle mineral substrates mica, quartz, calcite and feldspar in the presence of brine for pressures extending from atmospheric pressure up to 400 bars and for temperatures of 36 °C and 66 °C. The change in contact angle as function of pressure was non-significant for CO2 drop on the surface of quartz, feldspar and calcite. There was a significant change in contact angle on mica in which case the wettability changed from strongly water-wet to intermediate water-wet. The minimum in contact angle near the critical pressure was observed at 36 °C for three minerals (feldspar, calcite, quartz) and was maybe masked in the case of mica by the significant decrease in contact angle with increasing pressure. A relatively strong anomaly in CO2 compressibility is observed at 36 °C, less so at 66°C, indicating that the observed minimum may be related to the near-critical behavior of the CO2-phase.

62nd EAGE Conference and Exhibition - Special Session on CO2

Statoil commenced in autumn 1996 disposal of CO2 gas into a shallow water saturated marine sand f... more Statoil commenced in autumn 1996 disposal of CO2 gas into a shallow water saturated marine sand formation located in the Norwegian North Sea Sleipner area

Chemischer Informationsdienst, 1974

SIGN. SUMMARY A pre-study of a concept for power production offshore on an old petroleum platform... more SIGN. SUMMARY A pre-study of a concept for power production offshore on an old petroleum platform has been performed. A net delivered 300 MW combined cycle power plant and a CO2 sequestering plant are located on a single Condeep platform. The power will be supplied to Statfjord, Gullfaks and Snorre by AC sea cables. The sequestered CO2 is compressed and dried, and injected into an underground formation. By replacing the present gas turbine power production on these fields, the CO2 emissions will be reduced with 1.6 Mt per year, corresponding to 4.4% of the total Norwegian CO2 emissions. Equipping the gas compressors with speed controlled electrical motors also represents a technical advantage, improving energy utilisation compared to present turbine drive. The concept appears to be technically feasible. The internal rate of return is estimated to 17.6%. The net present value is 2211 MNOK from a total capital investment of 3190 MNOK. A similar concept with central power production wi...

Colloids and Interfaces, 2021

An oscillating drop rheometer capable of operating under conditions of high pressure and high tem... more An oscillating drop rheometer capable of operating under conditions of high pressure and high temperature has been built. The oscillating drop mechanism was able to support pressures as high as 1300 bar and successfully performed oscillations at constant pressure. Apparent elastic and viscous complex moduli were measured for a system of CO2 and synthetic seawater containing 100 ppm of a linear alkyl ethoxylate surfactant for different pressures and temperatures. The moduli had strong dependencies on both pressure and temperature. At temperatures of 40 and 80 °C, the apparent elastic modulus passed through a maximum for pressures between 100 and 300 bar. The harmonic distortion of the oscillations was calculated for all measurements, and it was found that drop oscillations below ca. 2.6 µL caused distortions above 10% due to a mechanical backlash of the motor.

Nanomaterials, 2018

Graphene oxide, nanographene oxide and partially reduced graphene oxide have been studied as poss... more Graphene oxide, nanographene oxide and partially reduced graphene oxide have been studied as possible foam stabilizing agents for CO2 based enhanced oil recovery. Graphene oxide was able to stabilize CO2/synthetic sea water foams, while nanographene oxide and partially reduced graphene oxide were not able to stabilize foams. The inability of nanographene oxide for stabilizing foams was explained by the increase of hydrophilicity due to size decrease, while for partially reduced graphene oxide, the high degree of reduction of the material was considered to be the reason. Graphene oxide brine dispersions showed immediate gel formation, which improved foam stability. Particle growth due to layer stacking was also observed. This mechanism was detrimental for foam stabilization. Gel formation and particle growth caused these particles to block pores and not being filterable. The work indicates that the particles studied are not suitable for CO2 enhanced oil recovery purposes.

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2019

With present emissions the global CO2 budget associated with a maximum temperature increase of ab... more With present emissions the global CO2 budget associated with a maximum temperature increase of about 1.5 to 2ºC will likely be spent within a few decades, Thus, it will be very difficult or perhaps even impossible to meet the climate targets agreed upon in Paris only by decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases. Scenarios presented in the IPCC reports accommodate for this by introducing so-called negative CO2 emissions. The idea is that the cumulative CO2 emission budget will be exceeded, but that massive negative emissions, especially during the latter part of the century, will remove the surplus of CO2 in the atmosphere. A number of different Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) have been proposed, including Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), afforestation/reforestation, altered agricultural practices, biochar production, enhanced weathering and direct air captured. However, many of the options proposed could be associated with carbon leakage which could compromise the purpose of negative emissions, e.g. storage in of carbon in growing/dead biomass that leaks to the atmosphere. Furthermore, it may be difficult to safely assess the long-term leakage rates. To reach the large negative emissions needed it is expected to require a mix of approaches having different expected retention times, and different safety in terms of leakage rates. Could the risk of leakage mean that we are just delaying the problem and transferring the problem to coming generations? The short answer to this is that it all depends on the leakage rates. Different leakage rates and mixes of leakage rates are investigated in the paper. For the case of a mixture of leakage time scales of 300, 1000 and 10,000 years and assuming that 80% or more was permanently stored, the contribution to the atmospheric stock was small, peaking at about 3 ppm CO2. It was concluded that leakage would not significantly compromise the benefits of negative emissions unless leakage is substantial and rapid. To quantify what could be meant by substantial and rapid, an example would be if 100% of the CO2 stored would leak out at a rate of the order of 1%/year.

Graphene oxide (GO), nanographene oxide (nGO) and partially reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have bee... more Graphene oxide (GO), nanographene oxide (nGO) and partially reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been studied as possible foam stabilizing agents for CO2 based enhanced oil recovery (EOR). GO was able to stabilize CO2/synthetic sea water foams. rGO was not able to stabilize foams likely due to the high reduction degree of the material. Particle size had a strong influence on foamability and stability. GO hydrophilicity increased as the particle size decreased and no foams were created when particle size was below 1 µm (nGO). GO brine dispersions showed immediate gel formation, which improved foam stability. Particle growth due to layer stacking was also observed. This mechanism was detrimental for foam formation and stabilization. nGO dispersed in synthetic sea water rapidly formed hydrogels and was not filterable. This work indicates that the particles studied are not suitable for CO2 EOR purposes.