Erin Snook - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Erin Snook

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 2006

Journal of Athletic Training, Aug 1, 2014

Background: Since 1982, the National Collegiate Athletic Association has used the Injury Surveill... more Background: Since 1982, the National Collegiate Athletic Association has used the Injury Surveillance System (ISS) to collect injury and athlete-exposure data from a representative sample of collegiate institutions and sports. At the start of the 2004-2005 academic year, a Web-based ISS replaced the paper-based platform previously used for reporting injuries and exposures. Objective: To describe the methods of the Web-based National Collegiate Athletic Association ISS for data collection as implemented from the 2004-2005 to 2013-2014 academic years. Description: The Web-based ISS monitored National Collegiate Athletic Association-sanctioned practices and competitions, the number of participating student-athletes, and time-loss injuries during the preseason, regular season, and postseason in 25 collegiate sports. Starting in the 2009-2010 academic year, non-time-loss injuries were also tracked. Efforts were made to better integrate ISS data collection into the workflow of collegiate athletic trainers. Data for the 2004-2005 to 2013-2014 academic years are available to researchers through a standardized application process available at the Datalys Center Web site. Conclusions: As of February 2014, more than 1 dozen data sets have been provided to researchers. The Datalys Center encourages applications for access to the data.

Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Aug 1, 2005

Using meta-analytic procedures, this study involved a quantitative synthesis of the difference in... more Using meta-analytic procedures, this study involved a quantitative synthesis of the difference in physical activity among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with nondiseased and diseased populations and then examined factors (i.e., moderators) that explain variation in the overall difference in physical activity. We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Current Contents Plus using the key words physical activity, exercise and physical fitness in conjunction with multiple sclerosis; conducted a manual search of bibliographies of the retrieved papers; and contacted study authors about additional studies. Overall, 53 effects were retrieved from 13 studies with 2360 MS participants and yielded a weighted mean effect size (ES) of -0.60 (95% CI= -0.44,-0.77). The weighted mean ES was heterogenous, Q=1164.11, df=52, p<0.0001. There were larger effects with objective versus self-report measures of physical activity, nondiseased versus diseased populations and primary progressive versus relapsing-remitting MS. The cumulative evidence suggests that individuals with MS are less physically active than nondiseased, but not diseased, populations.

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 2006

International journal of MS care, 2010

Cognitive difficulties represent a core symptom experienced by individuals with relapsing-remitti... more Cognitive difficulties represent a core symptom experienced by individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The field of gerontology has provided evidence that physical activity may moderate the decline in cognitive functioning that occurs with increasing age. Based on that evidence, we examined the association between physical activity and perceived cognitive impairment in people with RRMS. The study sample consisted of 82 individuals with RRMS who completed an initial battery of questionnaires, including the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ), wore an accelerometer for 7 days, and then completed the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ). Physical activity, measured by either an accelerometer or the GLTEQ, was inversely associated with overall PDQ scores, even after controlling for clinical and demographic factors. Additional studies are needed on physical activity as a modifiable behavior with a potential impact on cognitive impairment in

International journal of MS care, 2005

Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) engage in less physical activity than the general popula... more Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) engage in less physical activity than the general population. This level of inactivity may increase a person's risk of being overweight and obese. The relationship between physical activity and body composition is examined among 34 ambulatory adults with a definite diagnosis of MS. Participants wore pedometers and accelerometers, objective measures of physical activity, for 7 days; completed a self-report measure of physical activity; and underwent various measurements of body composition, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and relative body fat by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Statistically significant negative correlations were found between physical activity levels and measures of body fatness, and the correlations were strong between the objective measures of physical activity and DXA measures of body composition. The correlations were moderate between the self-report measure of physical activity and less precise measures of body composition. Our findings suggest that inactivity plays an important role in body fatness among people with MS, and subjective measures of physical activity and less precise measures of body fatness, such as BMI, may underestimate the strength of the relationship between physical activity and risk for obesity in the MS population.

British Journal of Sports Medicine, Jan 29, 2015

Background/Aim-Recent injury data for collegiate-level swimming and diving is limited. Previous d... more Background/Aim-Recent injury data for collegiate-level swimming and diving is limited. Previous data is limited to single seasons, elite and national team athletes, or emergency department data. This study describes the epidemiology of men's and women's swimming and diving injuries reported by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) during the 2009/10-2013/14 academic years. Methods-Injuries and athlete-exposure (AE) data reported within nine men's and 13 women's swimming and diving programs were analyzed. Injury rates, injury rate ratios (IRR), and injury proportions by body site, diagnosis, and mechanism were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results-The ISP captured 149 and 208 injuries for men's and women's swimming and diving, respectively, leading to injury rates of 1.54/1000AEs and 1.71/1000AEs. Among females, divers had a higher injury rate (2.49/1000AEs) than swimmers (1.63/1000AEs; IRR=1.53; 95%CI: 1.07, 2.19). Injury rates for male divers (1.94/1000AEs) and swimmers (1.48/1000AEs) did not differ (IRR=1.33; 95%CI: 0.85, 2.31). Most injuries occurred to the shoulder and resulted in strains. Many injuries were classified as overuse or non-contact. Female swimmers had a higher overuse injury rate (1.04/1000AEs) than male swimmers (0.66/1000AEs; IRR=1.58; 95%CI: 1.14, 2.19). Overuse injury rates for female divers (0.54/1000AEs) and male divers (0.46/1000AEs) did not differ (IRR=1.16; 95%CI: 0.40, 3.34).

... Relationships with Objective and Self-Report Measures of Physical Activity Erin M. Snook&... more ... Relationships with Objective and Self-Report Measures of Physical Activity Erin M. Snook', Rachael C. Gliottoni1, Robert W. MotV\ Dane B. Cook2 ... O'Connor, 2005), with the majority of pain prevalence rates ranging between 43-80%(eg, Ehde, Osborne, and Jensen, 2005; Solaro ...

Rehabilitation Psychology, May 1, 2007

Objective: Quality of life (QOL) is compromised among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). P... more Objective: Quality of life (QOL) is compromised among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Physical activity has been positively associated with QOL, but little is known about the factors that explain and/or confound the relationship in those with MS. On the basis of a social–cognitive perspective and previous research, the authors tested the hypothesis that physical activity would be indirectly associated with QOL through a mediated pathway that included self-efficacy and functional limitations, after controlling for perceived social ...

The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 2008

Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 2007

We examined the reliability of scores from physical activity monitors in a sample of 193 individu... more We examined the reliability of scores from physical activity monitors in a sample of 193 individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) who wore a pedometer and an accelerometer for a 7-day period. There were no significant differences among days for the pedometer (p = .12) or the accelerometer (p = .15) indicating that week and weekend days can be analyzed in a single intra-class correlation (ICC) analytic model. The 7 days of monitoring yielded ICC estimates of .93 for both the pedometer and accelerometer, and a minimum of 3 days yielded a reliability of .80 for both the pedometer and accelerometer. Results indicated that physical activity monitor scores are reliable measures of physical activity for individuals with MS.

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2014

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2014

Journal of athletic training, Jan 5, 2015

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) legislation requires that member institutions ha... more National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) legislation requires that member institutions have policies to guide the recognition and management of sport-related concussions. Identifying the nature of these policies and the mechanisms of their implementation can help identify areas of needed improvement. To estimate the characteristics and prevalence of concussion-related protocols and preparticipation assessments used for incoming NCAA student-athletes. Cross-sectional study. Web-based survey. Head athletic trainers from all 1113 NCAA member institutions were contacted; 327 (29.4%) completed the survey. Participants received an e-mail link to the Web-based survey. Weekly reminders were sent during the 4-week window. Respondents described concussion-related protocols and preparticipation assessments (eg, concussion history, neurocognitive testing, balance testing, symptom checklists). Descriptive statistics were compared by division and football program status. Most unive...

International Journal of MS Care, 2008

The article examines neurological impairment as a possible confounding and moderating influence o... more The article examines neurological impairment as a possible confounding and moderating influence of the association between symptoms and physical-activity behavior in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). The study sample included 292 individuals with a definite diagnosis of MS. Participants completed self-report measures of the frequency and intensity of symptoms, wore an accelerometer for 7 days, and completed self-report measures of physical activity and neurological impairment. Data analyses indicated that symptoms had a statistically significant moderate, negative relationship with physical activity (γ = −.48); the relationship between symptoms and physical activity was statistically significant but attenuated when controlling for neurological impairment (β = −.20); and the relationship between symptoms and physical activity was statistically significant and similar in magnitude for those with symptom-based (γ = −.22) versus gait/ambulation-based (γ = −.35) neurological impa...

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2015

Background: American youth football leagues are typically structured using either age-only (AO) o... more Background: American youth football leagues are typically structured using either age-only (AO) or age-and-weight (AW) playing standard conditions. These playing standard conditions group players by age in the former condition and by a combination of age and weight in the latter condition. However, no study has systematically compared injury risk between these 2 playing standards. Purpose: To compare injury rates between youth tackle football players in the AO and AW playing standard conditions. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Athletic trainers evaluated and recorded injuries at each practice and game during the 2012 and 2013 football seasons. Players (age, 5-14 years) were drawn from 13 recreational leagues across 6 states. The sample included 4092 athlete-seasons (AW, 2065; AO, 2027) from 210 teams (AW, 106; O, 104). Injury rate ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs were used to compare the playing standard conditions. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to est...

JAMA pediatrics, Jan 4, 2015

A report by the Institute of Medicine called for comprehensive nationwide concussion incidence da... more A report by the Institute of Medicine called for comprehensive nationwide concussion incidence data across the spectrum of athletes aged 5 to 23 years. To describe the incidence of concussion in athletes participating in youth, high school, and collegiate American football. Data were collected by athletic trainers at youth, high school, and collegiate football practices and games to create multiple prospective observational cohorts during the 2012 and 2013 football seasons. Data were collected from July 1, 2012, through January 31, 2013, for the 2012 season and from July 1, 2013, through January 31, 2014, for the 2013 season. The Youth Football Surveillance System included 118 youth football teams, providing 4092 athlete-seasons. The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network program included 96 secondary school football programs, providing 11 957 athlete-seasons. The National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program included 24 member institutions, ...

International Journal of MS Care, 2007

This study compared the physical activity levels of individuals with secondary progressive multip... more This study compared the physical activity levels of individuals with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) with those of people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Symptoms, walking ability, and self-efficacy were examined as explanations for the possible difference in physical activity, after controlling for age and time since MS onset. The sample included 41 individuals with SPMS and 82 with RRMS who completed a demographics scale and self-reported measures of physical activity, self-efficacy, symptoms, and walking ability. Individuals with SPMS were older, had a longer time since MS onset, and reported less physical activity and self-efficacy and more frequent symptoms and problems with walking than those with RRMS. Self-efficacy and walking ability accounted for the difference in physical activity between the groups, and self-efficacy was the strongest correlate of physical activity in the SPMS sample. Future researchers should consider developing and t...

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 2013

Background: Cognitive appraisal processes underlying self-report affect the interpretation of pat... more Background: Cognitive appraisal processes underlying self-report affect the interpretation of patient-reported outcomes. These processes are relevant to resilience and adaptability, and may relate to how cognitive reserve protects against disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objectives: To describe how passive and active indicators of cognitive reserve relate to QOL appraisal processes in MS. Methods: Cross-sectional data (n=860) were drawn from the North American Research Committee on MS (NARCOMS) Registry, from whom additional survey data were collected. Cognitive reserve was measured using the Stern and Sole-Padulles measures. Using the quality of life appraisal profile (QOLAP), we assessed how MS patients conceptualize their experiences and how that impacts how they report their quality of life. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare groups within sets of appraisal parameters, and t-tests or chi-square tests were used to compare mean item responses within appraisal parameters for continuous or dichotomous variables, respectively. Results: People high in passive or active reserve report different conceptualizations of QOL, different types of goals, and considering different types of experiences and standards of comparison in responding to QOL questionnaires, as compared to low-reserve individuals. Although item response patterns were slightly different between passive and active indicators, they generally reflect a tendency in high-reserve individuals to emphasize the positive, focus on aspects of their life that are more controllable, and less based in fantasy.

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 2006

Journal of Athletic Training, Aug 1, 2014

Background: Since 1982, the National Collegiate Athletic Association has used the Injury Surveill... more Background: Since 1982, the National Collegiate Athletic Association has used the Injury Surveillance System (ISS) to collect injury and athlete-exposure data from a representative sample of collegiate institutions and sports. At the start of the 2004-2005 academic year, a Web-based ISS replaced the paper-based platform previously used for reporting injuries and exposures. Objective: To describe the methods of the Web-based National Collegiate Athletic Association ISS for data collection as implemented from the 2004-2005 to 2013-2014 academic years. Description: The Web-based ISS monitored National Collegiate Athletic Association-sanctioned practices and competitions, the number of participating student-athletes, and time-loss injuries during the preseason, regular season, and postseason in 25 collegiate sports. Starting in the 2009-2010 academic year, non-time-loss injuries were also tracked. Efforts were made to better integrate ISS data collection into the workflow of collegiate athletic trainers. Data for the 2004-2005 to 2013-2014 academic years are available to researchers through a standardized application process available at the Datalys Center Web site. Conclusions: As of February 2014, more than 1 dozen data sets have been provided to researchers. The Datalys Center encourages applications for access to the data.

Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Aug 1, 2005

Using meta-analytic procedures, this study involved a quantitative synthesis of the difference in... more Using meta-analytic procedures, this study involved a quantitative synthesis of the difference in physical activity among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with nondiseased and diseased populations and then examined factors (i.e., moderators) that explain variation in the overall difference in physical activity. We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Current Contents Plus using the key words physical activity, exercise and physical fitness in conjunction with multiple sclerosis; conducted a manual search of bibliographies of the retrieved papers; and contacted study authors about additional studies. Overall, 53 effects were retrieved from 13 studies with 2360 MS participants and yielded a weighted mean effect size (ES) of -0.60 (95% CI= -0.44,-0.77). The weighted mean ES was heterogenous, Q=1164.11, df=52, p<0.0001. There were larger effects with objective versus self-report measures of physical activity, nondiseased versus diseased populations and primary progressive versus relapsing-remitting MS. The cumulative evidence suggests that individuals with MS are less physically active than nondiseased, but not diseased, populations.

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 2006

International journal of MS care, 2010

Cognitive difficulties represent a core symptom experienced by individuals with relapsing-remitti... more Cognitive difficulties represent a core symptom experienced by individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The field of gerontology has provided evidence that physical activity may moderate the decline in cognitive functioning that occurs with increasing age. Based on that evidence, we examined the association between physical activity and perceived cognitive impairment in people with RRMS. The study sample consisted of 82 individuals with RRMS who completed an initial battery of questionnaires, including the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ), wore an accelerometer for 7 days, and then completed the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ). Physical activity, measured by either an accelerometer or the GLTEQ, was inversely associated with overall PDQ scores, even after controlling for clinical and demographic factors. Additional studies are needed on physical activity as a modifiable behavior with a potential impact on cognitive impairment in

International journal of MS care, 2005

Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) engage in less physical activity than the general popula... more Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) engage in less physical activity than the general population. This level of inactivity may increase a person's risk of being overweight and obese. The relationship between physical activity and body composition is examined among 34 ambulatory adults with a definite diagnosis of MS. Participants wore pedometers and accelerometers, objective measures of physical activity, for 7 days; completed a self-report measure of physical activity; and underwent various measurements of body composition, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and relative body fat by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Statistically significant negative correlations were found between physical activity levels and measures of body fatness, and the correlations were strong between the objective measures of physical activity and DXA measures of body composition. The correlations were moderate between the self-report measure of physical activity and less precise measures of body composition. Our findings suggest that inactivity plays an important role in body fatness among people with MS, and subjective measures of physical activity and less precise measures of body fatness, such as BMI, may underestimate the strength of the relationship between physical activity and risk for obesity in the MS population.

British Journal of Sports Medicine, Jan 29, 2015

Background/Aim-Recent injury data for collegiate-level swimming and diving is limited. Previous d... more Background/Aim-Recent injury data for collegiate-level swimming and diving is limited. Previous data is limited to single seasons, elite and national team athletes, or emergency department data. This study describes the epidemiology of men's and women's swimming and diving injuries reported by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) during the 2009/10-2013/14 academic years. Methods-Injuries and athlete-exposure (AE) data reported within nine men's and 13 women's swimming and diving programs were analyzed. Injury rates, injury rate ratios (IRR), and injury proportions by body site, diagnosis, and mechanism were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results-The ISP captured 149 and 208 injuries for men's and women's swimming and diving, respectively, leading to injury rates of 1.54/1000AEs and 1.71/1000AEs. Among females, divers had a higher injury rate (2.49/1000AEs) than swimmers (1.63/1000AEs; IRR=1.53; 95%CI: 1.07, 2.19). Injury rates for male divers (1.94/1000AEs) and swimmers (1.48/1000AEs) did not differ (IRR=1.33; 95%CI: 0.85, 2.31). Most injuries occurred to the shoulder and resulted in strains. Many injuries were classified as overuse or non-contact. Female swimmers had a higher overuse injury rate (1.04/1000AEs) than male swimmers (0.66/1000AEs; IRR=1.58; 95%CI: 1.14, 2.19). Overuse injury rates for female divers (0.54/1000AEs) and male divers (0.46/1000AEs) did not differ (IRR=1.16; 95%CI: 0.40, 3.34).

... Relationships with Objective and Self-Report Measures of Physical Activity Erin M. Snook&... more ... Relationships with Objective and Self-Report Measures of Physical Activity Erin M. Snook', Rachael C. Gliottoni1, Robert W. MotV\ Dane B. Cook2 ... O'Connor, 2005), with the majority of pain prevalence rates ranging between 43-80%(eg, Ehde, Osborne, and Jensen, 2005; Solaro ...

Rehabilitation Psychology, May 1, 2007

Objective: Quality of life (QOL) is compromised among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). P... more Objective: Quality of life (QOL) is compromised among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Physical activity has been positively associated with QOL, but little is known about the factors that explain and/or confound the relationship in those with MS. On the basis of a social–cognitive perspective and previous research, the authors tested the hypothesis that physical activity would be indirectly associated with QOL through a mediated pathway that included self-efficacy and functional limitations, after controlling for perceived social ...

The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 2008

Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 2007

We examined the reliability of scores from physical activity monitors in a sample of 193 individu... more We examined the reliability of scores from physical activity monitors in a sample of 193 individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) who wore a pedometer and an accelerometer for a 7-day period. There were no significant differences among days for the pedometer (p = .12) or the accelerometer (p = .15) indicating that week and weekend days can be analyzed in a single intra-class correlation (ICC) analytic model. The 7 days of monitoring yielded ICC estimates of .93 for both the pedometer and accelerometer, and a minimum of 3 days yielded a reliability of .80 for both the pedometer and accelerometer. Results indicated that physical activity monitor scores are reliable measures of physical activity for individuals with MS.

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2014

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2014

Journal of athletic training, Jan 5, 2015

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) legislation requires that member institutions ha... more National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) legislation requires that member institutions have policies to guide the recognition and management of sport-related concussions. Identifying the nature of these policies and the mechanisms of their implementation can help identify areas of needed improvement. To estimate the characteristics and prevalence of concussion-related protocols and preparticipation assessments used for incoming NCAA student-athletes. Cross-sectional study. Web-based survey. Head athletic trainers from all 1113 NCAA member institutions were contacted; 327 (29.4%) completed the survey. Participants received an e-mail link to the Web-based survey. Weekly reminders were sent during the 4-week window. Respondents described concussion-related protocols and preparticipation assessments (eg, concussion history, neurocognitive testing, balance testing, symptom checklists). Descriptive statistics were compared by division and football program status. Most unive...

International Journal of MS Care, 2008

The article examines neurological impairment as a possible confounding and moderating influence o... more The article examines neurological impairment as a possible confounding and moderating influence of the association between symptoms and physical-activity behavior in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). The study sample included 292 individuals with a definite diagnosis of MS. Participants completed self-report measures of the frequency and intensity of symptoms, wore an accelerometer for 7 days, and completed self-report measures of physical activity and neurological impairment. Data analyses indicated that symptoms had a statistically significant moderate, negative relationship with physical activity (γ = −.48); the relationship between symptoms and physical activity was statistically significant but attenuated when controlling for neurological impairment (β = −.20); and the relationship between symptoms and physical activity was statistically significant and similar in magnitude for those with symptom-based (γ = −.22) versus gait/ambulation-based (γ = −.35) neurological impa...

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2015

Background: American youth football leagues are typically structured using either age-only (AO) o... more Background: American youth football leagues are typically structured using either age-only (AO) or age-and-weight (AW) playing standard conditions. These playing standard conditions group players by age in the former condition and by a combination of age and weight in the latter condition. However, no study has systematically compared injury risk between these 2 playing standards. Purpose: To compare injury rates between youth tackle football players in the AO and AW playing standard conditions. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Athletic trainers evaluated and recorded injuries at each practice and game during the 2012 and 2013 football seasons. Players (age, 5-14 years) were drawn from 13 recreational leagues across 6 states. The sample included 4092 athlete-seasons (AW, 2065; AO, 2027) from 210 teams (AW, 106; O, 104). Injury rate ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs were used to compare the playing standard conditions. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to est...

JAMA pediatrics, Jan 4, 2015

A report by the Institute of Medicine called for comprehensive nationwide concussion incidence da... more A report by the Institute of Medicine called for comprehensive nationwide concussion incidence data across the spectrum of athletes aged 5 to 23 years. To describe the incidence of concussion in athletes participating in youth, high school, and collegiate American football. Data were collected by athletic trainers at youth, high school, and collegiate football practices and games to create multiple prospective observational cohorts during the 2012 and 2013 football seasons. Data were collected from July 1, 2012, through January 31, 2013, for the 2012 season and from July 1, 2013, through January 31, 2014, for the 2013 season. The Youth Football Surveillance System included 118 youth football teams, providing 4092 athlete-seasons. The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network program included 96 secondary school football programs, providing 11 957 athlete-seasons. The National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program included 24 member institutions, ...

International Journal of MS Care, 2007

This study compared the physical activity levels of individuals with secondary progressive multip... more This study compared the physical activity levels of individuals with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) with those of people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Symptoms, walking ability, and self-efficacy were examined as explanations for the possible difference in physical activity, after controlling for age and time since MS onset. The sample included 41 individuals with SPMS and 82 with RRMS who completed a demographics scale and self-reported measures of physical activity, self-efficacy, symptoms, and walking ability. Individuals with SPMS were older, had a longer time since MS onset, and reported less physical activity and self-efficacy and more frequent symptoms and problems with walking than those with RRMS. Self-efficacy and walking ability accounted for the difference in physical activity between the groups, and self-efficacy was the strongest correlate of physical activity in the SPMS sample. Future researchers should consider developing and t...

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 2013

Background: Cognitive appraisal processes underlying self-report affect the interpretation of pat... more Background: Cognitive appraisal processes underlying self-report affect the interpretation of patient-reported outcomes. These processes are relevant to resilience and adaptability, and may relate to how cognitive reserve protects against disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objectives: To describe how passive and active indicators of cognitive reserve relate to QOL appraisal processes in MS. Methods: Cross-sectional data (n=860) were drawn from the North American Research Committee on MS (NARCOMS) Registry, from whom additional survey data were collected. Cognitive reserve was measured using the Stern and Sole-Padulles measures. Using the quality of life appraisal profile (QOLAP), we assessed how MS patients conceptualize their experiences and how that impacts how they report their quality of life. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare groups within sets of appraisal parameters, and t-tests or chi-square tests were used to compare mean item responses within appraisal parameters for continuous or dichotomous variables, respectively. Results: People high in passive or active reserve report different conceptualizations of QOL, different types of goals, and considering different types of experiences and standards of comparison in responding to QOL questionnaires, as compared to low-reserve individuals. Although item response patterns were slightly different between passive and active indicators, they generally reflect a tendency in high-reserve individuals to emphasize the positive, focus on aspects of their life that are more controllable, and less based in fantasy.