Erol capkın - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Erol capkın

Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences

Bu araştırmada, Rize ve Trabzon illerindeki bazı gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) işletm... more Bu araştırmada, Rize ve Trabzon illerindeki bazı gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) işletmelerinin sucul ortamlarında toplam ve fekal koliform seviyelerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, Rize ve Trabzon’da bulunan yedi farklı alabalık işletmesinin giriş ve çıkışlarının kalitesi bakteriyolojik açıdan incelenmiştir. Çoklu Tüp Fermentasyon yöntemine göre, en yüksek toplam koliform seviyesi 1380 EMS/100 ml olarak hesaplanırken, en yüksek fekal koliform seviyesi ise 1100 EMS/100 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Genel olarak, işletmelerin su kaliteleri Yüzeysel Su Kalitesi Yönetimi Yönetmeliğinin Kıta içi Yerüstü Su Kaynaklarının Sınıflarına Göre Kalite Kriterleri açısından yüksek kalitede (Sınıf1) ve az kirlenmiş kalitede (Sınıf 2) oldukları belirlenmiştir.

Journal of Fisheriessciences.com, 2011

Detection of changes in enzyme activities is widely used as a quick method to determine the toxic... more Detection of changes in enzyme activities is widely used as a quick method to determine the toxic effects of pesticides or other toxic chemicals. In this study, chronic toxic effects of carbamate insecticide carbosulfan (250 g/L, EC) used commonly in agriculture areas as well as in Eastern Black Sea Region on blood enzyme activity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were determined. For this purpose, rainbow trout (116.88±21.69 gr and 22.39±1.40 cm) acclimated to the laboratory conditions were exposed to carbosulfan within 60 days in flow-through system (6 l/h). According to preliminary tests, carbosulfan concentration of test water was designed to be 35 µg/l. During the chronic tests, erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE), erythrocyte δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and paraoxonase (PON) activities of rainbow trout were measured and inhibition rate of enzyme activities were determined. Changes in enzyme activities of rainbow trout were significant (p< 0.001). Whil...

Tissue & Cell, Dec 1, 2010

Gill, trunk kidney, spleen, and liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined after ... more Gill, trunk kidney, spleen, and liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined after exposure to different sublethal concentrations of carbosulfan (25, 50 and 200 g L −1), propineb (3, 6 and 24 mg L −1), and benomyl (2, 5 and 20 mg L −1) for 14 days. Lesions were observed in gill, trunk kidney, spleen, and liver of rainbow trout exposed to either concentration of pesticides. The most important lesions were determined in the highest concentrations of pesticides. Lamellar fusion, lamellar hyperplasia, epithelial lifting, vacuolization of epithelial tissue, epithelial necrosis, hypertrophy and sloughing of epithelium were observed on fish exposed to carbosulfan, propineb and benomyl. Fish had cell necrosis, degeneration and oedemas in liver, trunk kidney and spleen. None of these lesions were seen in control fish.

Journal of Applied Microbiology, Apr 1, 2009

To evaluate Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus mojavensis, isolated from rainbow trout gut in the ... more To evaluate Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus mojavensis, isolated from rainbow trout gut in the present study, as a probiotic to control yersiniosis disease. A strain of Ent. cloacae and B. mojavensis, isolated from the digestive tract of rainbow trout had an antagonistic effect to Yersinia ruckeri, which causes yersiniosis. After feeding fish with 1 x 10(8) cells g(-1) probiotic containing feed for 60 days, the fish survival rate increased to 99.2% following challenge with Y. ruckeri compared with controls that had 35% survival rate. Effects of Ent. cloacae and B. mojavensis on weight gains and stimulation of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and hemoglobin were also evaluated in separate groups of fish fed probiotic containing feed for 2 months. Probiotic significantly affected white blood cells, hemoglobin and weight gains of the experimental fish. Enterobacter cloacae and B. mojavensis, can be used to prevent and control yersiniosis disease. In conclusion, concomitant use of Ent. cloacae and B. mojavensis as a feed supplement is beneficial to rainbow trout. Use of these organisms can protect fish from yersiniosis and enhance digestibility and utilization of feed. Use of such probiotics may also limit the use of antibiotics and other chemicals in control and treatment of diseases, and thus contribute to the effort to reduce environmental contamination by residual antibiotics and chemicals.

Chemosphere, Sep 1, 2017

h i g h l i g h t s MIT, TRC and PCMX were genotoxic. Genes were significantly regulated by TRC, ... more h i g h l i g h t s MIT, TRC and PCMX were genotoxic. Genes were significantly regulated by TRC, PCMX, MIT and BRX. TRC, PCMX, MIT and BRX caused histopathological effects. Chronic toxic effect of TRC, PCMX, MIT, and BRX is high in rainbow trout.

Chemosphere, Sep 1, 2006

The acute toxicity of endosulfan in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, 10.61+/-1.69 g) ... more The acute toxicity of endosulfan in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, 10.61+/-1.69 g) was evaluated in glass aquaria under static conditions. Nominal concentrations of endosulfan in the toxicity test ranged from 1.3 microg l(-1) to 29 microg l(-1). The concentrations of endosulfan that killed 50% of the rainbow trout within 24-h (24-h LC50), 48-h LC50, 72-h LC50, and 96-h LC50 were 19.78, 8.89, 5.28, and 1.75 microg l(-1), respectively. None of the unexposed control fish died, and the first fish died 4 h after exposure to 26.3 microg l(-1) of endosulfan. Survival of fish was significantly increased with increasing fish size and decreased with decreased fish size at the same temperature (p<0.001). Temperature also had a significant effect on survival of fish. Alkalinity at levels above 20 mg l(-1) as CaCO3 significantly increased survival of fish at 19.78 microg l(-1) of endosulfan. Increasing alkalinity from 20 mg l(-1) as CaCO3 to 42 or higher concentrations tested in this study (121 mg l(-1) as CaCO3) significantly increased survival of fish (p<0.01). Total hardness ranging from 55 mg l(-1) as CaCO3 to 126 mg l(-1) as CaCO3 did not affect survival of fish exposed to endosulfan. Endosulfan toxicity was found to be irreversible when fish were exposed to minimum concentrations of endosulfan tested. Histologically, fish gills had lamellar edema, separation of epithelium from lamellae, lamellar fusion, and swelling of the epithelial cells. Melanomacrophage centers were scattered throughout the trunk kidney, head kidney, and spleen. The liver of endosulfan-exposed fish had severe focal necrosis. None of these lesions were seen in unexposed control fish. Results indicate that alkalinity, temperature, and fish size affect endosulfan toxicity of rainbow trout.

Aquaculture, 2016

Abstract Forty isolates of Yersinia ruckeri from Italy (4), Turkey (24), the USA (10), and two ty... more Abstract Forty isolates of Yersinia ruckeri from Italy (4), Turkey (24), the USA (10), and two type strains were compared by using biochemical test, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles. Two biotype 1 and biotype 2 Y. ruckeri were determined based on motility and phospholipase activity. Twenty-two different pulse types were observed by cutting the DNA with Spe I restriction enzyme and running on PFGE. Four major clusters were generated using the UPGMA technique: cluster A contained Italian, Turkish and USA strains; cluster B included all the USA strains; and cluster C and cluster D contained all the Turkish strains. Based on the OMP profile, Y. ruckeri strains were divided into 4 clusters with 30 OMP types. A total of 30 different LPS types were observed. All the Italian, the USA, and most of the Turkish isolates were grouped together to form cluster A that consisted of 26 LPS types. It seems that all the four typing methods are highly discriminatory to distinguish even closely related strains. The overall similarities among the strains were 32.4 ± 6.1%, 58.7 ± 11.1%, and 79.5 ± 3.9% in LPS, PFGE, and OMP profiles, respectively. The PFGE, biochemical, OMP, and LPS profiles of none of the strains were found to be similar. Hence, each typing method showed its own discriminatory characteristics to distinguish between the individual strains. It is apparent that there is sufficient genetic diversity to justify using PFGE for analysis of horizontal transmission of Y. ruckeri in trout rearing facilities. It is possible that diverse environmental conditions resulted in a relatively high degree of genetic diversity in Y. ruckeri . Statement of relevance We believe that this manuscript entitled “Comparison of molecular and biochemical heterogeneity of Yersinia ruckeri strains isolated from Turkey and the USA” is relevant to aquaculture because Y. ruckeri is one of the most common bacterial fish diseases in salmonid culture. In the present study, Y. ruckeri strains were compared by using biochemical test, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles to see which typing method has the most discriminatory power to distinguish strains in order to study epizootiology of yersiniosis.

Journal of Fish Diseases, Oct 15, 2013

Biochemical test, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and enterobacterial repetitive intergen... more Biochemical test, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence PCR (ERIC-PCR) were used to compare 42 strains of Lactococcus garvieae isolated from different regions of Turkey, Italy, France and Spain. Twenty biotypes of L. garvieae were formed based on 54 biochemical tests. ERIC-PCR of genomic DNA from different L. garvieae strains resulted in amplification of multiple fragments of DNA in sizes ranging between 200 and 5000 bp with various band intensities. After cutting DNA with ApaI restriction enzyme and running on the PFGE, 11–22 resolvable bands ranging from 2 to 194 kb were observed. Turkish isolates were grouped into two clusters, and only A58 (Italy) strain was connected with Turkish isolates. Similarities between Turkish, Spanish, Italian and French isolates were <50% except 216-6 Rize strain. In Turkey, first lactococcosis occurred in Mugla, and then, it has been spread all over the country. Based on ERIC-PCR, Spanish and Italian strains of L. garvieae were related to Mugla strains. Therefore, after comparing PFGE profiles, ERIC-PCR profiles and phenotypic characteristics of 42 strains of L. garvieae, there were no relationships found between these three typing methods. PFGE method was more discriminative than the other methods.

Aquaculture Research, May 22, 2017

Antibiotic resistance and the presence of resistance genes (ARGs) were investigated in the bacter... more Antibiotic resistance and the presence of resistance genes (ARGs) were investigated in the bacteria isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from different trout farms located in Turkey. The most frequent types of antibiotic resistance were towards b-lactams (cephalothin [70% of bacterial isolates], amoxicillin [63%], ampicillin [62%], ticarcillin [56%], aztreonam [51%]), macrolide [erythromycin, 68%] and sulphonamide [sulphamethoxazole, 51%]. Of bacterial isolates, 51% were multiple drug resistant (MDR), while 35% of the isolates were extensively drug resistant (XDR). None of isolates were pandrug resistant (PDR). The most common ARGs were ampC (36%) and sul1 (24%). The class 1 integron gene cassette was detected in 51% of the bacteria. There was a strong positive correlation between the antibiotic resistance rate and the presence of ARGs (r 2 = .932). Gene encodes bla CTX-M1 , one of the extended spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes, was first described in Aeromonas caviae, Photobacterium damselae, Pseudomonas luteola and Burkholderia cepacia. It was determined that 35% of the bacteria harboured at least one plasmid. Plasmid-mediated ARGs were identified to be tetracyclines (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD), sulphonamides (sul1, sul3) and b lactams (ampC, bla pse). Thus, results suggest that ARG contamination situation deliberates resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycoside, chloramphenicol and sulphonamide. Therefore, the presence and activity of ARGs in fish and in environmental bacteria may play an important role in the spread of resistance genes among bacteria by transposition or integron gene cassettes.

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2012

ABSTRACT Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; 116.88±21.69 g) were exposed to sublethal concentrat... more ABSTRACT Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; 116.88±21.69 g) were exposed to sublethal concentrations (25 μg/L) of carbosulfan for 60 days to test if the long term exposure of fish to carbosulfan affects redblood cells acetylcholinesterase (AChE), δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and paraoxonase (PON) enzyme activity and induces genotoxic and/or mutagenic effects. The exposure resulted in inhibition of AChE and ALA-D activity of rainbow trout when compared to control fish. The activity of PON was not affected by carbosulfan. Interestingly, carbosulfan was found to induce DNA damage in red blood cells (comet assay) and proved to be mutagenic as revealed by the Ames test. Results indicate that blood AChE and ALA-D of rainbow trout may be a sensitive biomarker for assessment of carbosulfan contaminated water bodies. Furthermore, because the Ames test and comet assay were proven successful to detect the genotoxicity of carbosulfan, we proposed that nonlethal techniques such as blood collection from caudal vein of fish should be used to determine potential toxic effects of other pesticides to surrounding environment.

Veterinary Microbiology, Oct 1, 2008

Aims: The aim of this research was to develop multiplex PCR assay that could simultaneously detec... more Aims: The aim of this research was to develop multiplex PCR assay that could simultaneously detect Salmonella genus, Salmonella subsp. I, Salm. Enteritidis, Heidelberg and Typhimurium because these Salmonella serovars are the most common isolates associated with poultry products. Methods and Results: Five primers were utilized to establish multiplex PCR and applied to Salmonella isolates from chickens and farm environments. These isolates were identified as Salmonella subsp. I and 16 of 66 isolates were classified as Salm. Enteritidis, while Heidelberg or Typhimurium was not detected. We also spiked three Salmonella strains on chicken breast meat to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of multiplex PCR as well as qPCR to optimize quantification of Salmonella in these samples. The optimized multiplex PCR and qPCR could detect approx. 2Á2 CFU of Salmonella per gram after 18 h enrichment. Conclusions: The multiplex PCR and qPCR would provide rapid and consistent results. Also, these techniques would be useful for the detection and quantification of Salmonella in contaminated poultry, foods and environmental samples. Significance and Impact of the Study: The strategy for the rapid detection of Salmonella serovars in poultry is needed to further reduce the incidence of salmonellosis in humans. The optimized multiplex PCR will be useful to detect prevalent Salmonella serovars in poultry products.

Aquaculture, Jun 1, 2013

We initiated the first cage culture of the Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus)... more We initiated the first cage culture of the Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) in the Black Sea. The wild fish was captured by purse seine and transferred into sea cages. Fish were fed by sea bass feed during grow out period, but fish mortalities were observed. However, the causes of mortalities were unknown. Therefore, cultured Mediterranean horse mackerel have been sampled monthly for two years to determine possible parasitic and bacterial agents. During the study, no parasite was found while several Gram negative bacterial species including Aeromonas hydrophila, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Vibrio vulnificus, Bulkholderia cepacia, Photobacterium damselae damselae and Vibrio alginolyticus were isolated from cultured fish. Antibiotic resistance analyses showed that more than 50% of the bacteria were resistant to streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, gentamycin, cephalothin, and ampicillin while they were very sensitive to florfenicol and chloramphenicol. The most prevalent resistance genes were found to be beta-lactam (bla TEM-OT3-4) and Tetracycline (tetB). This is the first study reporting isolation and antibiotic sensitivities of bacterial species in horse mackerel, which is expected to be a valuable source in predicting possible disease problems in horse mackerel aquaculture.

Tissue & Cell, Jun 1, 2010

Acute toxicity of the pesticides, maneb and carbaryl, to juvenile rainbow trout were evaluated un... more Acute toxicity of the pesticides, maneb and carbaryl, to juvenile rainbow trout were evaluated under static-renewal test conditions. Actual concentrations of maneb ranged from 0.10 mg/L to 2.00 mg/L and carbaryl ranged from 0.20 mg/L to 3.90 mg/L. The concentrations of maneb that killed 50% of the rainbow trout (3.27 ± 0.9 g) within 24-h (24-h; LC 50), 48-h, 72-h and 96-h were 1.19 ± 0.12, 1.04 ± 0.11, 0.92 ± 0.12 and 0.81 ± 0.14 mg/L (95% confidence limits), respectively. LC 50 values of carbaryl for 24-h, 48-h, 72-h and 96-h were 2.52 ± 0.71, 2.16 ± 0.63, 1.71 ± 0.46 and 1.39 ± 0.15 mg/L, respectively. None of the unexposed control fish died and the first fish died 6 h after exposure to maneb (≥1.30 mg/L), and carbaryl (≥2.60 mg/L). Lamellar edema, separation of epithelium from lamellae, lamellar fusion, swelling of the epithelial cells and epithelial cell necrosis were observed on maneb and carbaryl exposed fish. Gills also had scattered areas of focal lamellar hyperplasia. Fish exposed to pesticides had inflammation and focal necrosis in liver, trunk kidney and spleen. Maneb and carbaryl had similar histopathological lesions. In order, the most affected organs were gill, trunk kidney and liver.

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, May 21, 2015

Antibiotic resistance and presence of the resistance genes were investigated in the bacteria isol... more Antibiotic resistance and presence of the resistance genes were investigated in the bacteria isolated from water, sediment, and fish in trout farms. A total of 9 bacterial species, particularly Escherichia coli, were isolated from the water and sediment samples, and 12 species were isolated from fish. The antimicrobial test indicated the highest resistance against sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin in coliform bacteria, and against sulfamethoxazole, imipenem, and aztreonam in known pathogenic bacteria isolated from fish. The most effective antibiotics were rifampicin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. The multiple antibiotic resistance index was above the critical limit for almost all of the bacteria isolated. The most common antibiotic resistance gene was ampC, followed by tetA, sul2, bla CTX-M1 , and bla TEM in the coliform bacteria. At least one resistance gene was found in 70.8% of the bacteria, and 66.6% of the bacteria had 2 or more resistance genes. Approximately 36.54% of the bacteria that contain plasmids were able to transfer them to other bacteria. The plasmid-mediated transferable resistance genes were ampC, bla CTX-M1 , tetA, sul2, and bla TEM. These results indicate that the aquatic environment could play an important role in the development of antibiotic resistance and the dissemination of resistance genes among bacteria.

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Apr 29, 2011

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, Jul 1, 2006

The acute toxicity of methiocarb in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, 3.25 ± 0.79 g) w... more The acute toxicity of methiocarb in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, 3.25 ± 0.79 g) was evaluated in glass aquaria under static conditions. Nominal concentrations of methiocarb in the toxicity test ranged from 1.25 to 7.50 mg L −1. The concentrations of methiocarb that killed 50% of the rainbow trout within 24-h (24-h LC 50), 48-h LC 50 , 72-h LC 50 , and 96-h LC 50 were 5.43 ± 0.19, 5.04 ± 0.18, 4.95 ± 0.19, and 4.82 ± 0.21 mg L −1 (95% confidence limits), respectively. Mortality of fish increased with increasing water temperature. Increasing alkalinity from 19 mg L −1 as CaCO 3 to 40, 60, or 90 mg L −1 as CaCO 3 significantly decreased mortality of fish. Total hardness ranging from 50 mg L −1 as CaCO 3 to 147 mg L −1 as CaCO 3 did not affect mortality of fish exposed to methiocarb. Fish exposed to methiocarb had histological alterations such as lamellar edema, separation of epidermis from lamellae, and lamellar fusion. Methiocarb exposed fish had necrosis between molecular and granular layer of cerebellum where Purkinje cells present. Results indicate that alkalinity, temperature, and fish size affect methiocarb toxicity of rainbow trout.

Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, Mar 1, 2012

Acute toxicity of the fungicide, captan, to juvenile rainbow trout was evaluated under static-ren... more Acute toxicity of the fungicide, captan, to juvenile rainbow trout was evaluated under static-renewal test condition. Actual concentrations of captan ranged from 0.05 to 1.00 mg/L. The concentrations of captan that killed 50% of the rainbow trout (3.11 ± 0.8 g) within 24 (24 h; LC 50), 48, 72 and 96 h were 0.57 ± 0.09, 0.49 ± 0.10, 0.44 ± 0.11 and 0.38 ± 0.13 mg/L (95% confidence limits), respectively. None of the unexposed control fish died and the first fish died 6 h after exposure to captan (≥0.65 mg/L). Hypertrophy, separation of epithelium from lamellae, lamellar fusion, and epithelial cell necrosis were observed on captan exposed fish. Gills also had scattered areas of focal lamellar hyperplasia. Fish exposed to fungicide had inflammation and necrosis in liver, trunk kidney and spleen. In order, the most affected organs were gill, trunk kidney and liver.

Aquaculture, Dec 1, 2006

A disease outbreak occurred during the Spring of 2006 among rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, k... more A disease outbreak occurred during the Spring of 2006 among rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, kept in growout tanks. During the outbreak 35% of the rainbow trout died. Typical clinical signs were ulceration on the dorsal surface of the fish. Based on biochemical characteristics and sequence of 16S rRNA, the causative bacteria isolated from diseased fish were identified as Pseudomonas putida. Histologically, skin ulcer initially was characterized by sloughed off epithelia and epithelial necrosis. In the advanced form of the disease, almost all layers of the skin down to the epidermis were lost. Outside of Japan, this study reports the first P. putida infection in fish.